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Afonso J, Brito J, Abade E, Rendeiro-Pinho G, Baptista I, Figueiredo P, Nakamura FY. Revisiting the 'Whys' and 'Hows' of the Warm-Up: Are We Asking the Right Questions? Sports Med 2024; 54:23-30. [PMID: 37658965 PMCID: PMC10798919 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The warm-up is considered beneficial for increasing body temperature, stimulating the neuromuscular system and overall preparing the athletes for the demands of training sessions and competitions. Even when warm-up-derived benefits are slight and transient, they may still benefit preparedness for subsequent efforts. However, sports training and competition performance are highly affected by contextual factors (e.g., how is the opponent acting?), and it is not always clear what should be the preferred warm-up modalities, structure and load for each athlete and context. Further, we propose that the warm-up can also be used as a pedagogical and training moment. The warm-up may serve several different (albeit complementary) goals (e.g., rising body temperature, neuromuscular activation, attentional focus) and be performed under a plethora of different structures, modalities, and loads. The current commentary highlights the warm-up period as an opportunity to teach or improve certain skills or physical capacities, and not only as a preparation for the subsequent efforts. Moreover, the (justified) call for individualized warm-ups would benefit from educating athletes about exploring different warm-up tasks and loads, providing a broad foundation for future individualization of the warm-up and for more active, engaged, and well-informed participation of the athletes in deciding their own warm-up practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Afonso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Abade
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Ivan Baptista
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
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2
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Makar P, Kawczyński A, Silva RM, Yildiz M, Silva AF, Akyildiz Z. Validity and reliability of Polar M400 GPS watches for measuring distances covered by team sports players. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20920. [PMID: 37916076 PMCID: PMC10616346 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring locomotor demands in team sports becomes popular in professional and recreational daily activities. Precise measurements are main of importance in training routine. The aim of this study is three-fold: (i) analyze the validity of Polar M400 Global Positioning System (GPS) watches for measuring distances covered in team sports simulation cycle; (ii) testing inter-unit reliability of two devices attached during testing; and (iii) testing inter-session reliability for the same simulation cycle. Methods: Twenty-one team athletes (age: 24.5 ± 5.2 years; body mass: 71.8 ± 5.7 kg; height: 176.5 ± 4.3 cm) were tested in the team sport simulation cycle (TSSC). Two Polar M400 sport watches were used by each player on their wrists at the same time. The data obtained from Polar M400 were compared to the reference fixed distance of the TSSC to determine the watch validity. Inter-session reliability was also tested using the two watches in two different sessions. Results: No significant differences between the reference value and the watches (F = 1.086; p = 0.368; η p 2 ≤0.042) were found. The %CV (0.03-0.05%) and SEM (0.05-0.09) values found for all considered groups confirmed good levels of reliability of the Polar M400 to measure total distance. Conclusions: The Polar M400 is a valid and reliable watch for measuring the distances covered by team sport athletes. Both coaches and athletes can monitor the distances covered with accuracy and precision, through the use of the Polar M400 sport watch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Makar
- Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland
| | | | - Rui Miguel Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Mehmet Yildiz
- Afyon Kocatepe University Sports Science Faculty, Turkey
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
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3
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Lima RF, Silva AF, Matos S, de Oliveira Castro H, Rebelo A, Clemente FM, Nobari H. Using inertial measurement units for quantifying the most intense jumping movements occurring in professional male volleyball players. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5817. [PMID: 37037981 PMCID: PMC10086049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to use an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to analyze variations in the jump outcomes concerning weekly training days, and the dependencies between the number of jumps per minute and the jump height. An experimental research design was adopted across three weeks of the final play-off of a volleyball championship. Through an IMU, the external load of seven male elite volleyball athletes of a top rating team from Portuguese 1st Division (age: 30.5 ± 3.5 years; height: 200.2 ± 6.3 cm; body mass: 93.0 ± 8.1 kg; BMI: 23.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2) was monitored. Repeated measures ANOVA was executed to compare the outcomes between training days. It was observed a similar density of jumps during the week. However, when comparing MD-1 to MD-2, a more significant average number of jumps per minute was observed in MD-1 (1.3 ± 0.2 vs. 1.0 ± 0.2). Additionally, a positive, large and significant correlation was registered between the number of jumps and the height of the jump. Those results highlight the benefits of the specific training, leading to greater stimulation and improvement, in a game-like context, of the stretching-shortening cycle, observed in every jump action in volleyball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Franco Lima
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320, Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320, Melgaço, Portugal
- Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Matos
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320, Melgaço, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708, Penafiel, Portugal
| | | | - André Rebelo
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física e Exercício e Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, 1600-464, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Delegação da Covilhã, Instituto de Telecomunicações, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
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Calleja-González J, Mallo J, Cos F, Sampaio J, Jones MT, Marqués-Jiménez D, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Freitas TT, Alcaraz PE, Vilamitjana J, Ibañez SJ, Cuzzolin F, Terrados N, Bird SP, Zubillaga A, Huyghe T, Jukic I, Lorenzo A, Loturco I, Delextrat A, Schelling X, Gómez-Ruano M, López-laval I, Vazquez J, Conte D, Velarde-Sotres Á, Bores A, Ferioli D, García F, Peirau X, Martin-Acero R, Lago-Peñas C. A commentary of factors related to player availability and its influence on performance in elite team sports. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1077934. [PMID: 36726395 PMCID: PMC9885271 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1077934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,Correspondence: Julio Calleja-González
