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Gao Y, Yang Q, Chen Q, He Y, He W, Geng J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhu ZR. Plants attacked above-ground by leaf-mining flies change below-ground microbiota to enhance plant defense. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae121. [PMID: 38919561 PMCID: PMC11197306 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Root-associated microbiomes play a crucial role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants can enrich beneficial microbes to increase their stress-relieving ability. Above-ground insect herbivory is among the most detrimental stresses for plants, especially to crop production. However, few studies have explored how root-associated microbiomes respond to herbivores and influence plant-defense functions under herbivory stress. We investigate the changes and functional role of root-associated microbial communities under herbivory stress using leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as a focal system. We did this by using a combination of 16S ribosomal RNA gene profiling and metagenomic sequencing to test for differences in co-occurrence networks and functions between cowpea plants infested and noninfested with leafminers. The results demonstrated that leafminer infestation caused a shift in the rhizosphere microbiome, which was characterized by a significant variation in microbiome community structure and composition, the selection of hub microbes involved in nitrogen (N) metabolism, and functional enrichment related to N metabolism. Notably, nitrogen-fixing bacteria Bradyrhizobium species were actively enriched and selected to be hubs in the rhizosphere. Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium enhanced cowpea performance under leafminer stress and increased protease inhibitor levels to decrease leafminer fitness. Overall, our study characterized the changes of root-associated microbiota between leafminer-infested and noninfested cowpea plants and revealed the mechanisms underlying the rhizosphere microbiome shift that enhance plant performance and defense against herbivory. Our findings provide further support for the notion that plants enrich rhizosphere microbes to counteract aboveground insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Qiulin Chen
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunchuan He
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei He
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiamei Geng
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunzeng Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Zeng-Rong Zhu
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Malacrinò A, Bennett AE. Soil microbiota and herbivory drive the assembly of tomato plant-associated microbial communities through different mechanisms. Commun Biol 2024; 7:564. [PMID: 38740889 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-associated microbial communities are key to shaping many aspects of plant biology. In this study, we tested whether soil microbial communities and herbivory influence the bacterial community of tomato plants and whether their influence in different plant compartments is driven by microbial spillover between compartments or whether plants are involved in mediating this effect. We grew our plants in soils hosting three different microbial communities and covered (or not) the soil surface to prevent (or allow) passive microbial spillover between compartments, and we exposed them (or not) to herbivory by Manduca sexta. Here we show that the soil-driven effect on aboveground compartments is consistently detected regardless of soil coverage, whereas soil cover influences the herbivore-driven effect on belowground microbiota. Together, our results suggest that the soil microbiota influences aboveground plant and insect microbial communities via changes in plant metabolism and physiology or by sharing microorganisms via xylem sap. In contrast, herbivores influence the belowground plant microbiota via a combination of microbial spillover and changes in plant metabolism. These results demonstrate the important role of plants in linking aboveground and belowground microbiota, and can foster further research on soil microbiota manipulation for sustainable pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Malacrinò
- Dept. of Agriculture, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Alison E Bennett
- Dept. of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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3
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Deng Y, Kong W, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Xie T, Chen M, Zhu L, Sun J, Zhang Z, Chen C, Zhu C, Yin H, Huang S, Gu Y. Rhizosphere microbial community enrichment processes in healthy and diseased plants: implications of soil properties on biomarkers. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1333076. [PMID: 38505554 PMCID: PMC10949921 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1333076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant health states may influence the distribution of rhizosphere microorganisms, which regulate plant growth and development. In this study, the response of rhizosphere bacteria and fungi of healthy and diseased plants compared to bulk microbes was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. Plant adaptation strategies of plants under potato virus Y (PVY) infection have been studied from a microbial perspective. The diversity and community structure of bacteria and fungi varied between bulk and rhizosphere soils, but not between healthy and diseased rhizosphere soils. A LEfSe analysis revealed the significant differences between different treatments on bacterial and fungal community compositions and identified Roseiflexaceae, Sphingomonas, and Sphingobium as the bacterial