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Dixon S, O'connor AT, Brooks-Noreiga C, Clark MA, Levy A, Castejon AM. Role of renin angiotensin system inhibitors and metformin in Glioblastoma Therapy: a review. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2024:10.1007/s00280-024-04686-0. [PMID: 38914751 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-024-04686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive and incurable disease accounting for about 10,000 deaths in the USA each year. Despite the current treatment approach which includes surgery with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, there remains a high prevalence of recurrence. Notable improvements have been observed in persons receiving concurrent antihypertensive drugs such as renin angiotensin inhibitors (RAS) or the antidiabetic drug metformin with standard therapy. Anti-tumoral effects of RAS inhibitors and metformin have been observed in in vitro and in vivo studies. Although clinical trials have shown mixed results, the potential for the use of RAS inhibitors and metformin as adjuvant GBM therapy remains promising. Nevertheless, evidence suggest that these drugs exert multimodal antitumor actions; by particularly targeting several cancer hallmarks. In this review, we highlight the results of clinical studies using multidrug cocktails containing RAS inhibitors and or metformin added to standard therapy for GBM. In addition, we highlight the possible molecular mechanisms by which these repurposed drugs with an excellent safety profile might elicit their anti-tumoral effects. RAS inhibition elicits anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and immune sensitivity effects in GBM. However, metformin promotes anti-migratory, anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects mainly through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Also, we discussed metformin's potential in targeting both GBM cells as well as GBM associated-stem cells. Finally, we summarize a few drug interactions that may cause an additive or antagonistic effect that may lead to adverse effects and influence treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashana Dixon
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA.
| | - Ann Tenneil O'connor
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Chloe Brooks-Noreiga
- Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Michelle A Clark
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Arkene Levy
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Ana M Castejon
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Whitehead CA, Fang H, Su H, Morokoff AP, Kaye AH, Hanssen E, Nowell CJ, Drummond KJ, Greening DW, Vella LJ, Mantamadiotis T, Stylli SS. Small extracellular vesicles promote invadopodia activity in glioblastoma cells in a therapy-dependent manner. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023:10.1007/s13402-023-00786-w. [PMID: 37014551 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00786-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy/temozolomide treatment for glioblastoma (GBM) is limited by the augmented invasiveness mediated by invadopodia activity of surviving GBM cells. As yet, however the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Due to their ability to transport oncogenic material between cells, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have emerged as key mediators of tumour progression. We hypothesize that the sustained growth and invasion of cancer cells depends on bidirectional sEV-mediated cell-cell communication. METHODS Invadopodia assays and zymography gels were used to examine the invadopodia activity capacity of GBM cells. Differential ultracentrifugation was utilized to isolate sEVs from conditioned medium and proteomic analyses were conducted on both GBM cell lines and their sEVs to determine the cargo present within the sEVs. In addition, the impact of radiotherapy and temozolomide treatment of GBM cells was studied. RESULTS We found that GBM cells form active invadopodia and secrete sEVs containing the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2. Subsequent proteomic studies revealed the presence of an invadopodia-related protein sEV cargo and that sEVs from highly invadopodia active GBM cells (LN229) increase invadopodia activity in sEV recipient GBM cells. We also found that GBM cells displayed increases in invadopodia activity and sEV secretion post radiation/temozolomide treatment. Together, these data reveal a relationship between invadopodia and sEV composition/secretion/uptake in promoting the invasiveness of GBM cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that sEVs secreted by GBM cells can facilitate tumour invasion by promoting invadopodia activity in recipient cells, which may be enhanced by treatment with radio-chemotherapy. The transfer of pro-invasive cargos may yield important insights into the functional capacity of sEVs in invadopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa A Whitehead
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Haoyun Fang
- Molecular Proteomics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Huaqi Su
- Centre for Stem Cell Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew P Morokoff
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 5, Clinical Sciences Building, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew H Kaye
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Advanced Microscopy Facility, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Katharine J Drummond
