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Andriatsitohaina RNN, Laby P, Llopis JC, Martin DA. Agroforestry in Madagascar: past, present, and future. AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 2024; 98:1659-1680. [PMID: 39086741 PMCID: PMC11286679 DOI: 10.1007/s10457-024-00975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Agroforestry systems promise a high multifunctionality providing cash and subsistence yields as well as other ecosystem services. Such land systems may be particularly promising for smallholders in tropical landscapes due to high labour intensity and productivity on limited land. Focusing on Madagascar, we here describe the history of agroforestry in the country and review the current literature on agroforestry outcomes as well as factors promoting and hindering agroforest establishment and maintenance. From this, we discuss the potential future of agroforestry in Madagascar. Historically, many crops farmed today in agroforestry systems were originally introduced as plantation crops, mostly in the nineteenth century. Since then, people co-opted these crops into mixed agroforestry systems, often focusing on clove, vanilla, coffee, or cocoa in combination with fruit trees or, for clove, with livestock. Other crops are also integrated, but shares are comparatively low. Overall, 27.4% of Malagasy exports are crops typically farmed in agroforestry systems, providing income for at least 500,000 farmers. Outcomes of agroforestry for biodiversity and ecosystem services are commonly researched, showing benefits over annual crops and monocultures. Social-economic outcomes, including yields, are more scarcely researched, but findings point towards financial benefits for smallholder farmers and a sense of community and collective memory. However, findings emphasize that research gaps remain in terms of geographic and crop coverage, also for ecological outcomes. Looking to the future, we highlight the need to overcome hurdles such as land tenure insecurity, financial barriers to implementation, and unstable value chains to scale agroforestry in Madagascar to the benefit of multifunctional land systems and human wellbeing. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10457-024-00975-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ntsiva N. Andriatsitohaina
- Mention Foresterie et Environnement, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Patrick Laby
- Mention Foresterie et Environnement, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jorge C. Llopis
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
- Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominic A. Martin
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Eppley TM, Borgerson C, Patel ER, Herrera JP, Kirkby AE, Golden CD, Andriamahaihavana M, Andrianandrasana L, Bóveda A, Gibson D, Jaofeno LJ, Rakotondrasoa F, Ramahaleo TA, Rasamisoa DC, Ratelolahy F, Razafindramanana J, Spira C, Welch C, Vasey N. A habitat stronghold on the precipice: A call-to-action for supporting lemur conservation in northeast Madagascar. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23483. [PMID: 36851838 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The northeast of Madagascar is as diverse as it is threatened. The area bordering the Analanjirofo and SAVA regions contains six protected areas and at least 22 lemur species. Many applied research and conservation programs have been established in the region with the aim of ensuring both wildlife and people thrive in the long term. While most of the remaining humid evergreen forest of northeast Madagascar is formally protected, the local human population depends heavily on the land, and unsustainable natural resource use threatens this biodiversity hotspot. Drawing from our collective experiences managing conservation activities and research programs in northeast Madagascar, we discuss the major threats to the region and advocate for eight conservation activities that help reduce threats and protect the environment, providing specific examples from our own programs. These include (1) empowering local conservation actors, (2) ensuring effectively protected habitat, (3) expanding reforestation, (4) establishing and continuing long-term research and monitoring, (5) reducing food insecurity, (6) supporting environmental education, (7) promoting sustainable livelihoods, and (8) expanding community health initiatives. Lastly, we provide a list of actions that individuals can take to join us in supporting and promoting lemur conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Eppley
- Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, California, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Cortni Borgerson
- Department of Anthropology, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
- Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Maroantsetra, Madagascar
| | - Erik R Patel
- Lemur Conservation Foundation, Myakka City, Florida, USA
| | - James P Herrera
- Duke Lemur Center SAVA Conservation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew E Kirkby
- Birdlife International, Conservation Department, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher D Golden
- Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Maroantsetra, Madagascar
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - McAntonin Andriamahaihavana
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Antonio Bóveda
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Madagascar Program, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Dean Gibson
- Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Delaïd C Rasamisoa
- Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, California, USA