biomarkers of bulk (BCK), healthy rhizosphere (BHS), and diseased rhizosphere (BIS) soils, respectively; Rhodotorula and Ascomycota_unidentified_1_1 were identified as the fungal biomarkers of bulk (FCK) and healthy rhizosphere (FHS) soils. Bacterial networks were found to be more complex and compact than fungal networks and revealed the roles of biomarkers as network keystone taxa. PVY infection further increased the connectedness among microbial taxa to improve rhizosphere microbial community stability and resistance to environmental stress. Additionally, water content (WC) played an apparent influence on bacterial community structure and diversity, and pH showed significant effects on fungal community diversity. WC and pH greatly affected the biomarkers of bacterial rhizosphere communities, whereas the biomarkers of bulk bacterial communities were significantly affected by soil nutrients, especially for Sphingobium. Overall, the rhizosphere microbial community enrichment processes were different between healthy and diseased plants by changing the community compositions and identifying different biomarkers. These findings provide insight into the assemblage of rhizosphere microbial communities and soil physicochemical properties, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the establishment of an artificial core root microbiota to facilitate plant growth and bolstering resistance mechanisms. This knowledge contributes to a deeper understanding of the establishment of an artificial core root microbiota, thereby facilitating plant growth and bolstering resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Deng
- Changde Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changde, China
| | - Wuyuan Kong
- Changde Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changde, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Changde Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changde, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Changde Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changde, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Changde Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changde, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Changde Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changde, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Changde Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changde, China
| | - Jingzhao Sun
- Changde Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changde, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Changde Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changde, China
| | - Chaoyong Chen
- Changde Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changde, China
| | - Chongwen Zhu
- Changde Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changde, China
| | - Huaqun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songqing Huang
- Changde Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changde, China
| | - Yabing Gu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Malacrinò A, Böttner L, Nouere S, Huber M, Schäfer M, Xu S. Induced responses contribute to rapid adaptation of Spirodela polyrhiza to herbivory by Lymnaea stagnalis. Commun Biol 2024; 7:81. [PMID: 38200287 PMCID: PMC10781955 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05706-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Herbivory-induced responses in plants are typical examples of phenotypic plasticity, and their evolution is thought to be driven by herbivory. However, direct evidence of the role of induced responses in plant adaptive evolution to herbivores is scarce. Here, we experimentally evolve populations of an aquatic plant (Spirodela polyrhiza, giant duckweed) and its native herbivore (Lymnaea stagnalis, freshwater snail), testing whether herbivory drives rapid adaptive evolution in plant populations using a combination of bioassays, pool-sequencing, metabolite analyses, and amplicon metagenomics. We show that snail herbivory drove rapid phenotypic changes, increased herbivory resistance, and altered genotype frequencies in the plant populations. Additional bioassays suggest that evolutionary changes of induced responses contributed to the rapid increase of plant resistance to herbivory. This study provides direct evidence that herbivory-induced responses in plants can be subjected to selection and have an adaptive role by increasing resistance to herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Malacrinò
- Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Laura Böttner
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sara Nouere
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Meret Huber
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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5
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Wolfgang A, Tack AJM, Berg G, Abdelfattah A. Reciprocal influence of soil, phyllosphere, and aphid microbiomes. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2023; 18:63. [PMID: 37480131 PMCID: PMC10362670 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-023-00515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of soil on the plant microbiome is well-studied. However, less is known about the impact of the soil microbiome in multitrophic systems. Here we examined the effect of soil on plant and aphid microbiomes, and the reciprocal effect of aphid herbivory on the plant and soil microbiomes. We designed microcosms, which separate below and aboveground compartments, to grow oak seedlings with and without aphid herbivory in soils with three different microbiomes. We used amplicon sequencing and qPCR to characterize the bacterial and fungal communities in soils, phyllospheres, and aphids. RESULTS Soil microbiomes significantly affected the microbial communities of phyllospheres and, to a lesser extent, aphid microbiomes, indicating plant-mediated assembly processes from soil to aphids. While aphid herbivory significantly decreased microbial diversity in phyllospheres independent of soil microbiomes, the effect of aphid herbivory on the community composition in soil varied among the three soils. CONCLUSIONS This study provides experimental evidence for the reciprocal influence of soil, plant, and aphid microbiomes, with the potential for the development of new microbiome-based pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Wolfgang