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 5, Clinical Sciences Building, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Molecular Proteomics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura J Vella
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Stem Cell Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Stem Cell Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 5, Clinical Sciences Building, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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Kilmister EJ, Koh SP, Weth FR, Gray C, Tan ST. Cancer Metastasis and Treatment Resistance: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112988. [PMID: 36428556 PMCID: PMC9687343 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and treatment resistance are the main causes of treatment failure and cancer-related deaths. Their underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated and have been attributed to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs)-a small population of highly tumorigenic cancer cells with pluripotency and self-renewal properties, at the apex of a cellular hierarchy. CSCs drive metastasis and treatment resistance and are sustained by a dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME). Numerous pathways mediate communication between CSCs and/or the surrounding TME. These include a paracrine renin-angiotensin system and its convergent signaling pathways, the immune system, and other signaling pathways including the Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, and Sonic Hedgehog pathways. Appreciation of the mechanisms underlying metastasis and treatment resistance, and the pathways that regulate CSCs and the TME, is essential for developing a durable treatment for cancer. Pre-clinical and clinical studies exploring single-point modulation of the pathways regulating CSCs and the surrounding TME, have yielded partial and sometimes negative results. This may be explained by the presence of uninhibited alternative signaling pathways. An effective treatment of cancer may require a multi-target strategy with multi-step inhibition of signaling pathways that regulate CSCs and the TME, in lieu of the long-standing pursuit of a 'silver-bullet' single-target approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabrina P. Koh
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Freya R. Weth
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Clint Gray
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Swee T. Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
- Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial & Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Ouyang X, Xu C. Targeting the (pro)renin receptor in cancers: from signaling to pathophysiological effects. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 149:2595-2605. [PMID: 36153775 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem, currently affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide, and its clinical results are unpredictable, partly due to the lack of reliable biomarkers of cancer progression. Recently, it has been reported that (pro)renin receptor (PRR), as a new biomarker, plays an important role in different types of cancer, such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer, glioma, aldosterone-producing adenoma, endometrial cancer, urothelial cancer, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In order to comprehensively and systematically understand the relationship and role of PRR with various cancers, this review will summarize the current research on targeting PRR in cancer from signaling to pathophysiological effects, including the correlation between PRR/sPRR expression level and different cancers, potential mechanisms regulated by PRR in the progress of cancers, and PRR in cancer treatment. PRR can be a novel and promising biomarker and potential therapeutic target for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in cancer, which is worthy of extensive development and application in clinics.
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Drug Repurposing for Glioblastoma and Current Advances in Drug Delivery-A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121870. [PMID: 34944514 PMCID: PMC8699739 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults with an extremely poor prognosis. There is a dire need to develop effective therapeutics to overcome the intrinsic and acquired resistance of GBM to current therapies. The process of developing novel anti-neoplastic drugs from bench to bedside can incur significant time and cost implications. Drug repurposing may help overcome that obstacle. A wide range of drugs that are already approved for clinical use for the treatment of other diseases have been found to target GBM-associated signaling pathways and are being repurposed for the treatment of GBM. While many of these drugs are undergoing pre-clinical testing, others are in the clinical trial phase. Since GBM stem cells (GSCs) have been found to be a main source of tumor recurrence after surgery, recent studies have also investigated whether repurposed drugs that target these pathways can be used to counteract tumor recurrence. While several repurposed drugs have shown significant efficacy against GBM cell lines, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) can limit the ability of many of these drugs to reach intratumoral therapeutic concentrations. Localized intracranial delivery may help to achieve therapeutic drug concentration at the site of tumor resection while simultaneously minimizing toxicity and side effects. These strategies can be considered while repurposing drugs for GBM.
