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Addison SL, Rúa MA, Smaill SJ, Singh BK, Wakelin SA. Partner or perish: tree microbiomes and climate change. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:1029-1040. [PMID: 38641475 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the complex relationships between plants, their microbiomes, and environmental changes is crucial for improving growth and survival, especially for long-lived tree species. Trees, like other plants, maintain close associations with a multitude of microorganisms on and within their tissues, forming a 'holobiont'. However, a comprehensive framework for detailed tree-microbiome dynamics, and the implications for climate adaptation, is currently lacking. This review identifies gaps in the existing literature, emphasizing the need for more research to explore the coevolution of the holobiont and the full extent of climate change impact on tree growth and survival. Advancing our knowledge of plant-microbial interactions presents opportunities to enhance tree adaptability and mitigate adverse impacts of climate changes on trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Addison
- Scion, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand; Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia.
| | - M A Rúa
- Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435-0001, USA
| | | | - B K Singh
- Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia
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Kespohl S, Jost R, Maryska S, Altin LM, Sander I, Schülke S, Paulus-Tremel KE, Bonertz A, Klose T, Mahler V, Raulf M. Procedure for a standardized preparation of skin prick test solutions for the diagnosis of occupational type I allergies in the absence of commercial extracts. Allergol Select 2024; 8:238-250. [PMID: 39055745 PMCID: PMC11270343 DOI: 10.5414/alx02506e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to ensure valid diagnostics for occupational test allergen solutions despite the ongoing reduction in the availability of commercial test extracts, a plan B was initiated for the possible production of skin prick test (SPT) solutions in public pharmacies. For important occupational allergen sources (wheat and rye, storage mites, animal epithelia, mold material) laboratory extraction methods were analyzed in comparison to pharmacy compatible extraction methods regarding protein quantity and quality in SDS-PAGE combined with silver staining. Subsequently, using the example of bovine epithelia, adapted extraction procedures as well as in-process and final product controls were transferred to a public pharmacy. Allergen sources with a high protein content, such as wheat and rye grains as well as storage mites, showed good comparability of the extractable protein quantity and protein pattern, regardless of the applied extraction method. In contrast, allergen source materials with a low total protein content, such as animal epithelia and molds, can benefit from laboratory extraction conditions such as mechanical disruption and specific buffer additives. In the qualitative protein silver staining, characteristic protein patterns were identified for each allergen source. Depending on the extraction method, only minor differences in total protein patterns were observed in animal epithelia and molds. Using source materials from two suppliers, the resulting allergen extracts displayed clear differences in protein content in storage mites and quantitative and qualitative differences in molds. A practical preparation attempt of SPT solutions in a public pharmacy was successful. SPT solutions prepared with adapted pharmacy extraction methods showed a comparable protein and Bos d 2 allergen content and equivalent qualities in the protein pattern compared to a previously available commercial SPT solution. Accordingly, it can be assumed that standardized SPT solutions with sufficient allergen quality for occupational allergen sources can be prepared in public pharmacies if certified allergen sources with appropriate protein content are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kespohl
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the DGUV, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum
| | - Robin Jost
- Division Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, and
| | - Silke Maryska
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the DGUV, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum
| | | | - Ingrid Sander
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the DGUV, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Division Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, and
| | - Kathrin E. Paulus-Tremel
- Division Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, and
- Current address: University Bayreuth, Kulmbach, Germany
| | | | | | - Vera Mahler
- Division Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, and
| | - Monika Raulf
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the DGUV, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum
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Raulf M. [Climate change and type I allergies at the workplace]. DERMATOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 75:112-117. [PMID: 38127155 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-023-05271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of climate change, the increasing frequency, duration and intensity of extreme events such as excessive drought, heat waves, large-scale forest fires, heavy rainfall and associated flooding also affect workers' conditions in the workplace in many ways. Allergic diseases of the respiratory tract and skin due to workplace exposure can also arise or be influenced by direct and indirect consequences of climate change. This affects outdoor workers not only through increased exposure to pollen allergens, but also through climate-related increases in typical workplace allergens. As an indirect effect of climate change, manufacturing processes and exposure at workplaces are changing, which can also cause new sensitization and allergies. Lifestyle changes, which are primarily intended to contribute to climate protection and sustainability, can also lead to new or changed products and thus to changed manufacturing processes and exposures in the workplace, so this should also be considered an indirect effect of climate change on the health of workers. The emergence of new occupational sources of sensitization due to new or changed allergen exposures must be considered in the context of occupational health and safety and requires proactive measures to protect workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Raulf
- Abteilung Kompetenz-Zentrum Allergologie/Immunologie, Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der DGUV, Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Deutschland.
