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Lemieux P, Roudier E, Birot O. Angiostatic freeze or angiogenic move? Acute cold stress prevents angiokine secretion from murine myotubes but primes primary endothelial cells for greater migratory capacity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:975652. [PMID: 36324307 PMCID: PMC9618727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.975652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle tissue can adapt to exercise and environmental stressors with a remarkable plasticity. Prolonged cold stress exposure has been associated to increased skeletal muscle capillarization. Angioadaptation refers to the coordinated molecular and cellular processes that influence the remodeling of skeletal muscle microvasculature. Two cell types are central to angioadaptation: the myocytes, representing an important source of angiokines; and the skeletal muscle endothelial cell (SMECs), targets of these angiokines and main constituents of muscle capillaries. The influence of cold stress on skeletal muscle angioadaptation remains largely unknown, particularly with respect to myocyte-specific angiokines secretion or endothelial cell angioadaptive responses. Here, we use an in vitro model to investigate the impact of cold stress (28°C versus 37°C) on C2C12 myotubes and SMECs. Our main objectives were to evaluate: 1) the direct impact of cold stress on C2C12 cellular expression of angiokines and their release in the extracellular environment; 2) the indirect impact of cold stress on SMECs migration via these C2C12-derived angiokines; and 3) the direct effect of cold stress on SMECs angioadaptive responses, including migration, proliferation, and the activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2). Cold stress reduced the secretion of angiokines in C2C12 myotubes culture media irrespective their pro-angiogenic or angiostatic nature. In SMECs, cold stress abrogated cell proliferation and reduced the activation of VEGFR2 despite a greater expression of this receptor. Finally, SMECs pre-conditioned to cold stress displayed an enhanced migratory response when migration was stimulated in rewarming conditions. Altogether our results suggest that cold stress may be overall angiostatic. However, cold stress accompanied by rewarming may be seen as a pro-angiogenic stressor for SMECs. This observation questions the potential for using pre-cooling in sport-performance or therapeutic exercise prescription to enhance skeletal muscle angioadaptive responses to exercise.
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Robins L, Kwon M, McGlynn ML, Rosales AM, Pekas EJ, Collins C, Park SY, Slivka DR. Influence of Local Muscle Cooling on Mitochondrial-Related Gene Expression at Rest. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12028. [PMID: 36231330 PMCID: PMC9566196 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of localized cooling of the skeletal muscle during rest on mitochondrial related gene expression. Thermal wraps were applied to the vastus lateralis of each limb of 12 participants. One limb received a cold application (randomized) (COLD), while the other did not (RT). Wraps were removed at the 4 h time point and measurements of skin temperature, blood flow, and intramuscular temperature were taken prior to a muscle biopsy. RT-qPCR was used to measure expression of genes associated with mitochondrial development. Skin and muscle temperatures were lower in COLD than RT (p < 0.05). Femoral artery diameter was lower in COLD after 4 h (0.62 ± 0.05 cm, to 0.60 ± 0.05 cm, p = 0.018). Blood flow was not different in COLD compared to RT (259 ± 69 mL·min-1 vs. 275 ± 54 mL·min-1, p = 0.20). PGC-1α B and GABPA expression was higher in COLD relative to RT (1.57-fold, p = 0.037 and 1.34-fold, p = 0.006, respectively). There was no difference (p > 0.05) in the expression of PGC-1α, NT-PGC-1α, PGC-1α A, TFAM, ESRRα, NRF1, GABPA, VEGF, PINK1, PARK 2, or BNIP3-L. The impact of this small magnitude of difference in gene expression of PGC-1α B and GABPA without alterations in other genes are unknown. There appears to be only limited impact of local muscle cooling on the transcriptional response related to mitochondrial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Robins
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Monica Kwon
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Mark L. McGlynn
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Alejandro M. Rosales
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
- School of Integrated Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Pekas
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Christopher Collins
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Song-Young Park
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Dustin R. Slivka
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
- School of Integrated Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Morito A, Inami T, Hirata A, Yamada S, Shimomasuda M, Haramoto M, Kato K, Tahara S, Oguma Y, Ishida H, Kohtake N. Ice slurry ingestion improves physical performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise in a hot environment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274584. [PMID: 36107972 PMCID: PMC9477354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ice slurry ingestion enhances exercise performance by lowering the core body temperature. However, an operational issue related to this ingestion is the requirement for a high intake of 7.5 g·kg-1 to produce the desired effects. We investigated the effects of the intake of low amounts of ice slurry at −2°C on the tympanic temperature and exercise performance during repeated high-intensity intermittent exercises in a hot environment. This study was a randomized, crossover study, with a 6-day washout period. Twelve university rugby union players performed two 30-min sessions of high-intensity intermittent exercises separated by a 15-min half-time break on a cycle ergometer in a hot environment (28.8°C ± 0.1°C, 49.5% ± 0.6% relative humidity). The participants ingested 450 g of −2°C-ice slurry (ICE), or a 30°C-beverage (CON) having the same composition as ICE, or 30°C-water (WAT) during the half-time break. The tympanic temperature and skin temperature were measured as the physiological data, and the peak power and mean power as the exercise performance data. The tympanic temperature at the half-time break and beginning of the 2nd session was significantly lower in the ICE group as compared with the CON and WAT groups. The skin temperature at the half-time break was significantly lower in the ICE group as compared with the WAT group. While the peak power and mean power during the 2nd session were significantly greater in the ICE group as compared with the CON and WAT groups. Our findings suggest that even the intake of lower amounts, as compared with those used in previous studies, of low-temperature ice slurry can reduce the body temperature and improve the peak power. These results suggest that intake of low-temperature ice slurry as a strategy for internal body cooling is useful for improving endurance exercise performance in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Morito
- Graduate School of System Design and Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
- R&D Laboratories, Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takayuki Inami