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Humphries F, Chang-McDonald B, Patel J, Bockett N, Paterson E, Davis PF, Tan ST. Cathepsins B, D, and G Are Expressed in Metastatic Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:690460. [PMID: 34621666 PMCID: PMC8491843 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.690460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We have previously demonstrated the presence of two cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulations within metastatic head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (mHNcSCC) expressing components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which promotes tumorigenesis. Cathepsins B, D and G are enzymes that constitute bypass loops for the RAS. This study investigated the expression and localization of cathepsins B, D, and G in relation to CSC subpopulations within mHNcSCC. Methods Immunohistochemical staining was performed on mHNcSCC tissue samples from 20 patients to determine the expression and localization of cathepsins B, D, and G. Immunofluorescence staining was performed on two of these mHNcSCC tissue samples by co-staining of cathepsins B and D with OCT4 and SOX2, and cathepsin G with mast cell markers tryptase and chymase. Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were performed on five mHNcSCC samples and four mHNcSCC-derived primary cell lines, to determine protein and transcript expression of these three cathepsins, respectively. Enzyme activity assays were performed on mHNcSCC tissue samples to determine whether these cathepsins were active. Results Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the presence of cathepsins B, D and G in in all 20 mHNcSCC tissue samples. Immunofluorescence staining showed that cathepsins B and D were localized to the CSCs both within the tumor nests and peri-tumoral stroma (PTS) and cathepsin G was localized to the phenotypic mast cells within the PTS. Western blotting demonstrated protein expression of cathepsin B and D, and RT-qPCR demonstrated transcript expression of all three cathepsins. Enzyme activity assays showed that cathepsin B and D to be active. Conclusion The presence of cathepsins B and D on the CSCs and cathepsin G on the phenotypic mast cells suggest the presence of bypass loops for the RAS which may be a potential novel therapeutic target for mHNcSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josie Patel
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Erin Paterson
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul F Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial & Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Munro MJ, Peng L, Wickremesekera SK, Tan ST. Colon adenocarcinoma-derived cells possessing stem cell function can be modulated using renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256280. [PMID: 34428252 PMCID: PMC8384197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) concept proposes that cancer recurrence and metastasis are driven by CSCs. In this study, we investigated whether cells from colon adenocarcinoma (CA) with a CSC-like phenotype express renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components, and the effect of RAS inhibitors on CA-derived primary cell lines. Expression of RAS components was interrogated using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining in 6 low-grade CA (LGCA) and 6 high-grade CA (HGCA) tissue samples and patient-matched normal colon samples. Primary cell lines derived from 4 HGCA tissues were treated with RAS inhibitors to investigate their effect on cellular metabolism, tumorsphere formation and transcription of pluripotency genes. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining showed expression of AT2R, ACE2, PRR, and cathepsins B and D by cells expressing pluripotency markers. β-blockers and AT2R antagonists reduced cellular metabolism, pluripotency marker expression, and tumorsphere-forming capacity of CA-derived primary cell lines. This study suggests that the RAS is active in CSC-like cells in CA, and further investigation is warranted to determine whether RAS inhibition is a viable method of targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Munro
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lifeng Peng
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Susrutha K. Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Upper Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Section, Department of General Surgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T. Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial & Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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The Renin-Angiotensin System in the Tumor Microenvironment of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164004. [PMID: 34439159 PMCID: PMC8392691 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive brain cancer in humans. Patient survival outcomes have remained dismal despite intensive research over the past 50 years, with a median overall survival of only 14.6 months. We highlight the critical role of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) on GB cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment which, in turn, influences cancer stem cells in driving tumorigenesis and treatment resistance. We present recent developments and underscore the need for further research into the GB tumor microenvironment. We discuss the novel therapeutic targeting of the RAS using existing commonly available medications and utilizing model systems to further this critical investigation. Abstract Glioblastoma (GB) is an aggressive primary brain tumor. Despite intensive research over the past 50 years, little advance has been made to improve the poor outcome, with an overall median survival of 14.6 months following standard treatment. Local recurrence is inevitable due to the quiescent cancer stem cells (CSCs) in GB that co-express stemness-associated markers and components of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). The dynamic and heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a fundamental role in tumor development, progression, invasiveness, and therapy resistance. There is increasing evidence showing the critical role of the RAS in the TME influencing CSCs via its upstream and downstream pathways. Drugs that alter the hallmarks of cancer by modulating the RAS present a potential new therapeutic alternative or adjunct to conventional treatment of GB. Cerebral and GB organoids may offer a cost-effective method for evaluating the efficacy of RAS-modulating drugs on GB. We review the nexus between the GB TME, CSC niche, and the RAS, and propose re-purposed RAS-modulating drugs as a potential therapeutic alternative or adjunct to current standard therapy for GB.
