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Mohammadnejad F, Freeman S, Klassen-Ross T, Hemingway D, Banner D. Use of Antivibration Technology to Reduce Demands for In-Home Nursing Care and Support in Rural Settings for Persons with Essential Tremors: A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:714. [PMID: 38928960 PMCID: PMC11203956 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the increased integration of technologies in the healthcare sector, it is important to understand the benefits emerging technologies may play to reduce demands on the health care system. The Steadiwear antivibration glove shows promise for enhancing the independence in functional abilities for persons with essential tremors and for alleviating the need for support from the health care system. The objective of this study was to examine Registered Nurses' (RN) perceptions of the potential for the Steadiwear antivibration glove to reduce the need for in-person support from community healthcare workers. METHODS Eleven RNs, experienced in providing care in rural communities, participated in a semi-structured interview sharing their perspectives towards use of the Steadiwear antivibration glove in community practice settings. Thematic analysis guided by Braun and Clarke was undertaken. RESULTS Nurses described the value of this technology to reduce client needs for support for activities of daily living (e.g., dressing, feeding) and independent activities of daily living (e.g., banking, transportation). CONCLUSIONS Enhanced access to this technology may reduce the need for nursing and personal care support from the health system. Therefore the Steadiwear antivibration glove also shows potential to delay and/or prevent the need for more intensive support and mitigate the need for transition to a long-term care facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohammadnejad
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada; (F.M.); (T.K.-R.)
| | - Shannon Freeman
- School of Nursing, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada;
| | - Tammy Klassen-Ross
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada; (F.M.); (T.K.-R.)
| | - Dawn Hemingway
- School of Social Work, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N4Z9, Canada;
| | - Davina Banner
- School of Nursing, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada;
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Mohammadnejad F, Freeman S, Klassen-Ross T, Hemingway D, Banner D. Impacts of Technology Use on the Workload of Registered Nurses: A Scoping Review. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng 2023; 10:20556683231180189. [PMID: 37342268 PMCID: PMC10278405 DOI: 10.1177/20556683231180189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Technology is an integral part of healthcare. With the rapid development of technological innovations that inform and support nurses, it is important to assess how these technologies may affect their workload particularly in rural contexts, where the workforce and supports may be limited. METHODS This literature review guided by Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review framework describes the breadth of technologies which impact on nurses' workload. Five databases (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Business Source Complete) were searched. Thirty-five articles met the inclusion criteria. A data matrix was used to organize the findings. FINDINGS The technology interventions described in the articles covered diverse topics including: Cognitive care technologies; Healthcare providers' technologies; Communication technologies; E-learning technologies; and Assistive technologies and were categorized as: Digital Information Solutions; Digital Education; Mobile Applications; Virtual Communication; Assistive Devices; and Disease diagnoses groups based on the common features. CONCLUSION Technology can play an important role to support nurses working in rural areas, however, not all technologies have the same impact. While some technologies showed evidence to positively impact nursing workload, this was not universal. Technology solutions should be considered on a contextual basis and thought should be given when selecting technologies to support nursing workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohammadnejad
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Shannon Freeman
- School of Nursing, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Tammy Klassen-Ross
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Dawn Hemingway
- School of Social Work, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Davina Banner
- School of Nursing, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
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Wanjiku G, Dreizler L, Bell G, Wachira B. Feasibility of project ECHO telementoring to build capacity among non-specialist emergency care providers. Afr J Emerg Med 2022; 12:352-357. [PMID: 35945932 PMCID: PMC9352275 DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to scale up training of the emergency care workforce. Virtual education platforms provide the opportunity to extend emergency medicine education, especially in light of disruptions caused by COVID-19. Project ECHO telementoring is a robust model that is amenable to emergency medical education. This paper describes the use of Project ECHO telementoring for PoCUS training in Kenya. We describe the challenges of implementation and potential ways to overcome them.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to global disruptions in emergency medicine (EM) teaching and training and highlighted the need to strengthen virtual learning platforms. This disruption coincides with essential efforts to scale up training of the emergency healthcare workforce, particularly in low-resource settings where the specialty is not well developed. Thus, there is growing interest in strengthening virtual platforms that can be used to support emergency medicine educational initiatives globally. These platforms must be robust, context specific and sustainable in low-resource environments. This report describes the implementation of Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes), a telementoring platform originally designed to extend specialist support to health care workers in rural and underserved areas in New Mexico. This platform has now been implemented successfully across the globe. We describe the challenges and benefits of the Project ECHO model to support a Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) training program for health care providers in Kenya who do not have specialty training in emergency medicine. Our experience using this platform suggests it is amenable to capacity building for non-specialist emergency care providers in low-resource settings, but key challenges to implementation exist. These include unreliable and costly internet access and lack of institutional buy-in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Wanjiku
