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Shelomi M. Mitigation Strategies against Food Safety Contaminant Transmission from Black Soldier Fly Larva Bioconversion. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1590. [PMID: 38891637 PMCID: PMC11171339 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly larva, Hermetia illucens, can efficiently convert organic waste into biomatter for use in animal feed. This circularity comes with a risk of contaminating downstream consumers of the larval products with microbes, heavy metals, and other hazards potentially present in the initial substrate. This review examines research on mitigation techniques to manage these contaminants, from pretreatment of the substrate to post-treatment of the larvae. While much research has been done on such techniques, little of it focused on their effects on food safety contaminants. Cheap and low-technology heat treatment can reduce substrate and larval microbial load. Emptying the larval gut through starvation is understudied but promising. Black soldier fly larvae accumulate certain heavy metals like cadmium, and their ability to process certain hazards is unknown, which is why some government authorities are erring on the side of caution regarding how larval bioconversion can be used within feed production. Different substrates have different risks and some mitigation strategies may affect larval rearing performance and the final products negatively, so different producers will need to choose the right strategy for their system to balance cost-effectiveness with sustainability and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Shelomi
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, 106319 Taipei, Taiwan
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Peguero DA, Gold M, Velasquez L, Niu M, Zurbrügg C, Mathys A. Physical pretreatment of three biowastes to improve black soldier fly larvae bioconversion efficiency. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 178:280-291. [PMID: 38422681 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens (L.)) are recognized for efficient biowaste reduction while yielding valuable proteins and fats for animals. However, lignocellulosic fibers in biowastes are difficult to digest by biowaste and larval digestive tract microorganisms as well as the larvae themselves. This study investigated two biowaste physical pretreatments (thermal, mechanical) for improving BSFL processing of fibrous biowastes. Cow manure, spent grain, and grass clippings were thermally pretreated at 90 °C for three durations (0.5, 1 and 4 h). Contrary to expectations, thermal pretreatment resulted in either no improvement or decreased larval performance on all substrates, regardless of treatment duration. In contrast, mechanical pretreatment of spent grain and grass clippings, involving milling with three screen sizes (0.5, 1 and 2 mm) showed promising results. Specifically, bioconversion rates on 0.5 mm-milled spent grain and grass clippings increased by 0-53 % and 25-44 % dry mass, respectively compared to untreated. Additionally, larval protein conversion increased by 41 % and 23 % on spent grain and grass clippings, respectively. However, mechanical pretreatment did not affect fiber degradation by larval conversion, as hemicellulose decreased by 25 % and 75 % for spent grain and grass clippings, respectively, regardless of particle size. Particle size reduction influenced substrate microbial respiration (CO2 mg/min), with 0.5-mm milled grass clippings exhibiting higher respiration compared to untreated, although this effect was not observed for spent grain. This study highlights mechanical pretreatment's potential in enhancing BSFL bioconversion of fibrous biowastes and the importance of understanding substrate physical properties influencing substrate microorganisms and BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Peguero
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Gold
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Velasquez
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mutian Niu
- Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Dallaire-Lamontagne M, Lebeuf Y, Allard Prus JM, Vandenberg GW, Saucier L, Deschamps MH. Characterization of hatchery residues for on farm implementation of circular waste management practices. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 175:305-314. [PMID: 38237406 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The conventional management of hatchery residues is associated with greenhouse gas and unpleasant odor emissions, the presence of pathogens and high disposal costs for producers. To address these issues, on-farm alternatives like composting, fermentation, and insect valorization are promising approaches. This study aims to characterize hatchery residues and define critical quality thresholds to identify effective processes for their management. Hatchery residue samples were collected bi-monthly over a year (N = 24) and were analyzed for proximate composition (dry matter, ash, energy, crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, carbohydrates), pH, color (L*a*b*, Chroma) and microbiological loads (total aerobic mesophilic counts, coliforms, lactic acid bacteria). Volatile fatty acid composition was also measured (N = 8). Significant correlation coefficients were found between TAM and LAB loads and residue characterization (pH, chroma, crude fibers, carbohydrates, and temperature). On a dry matter basis, residues were high in energy (2498 to 5911 cal/g), proteins (21.3 to 49.4 %) and lipids (14.6 to 29.1 %), but low in carbohydrates (0 to 15.3 %) despite temporal fluctuations. Ash content varied widely (8.6 to 49.1 %, dry matter) and is influenced by eggshell content. Microbiological loads were high for total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (6.5 to 9.1 log cfu/g), coliforms (5.4 to 8.5 log cfu/g) and lactic acid bacteria (6.7 to 9.0 log cfu/g). Valorization of hatchery residues on the farm will depends on the optimization of effective upstream stabilization processes. The critical points are discussed according to the valorization potentials that could be implemented on the farm from composting to upcycling by insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariève Dallaire-Lamontagne
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, 2440 Bd Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Chair of Educational Leadership (CLE) in Primary Production and Processing of Edible Insects (CLEIC https://cleic.fsaa.ulaval.ca/en/), Canada; Inscott, 1798 Route du Président-Kennedy, Scott, QC G0S 3G0, Canada.