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Expression of Components of the Renin-Angiotensin System by Cancer Stem Cells in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040537. [PMID: 33916968 PMCID: PMC8067590 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the expression of components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by cancer stem cells (CSCs) we have recently demonstrated in renal clear cell carcinoma (RCCC). Fifteen RCCC tissue samples underwent immunohistochemical staining for components of the RAS: renin, pro-renin receptor (PRR), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and angiotensin II receptor 2 (AT2R). Immunofluorescence co-staining or double immunohistochemical staining of these components of the RAS with stemness-associated markers OCT4 or KLF4 was performed on two of the samples. Protein and transcript expression of these components of the RAS in six RCCC tissue samples was investigated using western blotting and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), respectively. In addition, angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT1R) was investigated using RT-qPCR only. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated expression of renin, PRR, and ACE2 in 11, 13, and 13 out of 15 RCCC samples, respectively, while AT2R was expressed in all 15 samples. ACE was detected in the endothelium of normal vasculature only. Double immunohistochemical staining demonstrated localization of ACE2, but not renin, to the KLF4+ CSCs. Immunofluorescence staining showed localization of PRR and AT2R to the OCT4+ CSCs. Western blotting confirmed protein expression of all components of the RAS except renin. RT-qPCR demonstrated transcript expression of all components of the RAS including AT1R, but not AT2R, in all six RCCC tissue samples. This study demonstrated expression of PRR, ACE2, and AT2R by the CSCs within RCCC. Further studies may lead to novel therapeutic targeting of CSCs by manipulation of the RAS in the treatment of this aggressive cancer.
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Zhengqi Q, Zezhi G, Lei J, He Q, Jinyao P, Ying A. Prognostic role of PHYH for overall survival (OS) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:9. [PMID: 33468235 PMCID: PMC7816304 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study attempts to evaluate the prognostic role of PHYH for overall survival (OS) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) by means of publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Clinical pathologic features and PHYH expression were downloaded from the TCGA database and relationships between them were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and gene–gene interactions were also performed between tissues with different PHYH expression levels. PHYH expression levels were significantly lower in patient with ccRCC compared with normal tissues (p = 1.156e−19). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that high expression of PHYH had a better prognosis than low expression (p = 9e−05). Moreover, PHYH expression was also significantly associated with high grade (G2-4, p = 0.025), high stage (StageIII & IV, p = 5.604e−05), and high level of stage_T (T3-4, p = 4.373e−05). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that PHYH could be acted as an independent prognostic factor (p < 0.05). Nomogram including clinical pathologic features and PHYH expression were also provided. GSEA revealed that butanoate metabolism, histidine metabolism, propanoate metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, PPAR signalling pathway, and renin–angiotensin system were differentially enriched in PHYH high-expression phenotype. ICGC database was utilized to verify the expression level and survival benefit of PHYH (both p < 0.05). We suspect that elevated PHYH expression may be served as a potential prognostic molecular marker of better survival in ccRCC. Besides, alpha-oxidation was closely regulated by PHYH, and PPAR signalling, pyruvate metabolism, butanoate metabolism, and RAS might be the key pathways regulated by PHYH in CCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Zhengqi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Guo Zezhi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jiang Lei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Qiu He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Pan Jinyao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ao Ying
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Cancer Stem Cells in Head and Neck Metastatic Malignant Melanoma Express Components of the Renin-Angiotensin System. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10110268. [PMID: 33147716 PMCID: PMC7694034 DOI: 10.3390/life10110268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are expressed by cancer stem cells (CSCs) in many cancer types. We here investigated expression of the RAS by the CSC subpopulations in human head and neck metastatic malignant melanoma (HNmMM) tissue samples and HNmMM-derived primary cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated expression of pro-renin receptor (PRR), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and angiotensin II receptor 2 (AT2R) in all; renin in one; and ACE2 in none of the 20 HNmMM tissue samples. PRR was localized to cells within the tumor nests (TNs), while AT2R was expressed by cells within the TNs and the peritumoral stroma (PTS). ACE was localized to the endothelium of the tumor microvessels within the PTS. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) detected transcripts for PRR, ACE, ACE2, and AT1R, in all the five HNmMM tissue samples and four HNmMM-derived primary cell lines; renin in one tissue sample and one cell line, and AT2R in none of the five HNmMM tissue samples and cell lines. Western blotting showed variable expression of ACE, PRR, and AT2R, but not ACE2, in six HNmMM tissue samples and two HNmMM-derived primary cell lines. Immunofluorescence staining of two HNmMM tissue samples demonstrated expression of PRR and AT2R by the SOX2+ CSCs within the TNs and the OCT4+ CSCs within the PTS, with ACE localized to the endothelium of the tumor microvessels within the PTS.