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Balakrishnan B, Callahan SJ, Cherian SV, Subramanian A, Sarkar S, Bhatt N, Scholand MB. Climate Change for the Pulmonologist: A Focused Review. Chest 2023; 164:963-974. [PMID: 37054776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change adversely impacts global health. Increasingly, temperature variability, inclement weather, declining air quality, and growing food and clean water supply insecurities threaten human health. Earth's temperature is projected to increase up to 6.4 °C by the end of the 21st century, exacerbating the threat. Public and health care professionals, including pulmonologists, perceive the detrimental effects of climate change and air pollution and support efforts to mitigate its effects. In fact, evidence is strong that premature cardiopulmonary death is associated with air pollution exposure via inhalation through the respiratory system, which functions as a portal of entry. However, little guidance is available for pulmonologists in recognizing the effects of climate change and air pollution on the diverse range of pulmonary disorders. To educate and mitigate risk for patients competently, pulmonologists must be armed with evidence-based findings of the impact of climate change and air pollution on specific pulmonary diseases. Our goal is to provide pulmonologists with the background and tools to improve patients' health and to prevent adverse outcomes despite climate change-imposed threats. In this review, we detail current evidence of climate change and air pollution impact on a diverse range of pulmonary disorders. Knowledge enables a proactive and individualized approach toward prevention strategies for patients, rather than merely treating ailments reactively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bathmapriya Balakrishnan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Occupational and Environmental Health Section, Diffuse Lung Disease and Lung Transplant Network, CHEST, Glenview, IL.
| | - Sean J Callahan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT; Occupational and Environmental Health Section, Diffuse Lung Disease and Lung Transplant Network, CHEST, Glenview, IL
| | - Sujith V Cherian
- Division of Critical Care, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Health-McGovern Medical School, Houston; Occupational and Environmental Health Section, Diffuse Lung Disease and Lung Transplant Network, CHEST, Glenview, IL
| | - Abirami Subramanian
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Dallas, TX; Occupational and Environmental Health Section, Diffuse Lung Disease and Lung Transplant Network, CHEST, Glenview, IL
| | - Sauradeep Sarkar
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Nitin Bhatt
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Occupational and Environmental Health Section, Diffuse Lung Disease and Lung Transplant Network, CHEST, Glenview, IL
| | - Mary-Beth Scholand
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT; Occupational and Environmental Health Section, Diffuse Lung Disease and Lung Transplant Network, CHEST, Glenview, IL
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Bergmann KC, Brehler R, Endler C, Höflich C, Kespohl S, Plaza M, Raulf M, Standl M, Thamm R, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Werchan B. Impact of climate change on allergic diseases in Germany. JOURNAL OF HEALTH MONITORING 2023; 8:76-102. [PMID: 37799537 PMCID: PMC10548488 DOI: 10.25646/11654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Allergic diseases, especially inhalation allergies, have reached epidemic levels and environmental factors play an important role in their development. Climate change influences the occurrence, frequency, and severity of allergic diseases. Methods The contents of this article were selected by the authors and developed section by section according to their expertise and the current state of knowledge. The sections were then discussed and agreed upon amongst all authors. Results The article highlights direct and indirect effects of climate change on allergies. It goes into detail about the connections between climate change and (new) pollen allergens as well as (new) occupational inhalation allergens, explains the effects of climate change on the clinical picture of atopic dermatitis, discusses the connections between air pollutants and allergies, and provides information about the phenomenon of thunderstorm asthma. Conclusions There is a need for action in the field of pollen and fungal spore monitoring, allergy and sensitisation monitoring, urban planning from an allergological perspective, and changes in the working environment, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Christian Bergmann
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Institute of Allergology Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP Immunology and Allergology Berlin, Germany
| | - Randolf Brehler
- University Hospital Münster, Department of Dermatology, Outpatient Clinic for Allergology, Occupational Dermatology and Environmental Medicine Münster, Germany
| | - Christina Endler