| | - Yolaine Lebeuf
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, 2440 Bd Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Jean-Michel Allard Prus
- Couvoir Scott Ltée, 1798 Route du Président-Kennedy, Scott, QC G0S 3G0, Canada; Inscott, 1798 Route du Président-Kennedy, Scott, QC G0S 3G0, Canada.
| | - Grant W Vandenberg
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Chair of Educational Leadership (CLE) in Primary Production and Processing of Edible Insects (CLEIC https://cleic.fsaa.ulaval.ca/en/), Canada.
| | - Linda Saucier
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, 2440 Bd Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), 3200 Sicotte, bureau 3115-4, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Marie-Hélène Deschamps
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, 2440 Bd Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Chair of Educational Leadership (CLE) in Primary Production and Processing of Edible Insects (CLEIC https://cleic.fsaa.ulaval.ca/en/), Canada; Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), 3200 Sicotte, bureau 3115-4, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
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Salahuddin M, Abdel-Wareth AAA, Hiramatsu K, Tomberlin JK, Luza D, Lohakare J. Flight toward Sustainability in Poultry Nutrition with Black Soldier Fly Larvae. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:510. [PMID: 38338153 PMCID: PMC10854853 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), have emerged as a promising feed ingredient in broiler chicken diets, known for their high protein content, nutritional richness, and environmental sustainability. This review examines the effects of integrating BSFL into broiler feeds, focusing on aspects such as growth performance, nutrient digestibility, physiological responses, and immune health. The ability of BSFL to transform waste into valuable biomass rich in proteins and lipids underscores their efficiency and ecological benefits. Protein levels in BSFL can range from 32% to 53%, varying with growth stage and diet, offering a robust source of amino acids essential for muscle development and growth in broilers. While the chitin in BSFL poses questions regarding digestibility, the overall impact on nutrient utilization is generally favorable. The inclusion of BSFL in diets has been shown to enhance growth rates, feed efficiency, and carcass quality in broilers, with the larvae's balanced amino acid profile being particularly advantageous for muscle development. BSFL may also support gut health and immunity in broilers due to its bioactive components, potentially influencing the gut's microbial composition and enhancing nutrient absorption and overall health. Moreover, the capacity of BSFL to efficiently convert organic waste into protein highlights their role as an environmentally sustainable protein source for broiler nutrition. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to fully understand the long-term effects of BSFL, ideal inclusion rates, and the impact of varying larval diets and rearing conditions. It is crucial for poultry producers to consult nutritionists and comply with local regulations when incorporating new feed ingredients like BSFL into poultry diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Salahuddin
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Ahmed A. A. Abdel-Wareth
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Kohzy Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan;
| | - Jeffery K. Tomberlin
- Center for Environmental Sustainability through Insect Farming, Texas A&M AgriLife, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Daylan Luza
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
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5
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Peguero DA, Gold M, Endara A, Niu M, Zurbrügg C, Mathys A. Evaluation of ammonia pretreatment of four fibrous biowastes and its effect on black soldier fly larvae rearing performance. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 160:123-134. [PMID: 36821971 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biowaste treatment with black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens L.) can promote a more sustainable food system by reusing nutrients that would otherwise be wasted. However, many agri-food wastes and byproducts are typically high in lignocellulosic fibers (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), making it resistant to efficient larval and/or microbial degradation. Ammonia pretreatment could be used to partially degrade lignocellulose, making the biowaste more easily degradable by the larvae and/or microorganisms. This study evaluated ammonia pretreatment for lignocellulose degradation and its effect on BSFL performance on four fibrous biowastes: brewers spent grain, cow manure, oat pulp, and grass clippings. First, the optimal ammonia dose (1 % or 5 % dry mass) and pretreatment time (three or seven days) were assessed