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Cancer Stem Cells in Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Express Cathepsins. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2020; 8:e3042. [PMID: 32983794 PMCID: PMC7489689 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulations within moderately differentiated head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (MDHNcSCC) express the components of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). This study investigated the expression of cathepsins B, D, and G, which constitute bypass loops of the RAS, by CSCs in MDHNcSCC.
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Kilmister EJ, Patel J, van Schaijik B, Bockett N, Brasch HD, Paterson E, Sim D, Davis PF, Roth IM, Itinteang T, Tan ST. Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulations Are Present Within Metastatic Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1091. [PMID: 32850316 PMCID: PMC7406827 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in many cancer types including primary head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (HNcSCC). This study aimed to identify and characterize CSCs in metastatic HNcSCC (mHNcSCC). Immunohistochemical staining performed on mHNcSCC samples from 15 patients demonstrated expression of the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) markers OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, KLF4, and c-MYC in all 15 samples. In situ hybridization and RT-qPCR performed on four of these mHNcSCC tissue samples confirmed transcript expression of all five iPSC markers. Immunofluorescence staining performed on three of these mHNcSCC samples demonstrated expression of c-MYC on cells within the tumor nests (TNs) and the peri-tumoral stroma (PTS) that also expressed KLF4. OCT4 was expressed on the SOX2+/NANOG+/KLF4+ cells within the TNs, and the SOX2+/NANOG+/KLF4+ cells within the PTS. RT-qPCR demonstrated transcript expression of all five iPSC markers in all three mHNcSCC-derived primary cell lines, except for SOX2 in one cell line. Western blotting showed the presence of SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC but not OCT4 and NANOG in the three mHNcSCC-derived primary cell lines. All three cell lines formed tumorspheres, at the first passage. We demonstrated an OCT4+/NANOG+/SOX2+/KLF4+/c-MYC+ CSC subpopulation and an OCT4+/NANOG-/SOX2+/KLF4+/c-MYC+ subpopulation within the TNs, and an OCT4+/NANOG+/SOX2+/KLF4+/c-MYC+ subpopulation within the PTS of mHNcSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josie Patel
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Helen D Brasch
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Erin Paterson
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Dalice Sim
- Biostatistical Group/Dean's Department, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul F Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Imogen M Roth
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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14
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Tan DC, Roth IM, Wickremesekera AC, Davis PF, Kaye AH, Mantamadiotis T, Stylli SS, Tan ST. Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells in Human Glioblastoma by Manipulating the Renin-Angiotensin System. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111364. [PMID: 31683669 PMCID: PMC6912312 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with glioblastoma (GB), a highly aggressive brain tumor, have a median survival of 14.6 months following neurosurgical resection and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Quiescent GB cancer stem cells (CSCs) invariably cause local recurrence. These GB CSCs can be identified by embryonic stem cell markers, express components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and are associated with circulating CSCs. Despite the presence of circulating CSCs, GB patients rarely develop distant metastasis outside the central nervous system. This paper reviews the current literature on GB growth inhibition in relation to CSCs, circulating CSCs, the RAS and the novel therapeutic approach by repurposing drugs that target the RAS to improve overall symptom-free survival and maintain quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ch Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
| | - Imogen M Roth
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
| | - Agadha C Wickremesekera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
| | - Paul F Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew H Kaye
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
| | - Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
- Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial & Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand.