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ayco J M Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
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6
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Morales Moreira ZP, Chen MY, Yanez Ortuno DL, Haney CH. Engineering plant microbiomes by integrating eco-evolutionary principles into current strategies. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 71:102316. [PMID: 36442442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineering plant microbiomes has the potential to improve plant health in a rapid and sustainable way. Rapidly changing climates and relatively long timelines for plant breeding make microbiome engineering an appealing approach to improving food security. However, approaches that have shown promise in the lab have not resulted in wide-scale implementation in the field. Here, we suggest the use of an integrated approach, combining mechanistic molecular and genetic knowledge, with ecological and evolutionary theory, to target knowledge gaps in plant microbiome engineering that may facilitate translatability of approaches into the field. We highlight examples where understanding microbial community ecology is essential for a holistic understanding of the efficacy and consequences of microbiome engineering. We also review examples where understanding plant-microbe evolution could facilitate the design of plants able to recruit specific microbial communities. Finally, we discuss possible trade-offs in plant-microbiome interactions that should be considered during microbiome engineering efforts so as not to introduce off-target negative effects. We include classic and emergent approaches, ranging from microbial inoculants to plant breeding to host-driven microbiome engineering, and address areas that would benefit from multidisciplinary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayda P Morales Moreira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melissa Y Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniela L Yanez Ortuno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cara H Haney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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7
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Li G, Liu P, Zhao J, Su L, Zhao M, Jiang Z, Zhao Y, Yang X. Correlation of microbiomes in "plant-insect-soil" ecosystem. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1088532. [PMID: 36793880 PMCID: PMC9922863 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1088532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Traditional chemical control methods pose a damaging effect on farmland ecology, and their long-term use has led to the development of pest resistance. Methods Here, we analyzed the correlations and differences in the microbiome present in the plant and soil of sugarcane cultivars exhibiting different insect resistance to investigate the role played by microbiome in crop insect resistance. We evaluated the microbiome of stems, topsoil, rhizosphere soil, and striped borers obtained from infested stems, as well as soil chemical parameters. Results and Discussion Results showed that microbiome diversity was higher in stems of insect-resistant plants, and contrast, lower in the soil of resistant plants, with fungi being more pronounced than bacteria. The microbiome in plant stems was almost entirely derived from the soil. The microbiome of insect-susceptible plants and surrounding soil tended to change towards that of insect-resistant plants after insect damage. Insects' microbiome was mainly derived from plant stems and partly from the soil. Available potassium showed an extremely significant correlation with soil microbiome. This study validated the role played by the microbiome ecology of plant-soil-insect system in insect resistance and provided a pre-theoretical basis for crop resistance control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China,Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China,Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jihan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China,Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Liangyinan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China,Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Mengyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China,Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhengjie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China,Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China,Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China,*Correspondence: Yang Zhao,
| | - Xiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China,Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China,Xiping Yang,
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8