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lindsay Dreizler
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gregory Bell
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Adcock A, Frey JE. Can telemedicine address neurologic health disparities in rural Guatemala: a health promotor educational intervention study. Health Promot Int 2022; 37:daab072. [PMID: 34148095 PMCID: PMC8903136 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of neurologic disease is high and its impact manifests in health disparities observed in rural communities of limited resources like those surrounding San Lucas Tolimán, Guatemala. Telehealth may be one method to close these gaps by offering a virtual neurology curriculum. The goal of this project was to determine the pervasiveness of neurologic disease in San Lucas Tolimán and to increase interest and knowledge in neurology topics for local health promotors. A neurologic needs assessment was performed during the initial site visit. This information was subsequently used to create monthly health promotor neurology-based workshops and remote consultations delivered via a telehealth platform over the following year. The 29 health promotors were surveyed before and after the neurology course to measure self-reported knowledge of variable topics as well as their interest in neurology and how effective the remote lectures were. The needs assessment identified at least 68 different patients with neurologic diseases, the most common being headaches and seizures. The health promotors' knowledge of several neurologic diseases as well as their comfort level diagnosing a condition based on a description of neurologic symptoms significantly increased following the year-long neurology course. The lectures were convenient, easy to see and hear virtually, and increased the health promotors' interest in neurology. Telehealth is an acceptable and feasible method of delivering educational neurology topics relevant to rural communities. Future, longer-term studies are needed to determine if telehealth interventions such as these impact neurologic patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Adcock
- Department of Neurology, West Virginia University, West Virginia University Hospital, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jessica E Frey
- Department of Neurology, West Virginia University, West Virginia University Hospital, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Bashingwa JJH, Shah N, Mohan D, Scott K, Chamberlain S, Mulder N, Rahul S, Arora S, Chakraborty A, Ummer O, Ved R, LeFevre AE. Examining the reach and exposure of a mobile phone-based training programme for frontline health workers (ASHAs) in 13 states across India. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e005299. [PMID: 34429283 PMCID: PMC8386225 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile phones are increasingly used to facilitate in-service training for frontline health workers (FLHWs). Mobile learning (mLearning) programmes have the potential to provide FLHWs with high quality, inexpensive, standardised learning at scale, and at the time and location of their choosing. However, further research is needed into FLHW engagement with mLearning content at scale, a factor which could influence knowledge and service delivery. Mobile Academy is an interactive voice response training course for FLHWs in India, which aims to improve interpersonal communication skills and refresh knowledge of preventative reproductive, maternal, neonatal and child health. FLHWs dial in to an audio course consisting of 11 chapters, each with a 4-question true/false quiz, resulting in a cumulative pass/fail score. In this paper, we analyse call data records from the national version of Mobile Academy to explore coverage, user engagement and completion. Over 158 596 Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) initiated the national version, while 111 994 initiated the course on state-based platforms. Together, this represents 41% of the estimated total number of ASHAs registered in the government database across 13 states. Of those who initiated the national version, 81% completed it; and of those, over 99% passed. The initiation and completion rates varied by state, with Rajasthan having the highest initiation rate. Many ASHAs made multiple calls in the afternoons and evenings but called in for longer durations earlier in the day. Findings from this analysis provide important insights into the differential reach and uptake of the programme across states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Juste Harrisson Bashingwa
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Neha Shah
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diwakar Mohan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kerry Scott
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Nicola Mulder
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sai Rahul
- BeeHyv Software Solutions Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Salil Arora
- BBC Media Action, India, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Osama Ummer
- BBC Media Action, India, New Delhi, Delhi, India
- Oxford Policy Management, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rajani Ved
- National Health Systems Resource Centre, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Amnesty Elizabeth LeFevre