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15
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Roth IM, Wickremesekera AC, Wickremesekera SK, Davis PF, Tan ST. Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells via Modulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System. Front Oncol 2019; 9:745. [PMID: 31440473 PMCID: PMC6694711 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are proposed to be the cells that initiate tumorigenesis and maintain tumor development due to their self-renewal and multipotency properties. CSCs have been identified in many cancer types and are thought to be responsible for treatment resistance, metastasis, and recurrence. As such, targeting CSCs specifically should result in durable cancer treatment. One potential option for targeting CSCs is by manipulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and pathways that converge on the RAS with numerous inexpensive medications currently in common clinical use. In addition to its crucial role in cardiovascular and body fluid homeostasis, the RAS is vital for stem cell maintenance and differentiation and plays a role in tumorigenesis and cancer prevention, suggesting that these roles may converge and result in modulation of CSC function by the RAS. In support of this, components of the RAS have been shown to be expressed in many cancer types and have been more recently localized to the CSCs in some tumors. Given these roles of the RAS in tumor development, clinical trials using RAS inhibitors either singly or in combination with other therapies are underway in different cancer types. This review outlines the roles of the RAS, with respect to CSCs, and suggests that the presence of components of the RAS in CSCs could offer an avenue for therapeutic targeting using RAS modulators. Due to the nature of the RAS and its crosstalk with numerous other signaling pathways, a systems approach using traditional RAS inhibitors in combination with inhibitors of bypass loops of the RAS and other signaling pathways that converge on the RAS may offer a novel therapeutic approach to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen M Roth
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Agadha C Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Susrutha K Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Upper Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Section, Department of General Surgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul F Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
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16
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Papali'i-Curtin JC, Brasch HD, van Schaijik B, de Jongh J, Marsh RW, Tan ST, Itinteang T. Expression of Components of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Pyogenic Granuloma. Front Surg 2019; 6:13. [PMID: 31024924 PMCID: PMC6465765 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2019.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a growing body of research demonstrating expression of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by a putative embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like population within vascular anomalies. This study investigated the expression of components of the RAS in relation to the putative ESC-like population within pyogenic granuloma (PG) that we have recently reported. Methods: PG samples from 14 patients were analyzed for the expression of components of the RAS: pro-renin receptor (PRR), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II receptor 1 (ATIIR1) and angiotensin II receptor 2 (ATIIR2), using 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Immunofluorescence (IF) IHC staining was performed to localize these proteins on four of the PG samples. RT-qPCR was performed on two snap-frozen PG samples. Western blotting (WB) was performed on one snap-frozen PG sample and two PG-derived primary cell lines. Results: DAB IHC staining demonstrated the expression of ACE, PRR, ATIIR1, and ATIIR2 in all 14 PG tissue samples. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed abundant mRNA transcripts for PRR, ACE, AIITR1 and ATIIR2, relative to the housekeeping gene. WB confirmed the presence of PRR, ATIIR1, and ACE in the PG tissue sample, and PRR and ATIIR1, in the PG-derived primary cell lines. IF IHC staining demonstrated the expression of PRR, ACE, ATIIR1 on the primitive population that expressed NANOG and SOX2 on the ERG+ endothelium of the microvessels within PG. Conclusion: We have demonstrated the expression of PRR, ACE, and ATIIR1 by the putative the ESC-like population within PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Papali'i-Curtin
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Centre for the Study and Treatment of Vascular Birthmarks, Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Helen D Brasch
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Centre for the Study and Treatment of Vascular Birthmarks, Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Centre for the Study and Treatment of Vascular Birthmarks, Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
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17
