Innovative Programmable Bio-Nano-Chip Digitizes Biology Using Sensors That Learn Bridging Biomarker Discovery and Clinical Implementation

Advances in Molecular and Genetic Technologies and the Problems Related to Their Application in Personalized Medicine

Advances in the global personalized medicine market are directly related to innovations and developments in molecular and genetic technologies. This review focuses on the key trends in the development of these technologies in the healthcare sector. The existing global developments having an impact on the evolution of the personalized medicine market are reviewed. Efficient measures to support the development of molecular and genetic technologies are proposed.

Cobalt oxide nanoparticles mediate tau denaturation and cytotoxicity against PC-12 cell line

It has not been well explored how NPs may induce some adverse effects on the biological systems. In this research, the interaction of cobalt oxide NPs (Co₃O₄ NPs) with tau protein and PC-12 cell line, as nervous system models, was investigated with several approaches including fluorescence spectroscopy, CD spectroscopy, docking study, MTT, LDH, AO/EB dual staining, and flow cytometry assays. Fluorescence investigation displayed that Co₃O₄ NPs spontaneously mediate the formation of a static complex with tau protein through hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. Docking study also revealed that Ser and Gln residues play important roles in the formation of hydrogen bonds between tau and Co₃O₄ NPs. Far UV-CD measurement determined that Co₃O₄ NPs changed the unfolded structure of tau protein toward a more folded conformation. Moreover, Co₃O₄ NPs demonstrated to stimulate the reduction of PC-12 cell viability through membrane leakage, fragmentation of DNA, apoptosis, and necrosis. In conclusion, Co₃O₄ NPs may trigger marked alterations on the tertiary and secondary structure of tau protein. Also, the dose of Co₃O₄ NPs is the crucial factor which induces their adverse effects on the cells. Because, all side effects of NPs are not well explored, additional detailed experiments are more needed.