| | - Javier Mallo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Cos
- Manchester City Football Club 1 Team, Manchester City, United Kingdom,National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Margaret T. Jones
- School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, VA, United States
| | - Diego Marqués-Jiménez
- Valoración del rendimiento deportivo, actividad física y salud y lesiones deportivas (REDAFLED), Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain,NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Sergio J. Ibañez
- Group for Optimization of Training and Sport Performance (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Nicolás Terrados
- Regional Unit of Sports Medicine and Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Stephen P. Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences Ipswich, Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Asier Zubillaga
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Thomas Huyghe
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Igor Jukic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alberto Lorenzo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anne Delextrat
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xavi Schelling
- School of Health and Medical Sciences Ipswich, Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Miguel Gómez-Ruano
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isaac López-laval
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Jairo Vazquez
- Sport Performance Area, Fútbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniele Conte
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Álvaro Velarde-Sotres
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain,Departamento de Salud, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche, México
| | - Antonio Bores
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
| | - Davide Ferioli
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Franc García
- Sport Performance Area, Fútbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Peirau
- Research Group Into Human Movement, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Lleida, Spain
| | - Rafael Martin-Acero
- Grupo de Aprendizaje y Control del Movimiento Humano. Facultade de Ciencias do Deporte e a Educación Física. Universidade da Coruña. Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Lago-Peñas
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Governance and Economics Research Network, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Maleš J, Ouergui I, Kuna D, Žuvela F, De Giorgio A, Kuvačić G. Monitoring Internal Training Intensity Correlated with Neuromuscular and Well-Being Status in Croatian Professional Soccer Players during Five Weeks of the Pre-Season Training Phase. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10110172. [PMID: 36355823 PMCID: PMC9699058 DOI: 10.3390/sports10110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the changes in internal training intensity, well-being, and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and to determine their relationship across five weeks of the pre-season training phase in professional soccer players. A total of 22 professional male soccer players (age = 21.7 ± 4 years, body height = 185.9 ± 6.3 cm, body weight = 79 ± 6.3 kg, BMI = 22.8 ± 1.4 kg·m−2; VO2max = 52.9 ± 3.2) from the Croatian Second League voluntary participated in this study. The players spent 2230 ± 117 min in 32 technical/tactical and strength/conditioning training sessions, mostly at the low intensity zone (61%), and played 8 friendly matches at a high intensity (>90%). A one-way repeated measure of analysis ANOVA revealed a significant difference between weeks in CMJ performance (F(1,22) = 11.8, p < 0.001), with CMJ height in weeks 4 and 5 being likely to very likely higher than that noted in week 1. Moreover, significant differences between weeks were found in all internal training intensity measures (average [F(1,22) = 74.8, p < 0.001] and accumulated weekly internal training intensity [F(1,22) = 55.4, p < 0.001], training monotony [F(1,22) = 23.9, p < 0.001], and training strain [F(1,22) = 34.5, p < 0.001]). Likewise, differences were observed for wellness status categories (fatigue [F(1,22) = 4.3, p = 0.003], sleep [F(1,22) = 7.1, p < 0.001], DOMS [F(1,22) = 5.7, p < 0.001], stress [F(1,22) = 15.6, p < 0.001]), mood [F(1,22) = 12.7, p < 0.001], and overall well-being status score (F(1,22) = 13.2, p < 0.001). Correlation analysis showed large negative correlations between average weekly internal training intensity and fatigue (r = −0.63, p = 0.002), DOMS (r = −0.61, p = 0.003), and WBI (r = −0.53, p = 0.011). Additionally, fatigue was significantly associated (large negative correlation) with accumulated weekly internal training intensity (r = −0.51, p = 0.014) and training strain (r = −0.61, p = 0.003). Small, but non-significant, correlations were found between CMJ performance and wellness status measures. These findings highlight the utility and simplicity of monitoring tools to improve athletes’ performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Maleš
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ibrahim Ouergui
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef 7100, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Sport Sciences, Health and Movement, UR22JS01, El Kef 7100, Tunisia
| | - Danijela Kuna
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Frane Žuvela
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | - Goran Kuvačić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence:
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Microdosing: Old Wine in a New Bottle? Current State of Affairs and Future Avenues. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1649-1652. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Microdosing of exercise aims to deliver smaller daily training doses but at a higher weekly frequency, adding up to a similar weekly volume as in nonmicrodosed training. This commentary critically discusses this concept, which appears to be a rebranding of the “old” distributed practice of motor learning. Development: We propose that microdosing should relate to the minimal dose that develops or at least maintains the selected capacities or skills as this training dose matters to practitioners, especially during the in-season period. Moreover, microdosing has been applied mainly to develop strength and endurance, but abilities such as sprinting and changing direction could also be microdosed, as well as technical–tactical skills. Conclusions: The concept of microdosing should be reframed to avoid redundancy with the concept of distributed practice while providing valuable information concerning the minimum doses that still generate the intended effects and the thresholds that determine whether a dose is “micro” or not.
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