by measuring fibers after treatment and further examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Second, BSFL rearing performance on ammonia-pretreated substrates was assessed with a 9-day feeding experiment. Three-day pretreatment with 5 % ammonia was chosen as it decreased the total fiber content by 8-23 % for all substrates except cow manure. Contrary to expectations, ammonia pretreatment with all substates decreased BSFL rearing performance metrics by more than half compared to the untreated control. Follow-up experiments suggested that ammonia pretreatment had a dose-dependent toxicity to BSFL. Interestingly, three-day fermentation of cow manure and oat pulp increased bioconversion rate by 25-31 %. This study shows that ammonia pretreatment is not suitable before BSFL rearing. Ammonia toxicity to BSFL and other pretreatments, such as fermentation, should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Peguero
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Gold
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Endara
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mutian Niu
- Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Yakti W, Müller M, Klost M, Mewis I, Dannehl D, Ulrichs C. Physical Properties of Substrates as a Driver for Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae Growth. INSECTS 2023; 14:266. [PMID: 36975951 PMCID: PMC10054678 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The growth and nutritional profile of the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is usually investigated and compared when the larvae feed on substrates that differ in the chemical composition as well as physical properties. This study compares BSFL growth on substrates that differ primarily in physical properties. This was achieved by using various fibres in the substrates. In the first experiment, two substrates with 20% or 14% chicken feed were mixed with three fibres (cellulose, lignocellulose, or straw). In the second experiment, the growth of BSFL was compared with a 17% chicken feed substrate that additionally contained straw with different particle sizes. We show that the substrate texture properties values did not influence the BSFL growth, but the bulk density of the fibre component did. The substrate mixed with cellulose led to higher larvae growth over time in comparison to substrates with higher bulk density fibres. BSFL grown on the substrate mixed with cellulose reached their maximum weight in 6 days instead of 7. Neither the fibres nor the nutrient level changed the crude protein content of BSFL and the values ranged between 33.5% and 38.3%, but an interaction between the fibre and nutrient level was observed. The size of straw particles in the substrates influenced the BSFL growth and led to a 26.78% difference in Ca concentration, a 12.04% difference in Mg concentration, and a 35.34% difference in P concentration. Our findings indicate that the BSFL-rearing substrates can be optimised by changing the fibre component or its particle size. This can improve the survival rate, reduce the cultivation time needed to reach the maximum weight, and alter the chemical composition of BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Yakti
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Klost
- Department of Food Technology and Food Material Science, Institute for Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Mewis
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Dannehl
- Division Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Ulrichs
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Gorrens E, Lecocq A, De Smet J. The Use of Probiotics during Rearing of Hermetia illucens: Potential, Caveats, and Knowledge Gaps. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020245. [PMID: 36838211 PMCID: PMC9960648 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the novelty of the industrial production of the edible insects sector, research has primarily focused on the zootechnical performances of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in response to different substrates and rearing conditions as a basis to optimize yield and quality. However recently, research has started to focus more on the associated microbes in the larval digestive system and their substrates and the effect of manipulating the composition of these communities on insect performance as a form of microbiome engineering. Here we present an overview of the existing literature on the use of microorganisms during rearing of the BSFL to optimize the productivity of this insect. These studies have had variable outcomes and potential explanations for this variation are offered to inspire future research that might lead to a better success rate for microbiome engineering in BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Gorrens
- Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), KU Leuven, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Antoine Lecocq
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jeroen De Smet
- Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), KU Leuven, 2440 Geel, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Yu Y, Zhang J, Zhu F, Fan M, Zheng J, Cai M, Zheng L, Huang F, Yu Z, Zhang J. Enhanced protein degradation by black soldier fly larvae ( Hermetia illucens L.) and its gut microbes. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1095025. [PMID: 36704554 PMCID: PMC9871565 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1095025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can convert a variety of organic wastes into biomass, and its gut microbiota are involved in this process. However, the role of gut microbes in the nutrient metabolism of BSFL is unclear. In this study, germ-free BSFL (GF) and gnotobiotic BSFL (GB) were evaluated in a high-protein artificial diet model. We used 16S rDNA sequencing, ITS1 sequencing, and network analysis to study gut microbiota in BSFL that degrade proteins. The protein reduction rate of the GB BSFL group was significantly higher (increased by 73.44%) than that of the GF BSFL group. The activity of gut proteinases, such as trypsin and peptidase, in the GB group was significantly higher than the GF group. The abundances of different gut microbes, including Pseudomonas spp., Orbus spp. and Campylobacter spp., were strongly correlated with amino acid metabolic pathways. Dysgonomonas spp. were strongly correlated with protein digestion and absorption. Issatchenkia spp. had a strong correlation with pepsin activity. Campylobacter spp., Pediococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were strongly correlated with trypsin activity. Lactobacillus spp. and Bacillus spp. were strongly correlated with peptidase activity. Gut microbes such as Issatchenkia spp. may promote the gut proteolytic enzyme activity of BSFL and improve the degradation rate of proteins. BSFL protein digestion and absorption involves gut microbiota that have a variety of functions. In BSFL the core gut microbiota help complete protein degradation. These results demonstrate that core gut microbes in BSFL are important in protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingxia Fan
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minmin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Longyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Jibin Zhang, ✉
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9
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Rovera C, Carullo D, Bellesia T, Büyüktaş D, Ghaani M, Caneva E, Farris S. Extraction of high-quality grade cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals from different lignocellulosic agri-food wastes. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1087867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPrompted by the increasing need for an intensified valorization of agri-food waste, in this work a three-step chemical procedure was used to extract high-purity cellulose from garlic stalk, corncob, and giant cane cut-up by a sequential removal of hemicellulose, lignin, ash, and organic compounds. Cellulose nanocrystals of potential interest for nanocomposite applications were then obtained through acid hydrolysis.MethodsThe purity of the cellulose was determined employing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and infrared spectroscopy, whereas dynamic light scattering, optical, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used for morphological characterization. The high purity and crystallinity of cellulose was confirmed by comparison with the ultra-pure bacterial cellulose originating from K. sucrofermentans, irrespective of the waste used.Results and discussionAt the end of the extraction procedure, cellulose yields of 35.73, 37.15, and 39.10%, for garlic stalk, corncob, and giant cane cut-up, respectively, were achieved. Dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy analyses showed that the length of the whisker-like nanocrystals depended on the raw material (from ~100 nm up to > 2μm), while the final yield was ~40–50% for all three wastes. The versatility and effectiveness of the method here proposed can be profitably used for a wide range of agro-waste feedstocks.
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Parodi A, Ipema AF, Van Zanten HHE, Bolhuis JE, Van Loon JJA, De Boer IJM. Principles for the responsible use of farmed insects as livestock feed. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:972-974. [PMID: 37118291 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Parodi
- Animal Production Systems group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Allyson F Ipema
- Adaptation Physiology group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah H E Van Zanten
- Farming Systems Ecology group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joop J A Van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Imke J M De Boer
- Animal Production Systems group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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