| | - Felix Ratelolahy
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Madagascar Program, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Josia Razafindramanana
- Mention Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Charlotte Spira
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Madagascar Program, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Charles Welch
- Duke Lemur Center SAVA Conservation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalie Vasey
- Department of Anthropology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Martin DA, Llopis JC, Raveloaritiana E, Coomes OT, Andriamihaja OR, Bruun TB, Heinimann A, Mertz O, Rakotonarivo OS, Zaehringer JG. Drivers and consequences of archetypical shifting cultivation transitions. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A. Martin
- Wyss Academy for Nature University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Department of Geography University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jorge C. Llopis
- School of Natural Sciences University of Bangor Bangor UK
- Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Estelle Raveloaritiana
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems and Engineering Laboratory School of Engineering, Westlake University Hangzhou China
| | | | | | - Thilde Bech Bruun
- Section for Geography Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Ole Mertz
- Section for Geography Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Julie G. Zaehringer
- Wyss Academy for Nature University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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Andriamparany JN, Heritiana JT, Haenke H, Kunz S, Schlecht E. Market supply of livestock and animal products in north-eastern Madagascar – the role of the vanilla boom. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Kapsar K, Frans VF, Brigham LW, Liu J. The metacoupled Arctic: Human-nature interactions across local to global scales as drivers of sustainability. AMBIO 2022; 51:2061-2078. [PMID: 35353295 PMCID: PMC9378800 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is an epicenter of complex environmental and socioeconomic change. Strengthened connections between Arctic and non-Arctic systems could threaten or enhance Arctic sustainability, but studies of external influences on the Arctic are scattered and fragmented in academic literature. Here, we review and synthesize how external influences have been analyzed in Arctic-coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) literature. Results show that the Arctic is affected by numerous external influences nearby and faraway, including global markets, climate change, governance, military security, and tourism. However, apart from climate change, these connections are infrequently the focus of Arctic CHANS analyses. We demonstrate how Arctic CHANS research could be enhanced and research gaps could be filled using the holistic framework of metacoupling (human-nature interactions within as well as between adjacent and distant systems). Our perspectives provide new approaches to enhance the sustainability of Arctic systems in an interconnected world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Kapsar
- Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University, 115 Manly Miles Building, 1405 S. Harrison Rd., East Lansing, MI 48823 USA
| | - Veronica F. Frans
- Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University, 115 Manly Miles Building, 1405 S. Harrison Rd., East Lansing, MI 48823 USA
| | - Lawson W. Brigham
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 757340, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7340 USA
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University, 115 Manly Miles Building, 1405 S. Harrison Rd., East Lansing, MI 48823 USA
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Llopis JC, Diebold CL, Schneider F, Harimalala PC, Andriamihaja OR, Messerli P, Zaehringer JG. Mixed impacts of protected areas and a cash crop boom on human well‐being in North‐Eastern Madagascar. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge C. Llopis
- Centre for Development and Environment University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- School of Natural Sciences Bangor University Bangor UK
| | - Clara L. Diebold
- Centre for Development and Environment University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Wyss Academy for Nature at the University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Flurina Schneider
- Centre for Development and Environment University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute for Social‐Ecological Research (ISOE) Frankfurt Germany
- Goethe University Frankfurt Faculty of Biosciences, Campus Riedberg Frankfurt Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F) Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Paul C. Harimalala
- Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, Département des Eaux et Forêts Université d'Antananarivo Antananarivo Madagascar
| | - O. Ravaka Andriamihaja
- Centre for Development and Environment University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Peter Messerli
- Centre for Development and Environment University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Wyss Academy for Nature at the University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Julie G. Zaehringer