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Graduate School of System Design and Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamada
- R&D Laboratories, Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Shimomasuda
- Research & Development Headquarters, Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Haramoto
- Research & Development Headquarters, Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Kato
- R&D Laboratories, Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tahara
- Graduate School of System Design and Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Oguma
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishida
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naohiko Kohtake
- Graduate School of System Design and Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Kim Y, Rech N, Louder T, Bressel E. Relationship between Intramuscular and Skin Temperature and Anthropometric Consideration for Post-exercise Cryotherapy: Developing Prediction Models for Clinical Use. THE ASIAN JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.15758/ajk.2022.24.3.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationships among intramuscular cooling rates during (IM cooling rate) and after cold water immersion (CWI) (Post-IM cooling rate), skin tissue cooling rate during CWI (skin cooling rate), and anthropometric characteristics, and develop prediction models to assist clinical decision making.METHODS After a 30-min cycling trial, 16 young healthy adults received a CWI treatment (10 °C) until either intramuscular thigh temperature (2 cm sub-adipose) of the rectus femoris decreased 7 °C below preexercise level or 30 minutes was reached. Temperatures were recorded using skin and implantable finewire thermocouples. Before the cycling trial, %BF, anterior thigh adipose tissue thickness, muscle thickness, total thigh volume, and thigh circumference were measured. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to determine significant predictors of IM and Post-IM cooling rates (cooling rate: the amount of temperature reduction per minute). All predictors, including skin cooling rate, %BF, adipose tissue thickness, muscle thickness, total thigh volume, and thigh circumference, were included in multiple linear regression models to figure out factors that best predict the IM and Post-IM cooling rates.RESULTS Correlation analysis demonstrated significant correlations between IM cooling rate and skin cooling rate (r=.85), %BF (r=-.79), and adipose tissue thickness (r=-.79), and between Post-IM cooling rate and thigh circumference (r=-.68), adipose tissue thickness (r=-.58), total thigh volume (r=-.56), and %BF (r=-.53). Regression models identified skin cooling rate and %BF to have the greatest predictability for IM cooling rate (R2 =.82) and muscle thickness and thigh circumference to have the greatest predictability for the Post-IM cooling rate (R2 =.68).CONCLUSIONS This study provides justification for the use of skin cooling rates during CWI and %BF to estimate IM cooling rate and muscle thickness and thigh circumference to estimate Post-IM cooling rate. These findings will help practitioners to determine the duration of CWI treatment after exercise.
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Cold for centuries: a brief history of cryotherapies to improve health, injury and post-exercise recovery. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1153-1162. [PMID: 35195747 PMCID: PMC9012715 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, cold temperatures have been used by humans for therapeutic, health and sporting recovery purposes. This application of cold for therapeutic purposes is regularly referred to as cryotherapy. Cryotherapies including ice, cold-water and cold air have been popularised by an ability to remove heat, reduce core and tissue temperatures, and alter blood flow in humans. The resulting downstream effects upon human physiologies providing benefits that include a reduced perception of pain, or analgesia, and an improved sensation of well-being. Ultimately, such benefits have been translated into therapies that may assist in improving post-exercise recovery, with further investigations assessing the role that cryotherapies can play in attenuating the ensuing post-exercise inflammatory response. Whilst considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the mechanistic changes associated with adopting cryotherapies, research focus tends to look towards the future rather than to the past. It has been suggested that this might be due to the notion of progress being defined as change over time from lower to higher states of knowledge. However, a historical perspective, studying a subject in light of its earliest phase and subsequent evolution, could help sharpen one's vision of the present; helping to generate new research questions as well as look at old questions in new ways. Therefore, the aim of this brief historical perspective is to highlight the origins of the many arms of this popular recovery and treatment technique, whilst further assessing the changing face of cryotherapy. We conclude by discussing what lies ahead in the future for cold-application techniques.
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Kwiecien SY, McHugh MP. The cold truth: the role of cryotherapy in the treatment of injury and recovery from exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2125-2142. [PMID: 33877402 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryotherapy is utilized as a physical intervention in the treatment of injury and exercise recovery. Traditionally, ice is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal injury while cold water immersion or whole-body cryotherapy is used for recovery from exercise. In humans, the primary benefit of traditional cryotherapy is reduced pain following injury or soreness following exercise. Cryotherapy-induced reductions in metabolism, inflammation, and tissue damage have been demonstrated in animal models of muscle injury; however, comparable evidence in humans is lacking. This absence is likely due to the inadequate duration of application of traditional cryotherapy modalities. Traditional cryotherapy application must be repeated to overcome this limitation. Recently, the novel application of cooling with 15 °C phase change material (PCM), has been administered for 3-6 h with success following exercise. Although evidence suggests that chronic use of cryotherapy during resistance training blunts the anabolic training effect, recovery using PCM does not compromise acute adaptation. Therefore, following exercise, cryotherapy is indicated when rapid recovery is required between exercise bouts, as opposed to after routine training. Ultimately, the effectiveness of cryotherapy as a recovery modality is dependent upon its ability to maintain a reduction in muscle temperature and on the timing of treatment with respect to when the injury occurred, or the exercise ceased. Therefore, to limit the proliferation of secondary tissue damage that occurs in the hours after an injury or a strenuous exercise bout, it is imperative that cryotherapy be applied in abundance within the first few hours of structural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Y Kwiecien
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Malachy P McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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