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Rahman RMA, van Schaijik B, Brasch HD, Marsh RW, Wickremesekera AC, Johnson R, Woon K, Tan ST, Itinteang T. Expression of Cathepsins B, D, and G in WHO Grade I Meningioma. Front Surg 2019; 6:6. [PMID: 30949483 PMCID: PMC6436525 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We have recently demonstrated the presence of putative tumor stem cells (TSCs) in World Health Organization (WHO) grade I meningioma (MG) localized to the microvessels, which expresses components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The RAS is known to be dysregulated and promotes tumorigenesis in many cancer types, including glioblastoma. Cathepsins B, D, and G are isoenzymes that catalyze the production of angiotensin peptides, hence providing bypass loops for the RAS. This study investigated the expression of cathepsins B, D, and G in WHO grade I MG in relation to the putative TSC population we have previously demonstrated. Methods: 3,3-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with antibodies for cathepsins B, D, and G was performed on WHO grade I MG tissue samples from 10 patients. Three of the MG samples subjected to DAB IHC staining underwent immunofluorescence (IF) IHC staining to investigate co-expression of each of these cathepsins using combinations of smooth muscle actin (SMA) and embryonic stem cell marker OCT4. NanoString mRNA expression (n = 6) and Western blotting (WB; n = 5) analyses, and enzyme activity assays (EAAs; n = 3), were performed on snap-frozen WHO grade I MG tissue samples to confirm transcriptional activation, protein expression, and functional activity of these proteins, respectively. Results: DAB IHC staining demonstrated expression of cathepsins B, D, and G in all 10 MG samples. NanoString mRNA expression and WB analyses showed transcriptional activation and protein expression of all three cathepsins, although cathepsin G was expressed at low levels. EAAs demonstrated that cathepsin B and cathepsin D were functionally active. IF IHC staining illustrated localization of cathepsin B and cathepsin D to the endothelium and SMA+ pericyte layer of the microvessels, while cathepsin G was localized to cells scattered within the interstitium, away from the microvessels. Conclusion: Cathepsin B and cathepsin D, and to a lesser extent cathepsin G, are expressed in WHO grade I MG. Cathepsin B and cathepsin D are enzymatically active and are localized to the putative TSC population on the microvessels, whereas cathepsin G was localized to cells scattered within the interstitium, These results suggest the presence of bypass loops for the RAS, within WHO grade I MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna M. A. Rahman
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Reginald W. Marsh
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Faculty of Medicine, Auckland University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Agadha C. Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Reuben Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kelvin Woon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T. Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
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18
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Mehrotra S, Wickremesekera SK, Brasch HD, Van Schaijik B, Marsh RW, Tan ST, Itinteang T. Expression and Localization of Cathepsins B, D and G in Cancer Stem Cells in Liver Metastasis From Colon Adenocarcinoma. Front Surg 2018; 5:40. [PMID: 30177970 PMCID: PMC6110174 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2018.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We have previously identified and characterized cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulations in liver metastasis from colon adenocarcinoma (LMCA). In this study we investigated the expression and localization of cathepsins B, D and G, in relation to these CSCs. Methods 3,3-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for cathepsins B, D and G was performed on 4μm-thick formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded LMCA sections from nine patients. Immunofluorescence (IF) IHC staining was performed on three representative samples of LMCA from the original cohort of nine patients, to determine the localization of these cathepsins in relation to the CSC subpopulations. NanoString mRNA analysis and Western Blotting (WB) were used to examine the transcript and protein expression of these cathepsins, respectively. Enzyme activity assays were utilized to determine their functional activity. Data acquired from counting of cells staining positively of the cathepsins on the DAB IHC-stained slides and from Nanostring mRNA analysis were subjected to statistical analyses to determine significance. Results DAB IHC staining demonstrated expression of cathepsins B, D and G within LMCA. IF IHC staining demonstrated the expression of both cathepsin B and cathepsin D by the OCT4− cells within the tumor nests and the OCT4+ CSC subpopulation within the peritumoral stroma. NanoString mRNA analysis showed significantly greater transcript expression of cathepsin B and cathepsin D, compared to cathepsin G. WB confirmed expression of cathepsin B and cathepsin D proteins, while cathepsin G was below detectable levels. Enzyme activity assays showed functional activity of cathepsin B and cathepsin D. Conclusion Our study demonstrated novel finding of the expression of cathepsin B, cathepsin D, and possibly cathepsin G by the putative CSC subpopulations within LMCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susrutha K Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of General Surgery, Upper Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Section, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Helen D Brasch
