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Long H, Yan L, Zhong X, Yang L, Liu Y, Pu J, Lou F, Luo S, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ji P, Jin X. Measuring job stress of dental workers in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: reliability and validity of the hospital consultants' job stress questionnaire. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:246. [PMID: 38566067 PMCID: PMC10985848 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hospital Consultants' Job Stress Questionnaire (HCJSQ) has been widely used to assess sources and levels of job stress. However, its reliability and validity among Chinese dental workers have not been extensively studied. The objective of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the HCJSQ specifically in Chinese dental workers. METHODS The HCJSQ was used to explore the sources and the global ratings of job stress among Chinese dental workers. To assess the reliability and validity of the HCJSQ, various statistical measures were employed, including Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Spearman-Brown coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. RESULTS Of the participants, 526 (17.4%) reported high levels of stress, while 1,246 (41.3%) and 1,248 (41.3%) reported moderate and low levels of stress, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the modified HCJSQ was 0.903, and the Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.904. Spearman correlation coefficient between individuals' items and the total score ranged from 0.438 to 0.785 (p < 0.05). Exploratory factor analysis revealed that three factors accounted for 60.243% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated factor loadings between 0.624 and 0.834 on the specified items. The fit indices of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit, with a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation of 0.064, Normative Fit Index of 0.937, Comparative Fit Index of 0.952, Incremental Fit Index of 0.952, Tucker-Lewis index of 0.941, and Goodness of Fit Index of 0.944. Additionally, the convergent validity and discriminant validity showed a good fit for the three-factor model. CONCLUSION The results of this study confirm that Chinese dental workers experience high levels of stress, and the three-factor model of the HCJSQ proves to be a suitable instrument for evaluating the sources and levels of job stress among Chinese dental workers. Therefore, it is imperative that relevant entities such as hospitals, medical associations, and government take appropriate measures to address the existing situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Long
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030032, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Yan
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Juncai Pu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangzhi Lou
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Shihong Luo
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Ji
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Jin
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China.
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Hedayati S, Damghanian H, Farhadinejad M, Rastgar AA. Meta-analysis on application of Protection Motivation Theory in preventive behaviors against COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION : IJDRR 2023:103758. [PMID: 37359108 PMCID: PMC10278899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on quantitative conclusion and appraisal of findings from Protection Motivation Theory to predict protective behaviors against COVID-19. This meta-analysis covered the period between 2019 and 2022. Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Emerald, PubMed, Springer, Sage, Online Wiley Library, Taylor & Francis and ProQuest were searched to find related articles to the study topic. Using Effect Size of Random model, the quality of each study, homogeneous of studies and Publication bias of data were analyzed and assessed by CMA2 software. The results indicate that perceived severity (β=0.197), perceived vulnerability (β=0.160), response efficacy (β=0.251) and self-efficacy (β=0.270) are positively associated with COVID-19 disease. In addition, the results show that Response cost (β=-0.074) is a negative and weak predictor of motivation to protect against COVID-19. The results of this study regarding Protection Motivation Theory (PMT)- as a very strong and flexible theory during outbreak of COVID-19- may suggest that despite positive protection, the mean of Effect Size of total PMT elements is less than average size. Meta-analysis of studies shows that coping appraisal variables provide the strongest predictors of behavior and intention. Furthermore, self-efficacy was identified as the most important determinant in protective behaviors against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Hedayati
- Faculty of Economics, Management and Administrative Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hossein Damghanian
- Faculty of Economics, Management and Administrative Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Farhadinejad
- Faculty of Economics, Management and Administrative Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Rastgar
- Faculty of Economics, Management and Administrative Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
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Alam SS, Masukujjaman M, Al-Shaikh ME, Ali MH, Makhbul ZKM, Othman AS. Desire to stay shorter time at the shopping mall: insight from protection motivation (PMT), behavioral inhibition system (BIS), reactance, and expectancy theories. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-20. [PMID: 36570056 PMCID: PMC9759057 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
After withdrawing the movement control order (MCO), new variant (Omicron) of COVID-19 returns as an outbreak again. Therefore, consumers are very much informed by various media to be more cautious in visiting shopping malls and spend less time in there. The purpose of this study was to identify the predictors influencing the desire to stay shorter at the shopping mall. This study was conducted in Malaysia, with the application of three psychological theories and one behavioural theory. This is quantitative research based on an online cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected from 296 respondents, by applying the online snowball sampling method through numerous media platforms i.e., Viber, WhatsApp, Messenger, and other apps in three severely affected cities in Malaysia i.e., Selangor state, Putrajaya, and Kuala Lumpur. SmartPLS was used to analyse the data. Using structural equation modelling, this study result shows risk, protection motivation, and fear have a significant effect on the desire to stay a shorter time at the shopping mall. Social norm moderates the association between fear and the desire to spend a shorter time at the shopping mall. These findings, highlight the need for a more empirical study to design more robust strategies, and a safer and risk-free shopping mall environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shah Alam
- Graduate School of Business, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Masukujjaman
- Graduate School of Business, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Emad Al-Shaikh
- College of Business Administration, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Helmi Ali
- Graduate School of Business, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Abdullah Sanusi Othman
- Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
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