Childhood Maltreatment, Psychopathology, and Offending Behavior in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Latent Class Analysis Evidencing Disparities in Inpatient Treatment Outcome

Differentiating Between Sexual Offending and Violent Non-sexual Offending in Men With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Using Machine Learning

Forensic psychiatric populations commonly contain a subset of persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) who have committed sex offenses. A comprehensive delineation of the features that distinguish persons with SSD who have committed sex offenses from persons with SSD who have committed violent non-sex offenses could be relevant to the development of differentiated risk assessment, risk management and treatment approaches. This analysis included the patient records of 296 men with SSD convicted of at least one sex and/or violent offense who were admitted to the Centre for Inpatient Forensic Therapy at the University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich between 1982 and 2016. Using supervised machine learning, data on 461 variables retrospectively collected from the records were compared with respect to their relative importance in differentiating between men who had committed sex offenses and men who had committed violent non-sex offenses. The final machine learning model was able to differentiate between the two types of offenders with a balanced accuracy of 71.5% (95% CI = [60.7, 82.1]) and an AUC of .80 (95% CI = [.67, .93]). The main distinguishing features included sexual behaviours and interests, psychopathological symptoms and characteristics of the index offense. Results suggest that when assessing and treating persons with SSD who have committed sex offenses, it appears to be relevant to not only address the core symptoms of the disorder, but to also take into account general risk factors for sexual recidivism, such as atypical sexual interests and sexual preoccupation.

Offenders and non-offenders with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Do they really differ in known risk factors for aggression?

Introduction

Individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) have an elevated risk for aggressive behavior, and several factors contributing to this risk have been identified, e. g. comorbid substance use disorders. From this knowledge, it could be inferred that offender patients show a higher expression of said risk factors than non-offender patients. Yet, there is a lack of comparative studies between those two groups, and findings gathered from one of the two are not directly applicable to the other due to numerous structural differences. The aim of this study therefore was to identify key differences in offender patients and non-offender patients regarding aggressive behavior through application of supervised machine learning, and to quantify the performance of the model.

Methods

For this purpose, we applied seven different (ML) algorithms on a dataset comprising 370 offender patients and a comparison group of 370 non-offender patients, both with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder.

Results

With a balanced accuracy of 79.9%, an AUC of 0.87, a sensitivity of 77.3% and a specificity of 82.5%, gradient boosting emerged as best performing model and was able to correctly identify offender patients in over 4/5 the cases. Out of 69 possible predictor variables, the following emerged as the ones with the most indicative power in distinguishing between the two groups: olanzapine equivalent dose at the time of discharge from the referenced hospitalization, failures during temporary leave, being born outside of Switzerland, lack of compulsory school graduation, out- and inpatient treatment(s) prior to the referenced hospitalization, physical or neurological illness as well as medication compliance.

Discussion

Interestingly, both factors related to psychopathology and to the frequency and expression of aggression itself did not yield a high indicative power in the interplay of variables, thus suggesting that while they individually contribute to aggression as a negative outcome, they are compensable through certain interventions. The findings contribute to our understanding of differences between offenders and non-offenders with SSD, showing that previously described risk factors of aggression may be counteracted through sufficient treatment and integration in the mental health care system.

Model Building in Forensic Psychiatry: A Machine Learning Approach to Screening Offender Patients with SSD

Today’s extensive availability of medical data enables the development of predictive models, but this requires suitable statistical methods, such as machine learning (ML). Especially in forensic psychiatry, a complex and cost-intensive field with risk assessments and predictions of treatment outcomes as central tasks, there is a need for such predictive tools, for example, to anticipate complex treatment courses and to be able to offer appropriate therapy on an individualized basis. This study aimed to develop a first basic model for the anticipation of adverse treatment courses based on prior compulsory admission and/or conviction as simple and easily objectifiable parameters in offender patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). With a balanced accuracy of 67% and an AUC of 0.72, gradient boosting proved to be the optimal ML algorithm. Antisocial behavior, physical violence against staff, rule breaking, hyperactivity, delusions of grandeur, fewer feelings of guilt, the need for compulsory isolation, cannabis abuse/dependence, a higher dose of antipsychotics (measured by the olanzapine half-life) and an unfavorable legal prognosis emerged as the ten most influential variables out of a dataset with 209 parameters. Our findings could demonstrate an example of the use of ML in the development of an easy-to-use predictive model based on few objectifiable factors.