- German Meteorological Service Research Centre Human Biometeorology Freiburg, Germany
| | - Conny Höflich
- German Environment Agency Section II 1.5 Environmental medicine and health effects assessment Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kespohl
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Competence Centre Allergology/Immunology Bochum, Germany
| | - Maria Plaza
- University Hospital Augsburg, Medical Faculty, Environmental Medicine Augsburg, Germany
| | - Monika Raulf
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Competence Centre Allergology/Immunology Bochum, Germany
| | - Marie Standl
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roma Thamm
- Robert Koch Institute Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Barbora Werchan
- German Pollen Information Service Foundation Berlin, Germany
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Kespohl S, Warfolomeow I, Merget R, Brüning T, Raulf M. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to metal working fluids: detection of specific IgG antibodies to microbial antigens. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023:104107. [PMID: 37451418 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to microbially contaminated metal working fluids (MWF) can cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). An important step in the diagnosis of HP is to identify the triggering antigen by detection of corresponding specific IgG antibodies (sIgG). As commercial sIgG tests are currently not available, protein antigens were prepared from MWF-workplace samples and from MWF-typical bacterial isolates. In 57% of suspected HP-cases (n= 30) elevated sIgG concentrations were measured to at least one MWF-relevant antigen, of which Mycobacterium immunogenum was most prominent (88%), followed by Pseudomonas oleovorans and Pseudomonas spec (82% each), MWF-antigen mix and Pseudomonas alcaliphila (65% each). Elevated sIgG concentrations to other microorganisms were measured to Micropolyspora faeni (82%) and Aureobasidium pullulans (77%). Correlation of sIgG values of all tested microbial antigens showed a significant relationship of MWF-antigen mixture to Pseudomonas antigens, but a low correlation to moulds. These newly prepared MWF-antigens are useful tools for the diagnosis of patients with suspected MWF-HP and are available for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kespohl
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany.
| | - Isabell Warfolomeow
- German Social Accident Insurance Institution for the Woodworking and Metalworking Industries, BGHM, Mainz
| | - Rolf Merget
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Monika Raulf
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
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Noel D, Hallsworth JE, Gelhaye E, Darnet S, Sormani R, Morel-Rouhier M. Modes-of-action of antifungal compounds: Stressors and (target-site-specific) toxins, toxicants, or Toxin-stressors. Microb Biotechnol 2023. [PMID: 37191200 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi and antifungal compounds are relevant to the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals. However, the modes-of-action of antifungals-whether they are naturally occurring substances or anthropogenic fungicides-are often unknown or are misallocated in terms of their mechanistic category. Here, we consider the most effective approaches to identifying whether antifungal substances are cellular stressors, toxins/toxicants (that are target-site-specific), or have a hybrid mode-of-action as Toxin-stressors (that induce cellular stress yet are target-site-specific). This newly described 'toxin-stressor' category includes some photosensitisers that target the cell membrane and, once activated by light or ultraviolet radiation, cause oxidative damage. We provide a glossary of terms and a diagrammatic representation of diverse types of stressors, toxic substances, and Toxin-stressors, a classification that is pertinent to inhibitory substances not only for fungi but for all types of cellular life. A decision-tree approach can also be used to help differentiate toxic substances from cellular stressors (Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015 33: 228-259). For compounds that target specific sites in the cell, we evaluate the relative merits of using metabolite analyses, chemical genetics, chemoproteomics, transcriptomics, and the target-based drug-discovery approach (based on that used in pharmaceutical research), focusing on both ascomycete models and the less-studied basidiomycete fungi. Chemical genetic methods to elucidate modes-of-action currently have limited application for fungi where molecular tools are not yet available; we discuss ways to circumvent this bottleneck. We also discuss ecologically commonplace scenarios in which multiple substances act to limit the functionality of the fungal cell and a number of as-yet-unresolved questions about the modes-of-action of antifungal compounds pertaining to the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Eric Gelhaye
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
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