- Centre for Development and Environment University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Wyss Academy for Nature at the University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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Andriamparany JN, Hänke H, Schlecht E. Food security and food quality among vanilla farmers in Madagascar: the role of contract farming and livestock keeping. Food Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-021-01153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe northeastern SAVA region of Madagascar is the largest vanilla producing area in the world and is flourishing due to a large global demand for natural vanilla. Although the general socio-economic situation has regionally improved because of high vanilla prices, little is known about the nutritional status of local vanilla farmers. We used a 12-month longitudinal food survey to analyze food security, food consumption and nutrient intake of local vanilla farming households (n = 140). Food consumption data was complemented with baseline, agro-economic, longitudinal and field-plot information to determine factors influencing food security, and the contribution of protein from Animal Source Food (ASF_protein) to household nutrition using a stepwise generalized linear model. Results show a high level (74%) of food insecurity and micronutrient deficiency but an acceptable level of protein intake among surveyed households. Consumption of rice, the principal source of carbohydrates, is stable across the year. Compared to other regions in Madagascar, local diets are moderately diversified with an acceptable share of ASF_protein (about 50%). Household size (P < 0.001) and cash income from rice sales (P < 0.001) were the most important factors influencing the food security index (FSI), while cash crop income (P < 0.01) and number of income sources (P < 0.01) were more important in the explanation of the dietary share of ASF_protein. Yet, neither livestock ownership nor contracting with vanilla buyers/exporters did improve food security of the surveyed households. Households who concluded contracts were significantly less food secure than non-contracting households (P = 0.01) with seasonal fluctuations across the year. Policy implications of our findings are that, although many actors of the vanilla value chain run social and environmental programs in the SAVA region, more needs to be done to improve diet quality at household level and strengthen farmers’ resilience to food insecurity.
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Spatial Differentiation of Cultivated Land Use Intensification in Village Settings: A Survey of Typical Chinese Villages. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10030249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The intensified use of cultivated land is essential for optimizing crop planting practices and protecting food security. This study employed a telecoupling framework to evaluate the cultivated land use intensification rates in typical Chinese villages (village cultivated land use intensifications—VCLUIs). The pressure–state–response (PSR) model organizes the VCLUI indexes including the intensity press, output state, and structural response of cultivated land use. Empirical analysis conducted in Baiquan County, China, indicating that the cultivated land use intensification levels of the whole county were low. However, the intensifications of villages influenced by physical and geographic locations and socioeconomic development levels varied significantly. This paper also found that variations in the VCLUIs were mainly dependent on new labor-driven social subsystem differences. Thus, the expanding per capita farmland scales and increasing numbers of new agricultural business entities were critical in improving the VCLUI. Overall, the theoretical framework proposed in this study was demonstrated to be effective in analyzing interactions among the natural, social, and economic subsystems of the VCLUI. The findings obtained in this study potentially have important implications for future regional food security, natural stability, and agricultural land use sustainability.
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Terrestrial Protected Areas and Food Security: A Systematic Review of Research Approaches. ENVIRONMENTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/environments7100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Achieving food security is one of the most important sustainable development goals and is a major global concern, specifically in remote and rural areas of the developing world where high biodiversity can be found and many protected areas are located. The goals of food security and biodiversity conservation are two of the most critical challenges of our time. This study aims to better understand the state of research on protected areas and food security through a methodological lens. The literature search was conducted in the Web of Science core collection and the Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CAB) abstracts database. The search results indicate that this is an understudied topic with only nineteen articles published in various research domains. The findings reveal that studies were explanatory research rather than confirmatory and most studies had a snapshot design with no control or baseline. National parks were the main category of protected areas reported in studies. Data collection commonly employed a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods at a household level. We also found that spatial data and methods are important yet underutilized.
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Nasser F, Maguire-Rajpaul VA, Dumenu WK, Wong GY. Climate-Smart Cocoa in Ghana: How Ecological Modernisation Discourse Risks Side-Lining Cocoa Smallholders. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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