- International Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Finn M, Gilmore B, Sheaf G, Vallières F. What do we mean by individual capacity strengthening for primary health care in low- and middle-income countries? A systematic scoping review to improve conceptual clarity. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2021; 19:5. [PMID: 33407554 PMCID: PMC7789571 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-020-00547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capacity strengthening of primary health care workers is widely used as a means to strengthen health service delivery, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite the widespread recognition of the importance of capacity strengthening to improve access to quality health care, how the term 'capacity strengthening' is both used and measured varies substantially across the literature. This scoping review sought to identify the most common domains of individual capacity strengthening, as well as their most common forms of measurement, to generate a better understanding of what is meant by the term 'capacity strengthening' for primary health care workers. METHODS Six electronic databases were searched for studies published between January 2000 and October 2020. A total of 4474 articles were screened at title and abstract phase and 323 full-text articles were reviewed. 55 articles were ultimately identified for inclusion, covering various geographic settings and health topics. RESULTS Capacity strengthening is predominantly conceptualised in relation to knowledge and skills, as either sole domains of capacity, or used in combination with other domains including self-efficacy, practices, ability, and competencies. Capacity strengthening is primarily measured using pre- and post-tests, practical evaluations, and observation. These occur along study-specific indicators, though some pre-existing, validated tools are also used. CONCLUSION The concept of capacity strengthening for primary health care workers reflected across a number of relevant frameworks and theories differs from what is commonly seen in practice. A framework of individual capacity strengthening across intra-personal, inter-personal, and technical domains is proposed, as an initial step towards building a common consensus of individual capacity strengthening for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairéad Finn
- Trinity Centre for Global Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brynne Gilmore
- UCD Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Greg Sheaf
- The Library of Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frédérique Vallières
- Trinity Centre for Global Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Naal H, El Koussa M, El Hamouch M, Hneiny L, Saleh S. Evaluation of global health capacity building initiatives in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review. J Glob Health 2020; 10:020412. [PMID: 33110574 PMCID: PMC7568934 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10.020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are in dire need to improve their health outcomes. Although Global Health Capacity Building (GHCB) initiatives are recommended approaches, they risk being ineffective in the absence of standardized evaluation methods. This study systematically reviews evaluation approaches for GHCB initiatives in LMICs. METHODS We searched the Medline (OVID), PubMed, Scopus, and Embase.com databases for studies reporting evaluation of a GHCB initiative in a LMIC from January 1, 2009 until August 15, 2019. To differentiate them from intervention, prevention, and awareness initiatives, included articles reported at least one approach to evaluate their learning modality. We excluded cross-sectional studies, reviews, and book chapters that only assessed the effect of interventions. Data identifying the learning modality, and evaluation method, level, time interval, and approach were extracted from articles as primary outcomes. RESULTS Of 8324 identified studies, 63 articles were eligible for analysis. Most studies stemmed from Africa and Asia (69.8%), were delivered and evaluated face-to-face (74.6% and 76.2%), mainly to professionals (57.1%) and community workers (20.6%). Although the use of online and blended modalities showed an increase over the past 4 years, only face-to-face initiatives were evaluated long-term beyond individual-level. GHCB evaluations in general lacked standardization especially regarding the tools. CONCLUSION This is an important resource for evaluating GHCB initiatives in LMICs. It synthesizes evaluation approaches, offers recommendations for improvement, and calls for the standardization of evaluations, especially for long-term and wider impact assessment of online and blended modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hady Naal
- Global Health Institute at the American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maria El Koussa
- Global Health Institute at the American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Melissa El Hamouch
- Global Health Institute at the American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Layal Hneiny
- Saab Medical Library at the American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Shadi Saleh
