Spatiotemporal characteristics and driven forces of nitrogen flow of dairy farms in China: Based on a comprehensive model combined with production practices and embedding localized parameters

This study developed a comprehensive nitrogen (N) flow model utilizing localized data in 2000-2019. Enhancements were conducted upon previous models: (1) variations in feed N intake of cows across different production phases was considered; (2) N emission in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the European Monitoring and Evaluation Program and the European Environment Agency (EMEP/EEA) was incorporated; (3) emission factor (EF) of NH3 was corrected based on local climate; and (4) field application of manure was excluded from the system boundary to accommodate China's production status. The effects of farm scale (LF, ≥100 heads; SF, <100 heads) and manure management strategies (dry-cleaning and slurry) were considered. Twelve indicators regarding nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), N emission and N losses were identified to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of N flow. Sensitivity analysis was performed on NUE and N emission. The efficacy of N management practices was evaluated through simulating 2050 scenarios, which included business as usual (BAU), improved cow productivity (DPI), and manure management building on DPI (FMI). It demonstrated an increase in NUE, with northern and eastern China being the highest. The North and Northwest of China emerged as the primary source of N emission (>56 %). Sensitivity analysis indicated that NUE was mostly influenced by LF milk protein content, followed by milk production, body weight of dairy cow, and herd structure. Different forms of N emission were substantially decided by manure EFs and indoor excretion ratio. The scenario simulation suggested that the use of productive breed, low-protein feed, and N abatement procedures could enhance NUE by >30 % and reduce annual emission of NH3 and N2O to 38 % and 13 % of BAU. The study may provide valuable insights into the policy development of dairy industry in China, aiming at boosting productivity improvement and minimizing N loss.

Well-Designed Food Governance as Psychological Mechanism of Consumer Perceptions in the Context of Tourism Poverty Alleviation

Poverty is a challenge leading to food insecurity in people's minds. This article discusses food governance as a psychological mechanism to facilitate the sense of wellness in people's minds in the context of tourism poverty alleviation. Mainly, we argue that, when a government is implementing tourism poverty alleviation, not only are economic efforts, but also positive psychological feelings are required. We, thus, argue that sound food governance may increase the sense of wellness in the minds of people as food consumers by increasing food safety and security. This perspective paper contributes by explicating the influences of macrolevel governance design of safer and more secure food systems on people's psychological wellness, especially against the background of tourism poverty alleviation in developing countries.