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Malacrinò A, Abdelfattah A, Belgacem I, Schena L. Plant genotype influence the structure of cereal seed fungal microbiome. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1075399. [PMID: 36687609 PMCID: PMC9846234 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1075399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant genotype is a crucial factor for the assembly of the plant-associated microbial communities. However, we still know little about the variation of diversity and structure of plant microbiomes across host species and genotypes. Here, we used six species of cereals (Avena sativa, Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale, Triticum aestivum, Triticum polonicum, and Triticum turgidum) to test whether the plant fungal microbiome varies across species, and whether plant species use different mechanisms for microbiome assembly focusing on the plant ears. Using ITS2 amplicon metagenomics, we found that host species influences the diversity and structure of the seed-associated fungal communities. Then, we tested whether plant genotype influences the structure of seed fungal communities across different cultivars of T. aestivum (Aristato, Bologna, Rosia, and Vernia) and T. turgidum (Capeiti, Cappelli, Mazzancoio, Trinakria, and Timilia). We found that cultivar influences the seed fungal microbiome in both species. We found that in T. aestivum the seed fungal microbiota is more influenced by stochastic processes, while in T. turgidum selection plays a major role. Collectively, our results contribute to fill the knowledge gap on the wheat seed microbiome assembly and, together with other studies, might contribute to understand how we can manipulate this process to improve agriculture sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Malacrinò
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria,Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam (ATB) and University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany,*Correspondence: Ahmed Abdelfattah, ✉
| | - Imen Belgacem
- Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes, IGEPP, Le Rheu, France
| | - Leonardo Schena
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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Tronson E, Kaplan I, Enders L. Characterizing rhizosphere microbial communities associated with tolerance to aboveground herbivory in wild and domesticated tomatoes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:981987. [PMID: 36187948 PMCID: PMC9515613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.981987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-associated microbial communities are well known for their ability to prime and augment plant defenses that reduce herbivore survival or alter behavior (i.e., resistance). In contrast, the role root microbes play in plant tolerance to herbivory, an evolutionarily sustainable alternative to resistance, is overlooked. In this study, we aimed to expand our limited understanding of what role rhizosphere microbial communities play in supporting tolerance to insect damage. Using domesticated tomatoes and their wild ancestors (Solanum spp.), we first documented how tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) herbivory impacted tomato fruit production in order to quantify plant tolerance. We then characterized the bacterial and fungal rhizosphere communities harbored by high and low tolerance plants. Wild tomatoes excelled at tolerating hornworm herbivory, experiencing no significant yield loss despite 50% leaf area removal. Their domesticated counterparts, on the other hand, suffered 26% yield losses under hornworm herbivory, indicating low tolerance. Ontogeny (i.e., mid- vs. late-season sampling) explained the most variation in rhizosphere community structure, with tomato line, tolerance, and domestication status also shaping rhizosphere communities. Fungal and bacterial community traits that associated with the high tolerance line include (1) high species richness, (2) relatively stable community composition under herbivory, and (3) the relative abundance of taxa belonging to Stenotrophomonas, Sphingobacterium, and Sphingomonas. Characterizing tolerance-associating microbiomes may open new avenues through which plant defenses are amended in pest management, such as plant breeding efforts that enhance crop recruitment of beneficial microbiomes.
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Adedayo AA, Fadiji AE, Babalola OO. Plant Health Status Affects the Functional Diversity of the Rhizosphere Microbiome Associated With Solanum lycopersicum. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.894312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microorganisms inhabiting soil perform unique functions in the growth and development of plants. However, little is known about how plant health status affects their potential functions. We examined the functional diversity of the microbiome inhabiting the rhizosphere of powdery mildew diseased and healthy tomato plants alongside the bulk soils in South Africa's Northwest Province employing a shotgun metagenomics approach. We envisaged that the functional categories would be abundant in the healthy rhizosphere (HR) of the tomato plant. We collected soil from the rhizosphere of healthy, powdery mildew diseased tomato plants (DR), and bulk soil (BR). After that, their DNA was extracted. The extracted DNA was subjected to shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Our result using the SEED subsystem revealed that a total of fifteen (15) functional categories dominated the healthy rhizosphere, seven (7) functional categories dominated the diseased rhizosphere. At the same time, six (6) functions dominated the bulk soil. Alpha (α) diversity assessment did not reveal a significant difference (p > 0.05) in all the soil samples, but a considerable difference was observed for beta (β) diversity (P = 0.01). The functional categories obtained in this research were highly abundant in HR. Therefore, this study shows that the functions groups of the rhizosphere microbiomes were more abundant in HR samples as compared to others. The high prevalence of functions groups associated with rhizobiomes in the tomato rhizosphere indicates the need for more research to establish the functional genes associated with these rhizosphere microbiomes.