- Global Health Institute at the American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Health Sciences at the American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Naal H, El Koussa M, El Hamouch M, Hneiny L, Saleh S. A systematic review of global health capacity building initiatives in low-to middle-income countries in the Middle East and North Africa region. Global Health 2020; 16:56. [PMID: 32620141 PMCID: PMC7333284 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are facing increasing global health challenges with a reduced ability to manage them. Global Health Capacity Building (GHCB) initiatives have the potential to improve health workforce performance and health outcomes, however little is known about the GHCB topics and approaches implemented in this region. This is the first systematic review of GHCB initiatives among LMICs in the MENA region. METHODS An academic database search of Medline (OVID), PubMed, Scopus, Embase.com , and Open Grey was conducted for articles published between January 2009 and September 2019 in English. Next, a grey literature search following a recommended search framework was conducted. Reviewed records addressed a global health topic, had a capacity building component, looked at specific learning outcomes, and reflected an LMIC in the MENA. Primary outcomes included country, topic, modality, pedagogy, and population. RESULTS Reports of GHCB initiatives were retrieved from grey sources (73.2%) and academic sources (26.8%). Most GHCB initiatives were mainly conducted face-to-face (94.4%) to professional personnel (57.5%) through a theoretical pedagogical approach (44.3%). Dominant global health themes were non-communicable diseases (29.2%), sexual and reproductive health (18.4%), and mental health (14.5%). When matched against the Global Burden of Disease data, important gaps were found regarding the topics of GHCB initiatives in relation to the region's health needs. There were limited reports of GHCB initiatives addressing conflict and emergency topics, and those addressing non-communicable disease topics were primarily reported from Egypt and Iran. CONCLUSION Innovative and practicum-based approaches are needed for GHCB initiatives among LMICs in the MENA region, with a focus on training community workers. Regional and country-specific analyses of GHCB initiatives relative to their health needs are discussed in the manuscript based on the results of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hady Naal
- Global Health Institute at the American University of Beirut, Faculty of Health Sciences at the American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maria El Koussa
- Global Health Institute at the American University of Beirut, Faculty of Health Sciences at the American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Melissa El Hamouch
- Global Health Institute at the American University of Beirut, Faculty of Health Sciences at the American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Layal Hneiny
- Saab Medical Library at the American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Shadi Saleh
- Global Health Institute at the American University of Beirut, Faculty of Health Sciences at the American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Nishimi K, Street NW. Nursing education partnerships between western high-income universities and non-governmental agencies and low-income local agencies: A scoping review of the literature. J Prof Nurs 2020; 36:147-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lee JY, Chan CKY, Chua SS, Ng CJ, Paraidathathu T, Lee KKC, Lee SWH. Telemonitoring and Team-Based Management of Glycemic Control on People with Type 2 Diabetes: a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. J Gen Intern Med 2020; 35:87-94. [PMID: 31512187 PMCID: PMC6957608 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-019-05316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Connected devices that allow people with diabetes to monitor their blood glucose levels remotely with data visualization have been shown to improve self-care behavior in diabetes management. However, their effectiveness and usability for a low-middle-income, racially diverse population are unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the effects of remote telemonitoring with team-based management on people with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. DESIGN This was a pragmatic 52-week cluster-randomized controlled study among 11 primary care government practices in Malaysia. PARTICIPANTS People with type 2 diabetes aged 18 and above, who had hemoglobin A1c ≥ 7.5% but less than 11.0% within the past 3 months and resided in the state of Selangor. INTERVENTION The intervention group received home gluco-telemonitors and transmitted glucose data to a care team who could adjust therapy accordingly. The team also facilitated self-management by supporting participants to improve medication adherence, and encourage healthier lifestyle and use of resources to reduce risk factors. Usual care group received routine healthcare service. MAIN MEASURE The primary outcome was the change in HbA1c at 24 weeks and 52 weeks. Secondary outcomes included change in fasting plasma glucose, blood pressure, lipid levels, health-related quality of life, and diabetes self-efficacy. RESULTS A total of 240 participants were recruited in this study. The telemonitoring group reported larger improvements in glycemic control compared with control at the end of study (week 24, - 0.05%; 95% CI - 0.10 to 0.00%) and at follow-up (week 52, - 0.03%; - 0.07 to 0.02%, p = 0.226). Similarly, no differences in other secondary outcomes were observed, including the number of adverse events and health-related quality of life. CONCLUSION This study indicates that there is limited benefit of replacing telemedicine with the current practice of self-monitoring of blood glucose. Further innovative methods to improve patient engagement in diabetes care are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02466880.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Carina Ka Yee Chan
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Edwards Road, Flora Hill, VIC, 3551, Australia
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siew Siang Chua
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No. 1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chirk Jenn Ng
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thomas Paraidathathu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No. 1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kenneth Kwing Chin Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shaun Wen Huey Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No. 1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Asian Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Population, Implementation and Clinical Outcomes (PICO), Health and Well-being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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