Relationships between childhood trauma and dissociative, psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a case–control study

Background

Childhood trauma (CT) is an important risk factor in the emergence and clinical course of psychiatric disorders. In the latest literature, an association exists between CT and patients with schizophrenia. There is also a strong relationship between the dissociative symptoms of schizophrenia and the presence of CT.

Aims

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between CT and dissociative, positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.

Methods

One hundred patients with schizophrenia and 100 healthy volunteers were included in the study. The Sociodemographic Data Form, Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were administered to all participants.

Results

The CTQ and DES scores of the schizophrenia group were significantly higher than those of the control group. In patients with schizophrenia, a positive association was found between positive symptoms and DES scores. In terms of negative symptoms, a positive association was found between apathetic social withdrawal and CTQ-emotional neglect (EN), CTQ-physical neglect (PN) and CTQ total scores. There was a significant positive correlation between CTQ-EN scores and negative symptoms and PANSS scores. No significant relationship was found between negative symptoms and DES scores.

Conclusions

High rates of CT and dissociative symptoms are seen in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, the findings of the relationship between CT and dissociative, positive and negative symptoms are also noteworthy. Therefore, it may be important for clinicians to assess trauma history during the psychiatric evaluation of patients with schizophrenia.

Maintaining social capital in offenders with schizophrenia spectrum disorder-An explorative analysis of influential factors

The importance of "social capital" in offender rehabilitation has been well established: Stable family and community relationships offer practical assistance in the resettlement process after being released from custody and can serve as motivation for building a new sense of self off the criminal past, thus reducing the risk of re-offending. This also applies to offenders with severe mental disorders. The aim of this study was to identify factors that promote or hinder the establishment or maintenance of social relationships upon release from a court-ordered inpatient treatment using a modern statistical method-machine learning (ML)-on a dataset of 369 offenders with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). With an AUC of 0.73, support vector machines (SVM) outperformed all the other ML algorithms. The following factors were identified as most important for the outcome in respect of a successful re-integration into society: Social integration and living situation prior to the hospitalization, a low risk of re-offending at time of discharge from the institution, insight in the wrongfulness of the offense as well as into the underlying psychiatric illness and need for treatment, addressing future perspectives in psychotherapy, the improvement of antisocial behavior during treatment as well as a detention period of less than 1 year emerged as the most predictive out of over 500 variables in distinguishing patients who had a social network after discharge from those who did not. Surprisingly, neither severity and type of offense nor severity of the psychiatric illness proved to affect whether the patient had social contacts upon discharge or not. The fact that the majority of determinants which promote the maintenance of social contacts can be influenced by therapeutic interventions emphasizes the importance of the rehabilitative approach in forensic-psychiatric therapy.

Childhood maltreatment increases the suicidal risk in Chinese schizophrenia patients

OBJECTIVES

Childhood trauma might be a modifiable risk factor among adults with serious mental illness. However, the correlation of child trauma and suicide is unclear, which were cited most frequently as the biggest challenge to schizophrenia (SCZ) patients in China. We aim to study relationships between child trauma and suicide in SCZ patients of different disease stages.

METHODS

Ninety-one participants were included and divided into two groups, namely, first-episode group (n = 46), relapsed group (n = 45). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale was used to evaluate the severity of psychotic symptoms. The Beck's Suicide Intent Scale and The Nurses' Global Assessment of Suicide Risk were conducted by patient self-report to assess suicide symptom. The childhood trauma questionnaire was used to estimate severity of traumatic stress experienced during childhood.

RESULTS

Childhood trauma and different dimensions of suicide were significantly higher in the relapsed group than first-episode group (P < 0.01, respectively). BMI has a significant positive relationship with recent psychosocial stress (β = 0.473, t = 3.521, P < 0.001) in first-episode group. As in relapsed group, BMI has a positive effect between severe mental illness and suicide ideation (β = 0.672, t = 5.949, P < 0.001; β = 0.909, t = 2.463, P < 0.001), Furthermore, emotional neglect presented positively related to the suicide risk and proneness to suicidal behavior (β = 0.618, t = 5.518, P < 0.001; β = 0.809, t = 5.356, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Relapsed group of patients had significantly more severe childhood trauma, recent psychosocial stress, suicidal risk and proneness to suicidal behavior. BMI and emotional neglect are unique predictors for different dimensions of suicide.