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Ashra H, Nair S. Review: Trait plasticity during plant-insect interactions: From molecular mechanisms to impact on community dynamics. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 317:111188. [PMID: 35193737 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity, prevalent in all domains of life, enables organisms to cope with unpredictable or novel changes in their growing environment. Plants represent an interesting example of phenotypic plasticity which also directly represents and affects the dynamics of biological interactions occurring in a community. Insects, which interact with plants, manifest phenotypic plasticity in their developmental, physiological, morphological or behavioral traits in response to the various host plant defenses induced upon herbivory. However, plant-insect interactions are generally more complex and multidimensional because of their dynamic association with their respective microbiomes and macrobiomes. Moreover, these associations can alter plant and insect responses towards each other by modulating the degree of phenotypic plasticity in their various traits and studying them will provide insights into how plants and insects reciprocally affect each other's evolutionary trajectory. Further, we explore the consequences of phenotypic plasticity on relationships and interactions between plants and insects and its impact on their development, evolution, speciation and ecological organization. This overview, obtained after exploring and comparing data obtained from several inter-disciplinary studies, reveals how genetic and molecular mechanisms, underlying plasticity in traits, impact species interactions at the community level and also identifies mechanisms that could be exploited in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Ashra
- Plant-Insect Interaction Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Suresh Nair
- Plant-Insect Interaction Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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12
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Hansen TE, Enders LS. Host Plant Species Influences the Composition of Milkweed and Monarch Microbiomes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:840078. [PMID: 35283842 PMCID: PMC8908431 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce defensive chemicals for protection against insect herbivores that may also alter plant and insect associated microbial communities. However, it is unclear how expression of plant defenses impacts the assembly of insect and plant microbiomes, for example by enhancing communities for microbes that can metabolize defensive chemicals. Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) feed on milkweed species (Asclepias spp.) that vary in production of toxic cardiac glycosides, which could alter associated microbiomes. We therefore sought to understand how different milkweed species, with varying defensive chemical profiles, influence the diversity and composition of monarch and milkweed (root and leaf) bacterial communities. Using a metabarcoding approach, we compared rhizosphere, phyllosphere and monarch microbiomes across two milkweed species (Asclepias curassavica, Asclepias syriaca) and investigated top-down effects of monarch feeding on milkweed microbiomes. Overall, monarch feeding had little effect on host plant microbial communities, but each milkweed species harbored distinct rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbiomes, as did the monarchs feeding on them. There was no difference in diversity between plants species for any of the microbial communities. Taxonomic composition significantly varied between plant species for rhizospheres, phyllospheres, and monarch microbiomes and no dispersion were detected between samples. Interestingly, phyllosphere and monarch microbiomes shared a high proportion of bacterial taxa with the rhizosphere (88.78 and 95.63%, respectively), while phyllosphere and monarch microbiomes had fewer taxa in common. Overall, our results suggest milkweed species select for unique sets of microbial taxa, but to what extent differences in expression of defensive chemicals directly influences microbiome assembly remains to be tested. Host plant species also appears to drive differences in monarch caterpillar microbiomes. Further work is needed to understand how monarchs acquire microbes, for example through horizontal transfer during feeding on leaves or encountering soil when moving on or between host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten E. Hansen
- Entomology Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Friman J, Karssemeijer PN, Haller J, de Kreek K, van Loon JJ, Dicke M. Shoot and root insect herbivory change the plant rhizosphere microbiome and affects cabbage-insect interactions through plant-soil feedback. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2475-2490. [PMID: 34537968 PMCID: PMC9291931 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback (PSF) may influence plant-insect interactions. Although plant defense differs between shoot and root tissues, few studies have examined root-feeding insect herbivores in a PSF context. We examined here how plant growth and resistance against root-feeding Delia radicum larvae was influenced by PSF. We conditioned soil with cabbage plants that were infested with herbivores that affect D. radicum through plant-mediated effects: leaf-feeding Plutella xylostella caterpillars and Brevicoryne brassicae aphids, root-feeding D. radicum larvae, and/or added rhizobacterium Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r. We analyzed the rhizosphere microbial community, and in a second set of conspecific plants exposed to conditioned soil, we assessed growth, expression of defense-related genes, and D. radicum performance. The rhizosphere microbiome differed mainly between shoot and root herbivory treatments. Addition of Pseudomonas simiae did not influence rhizosphere microbiome composition. Plant shoot biomass, gene expression, and plant resistance against D. radicum larvae was affected by PSF in a treatment-specific manner. Soil conditioning overall reduced plant shoot biomass, Pseudomonas simiae-amended soil causing the largest growth reduction. In conclusion, shoot and root insect herbivores alter the rhizosphere microbiome differently, with consequences for growth and resistance of plants subsequently exposed to conditioned soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Friman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Peter N. Karssemeijer
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Julian Haller
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Kris de Kreek
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Joop J.A. van Loon
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
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