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Reginald W Marsh
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
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19
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Renin angiotensin system and its role in biomarkers and treatment in gliomas. J Neurooncol 2018; 138:1-15. [PMID: 29450812 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary intrinsic tumor in the brain and are classified as low- or high-grade according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Patients with high-grade gliomas (HGG) who undergo surgical resection with adjuvant therapy have a mean overall survival of 15 months and 100% recurrence. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the primary regulator of cardiovascular circulation, exhibits local action and works as a paracrine system. In the context of this local regulation, the expression of RAS peptides and receptors has been detected in different kinds of tumors, including gliomas. The dysregulation of RAS components plays a significant role in the proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion of these tumors, and therefore in their outcomes. The study and potential application of RAS peptides and receptors as biomarkers in gliomas could bring advantages against the limitations of current tumoral markers and should be considered in the future. The targeting of RAS components by RAS blockers has shown potential of being protective against cancer and improving immunotherapy. In gliomas, RAS blockers have shown a broad spectrum for beneficial effects and are being considered for use in treatment protocols. This review aims to summarize the background behind how RAS plays a role in gliomagenesis and explore the evidence that could lead to their use as biomarkers and treatment adjuvants.
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20
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Ram RS, Brasch HD, Dunne JC, Davis PF, Tan ST, Itinteang T. Cancer Stem Cells in Moderately Differentiated Lip Squamous Cell Carcinoma Express Components of the Renin-Angiotensin System. Front Surg 2017. [PMID: 28634582 PMCID: PMC5459876 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim We investigated the expression of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) by cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulations we have identified in moderately differentiated lip squamous cell carcinoma (MDLSCC). Method Ten MDLSCC samples underwent 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and immunofluorescent immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for (pro)renin receptor (PRR), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II receptor 1 (ATIIR1), and receptor 2 (ATIIR2). NanoString analysis and Western blotting (WB) were performed on six MDLSCC samples for gene and protein expression, respectively. Results IHC staining showed expression of PRR, ATIIR1, and ATIIR2 on cells within the tumor nests (TNs) and the stroma. ACE was localized to the microvessels within the stroma. WB detected PRR, ACE, and ATIIR2. NanoString analysis confirmed gene expression of PRR, ACE, and ATIIR1. Conclusion Components of the RAS: PRR, ATIIR1, and ATIIR2 are expressed on two CSC subpopulations in MDLSCC, one within the TNs and the other within the stroma. The endothelium of the microvessels within the stroma expresses ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna S Ram
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Helen D Brasch
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Paul F Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
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21
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Koh SP, Wickremesekera AC, Brasch HD, Marsh R, Tan ST, Itinteang T. Expression of Cathepsins B, D, and G in Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-Wildtype Glioblastoma. Front Surg 2017; 4:28. [PMID: 28611989 PMCID: PMC5447023 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of cathepsins B, D, and G, in relation to the cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulations, we have previously characterized within isocitrate dehydogenase (IDH)-wildtype glioblastoma (IDHWGB). METHODS 3,3-Diaminobezidine (DAB) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for cathepsins B, D, and G, was performed on 4μm-thick formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded IDHWGB samples obtained from six patients. Two representative DHWGB samples from the original cohort of patients were selected for immunofluorescent (IF) IHC staining, to identify the localization of the cathepsins in relation to the CSC subpopulations. NanoString gene expression analysis and colorimetric in situ hybridization (CISH) were conducted to investigate the transcriptional activation of genes encoding for cathepsins B, D, and G. Data obtained from cell counting of DAB IHC-stained slides and from NanoString analysis were subjected to statistical analyses to determine significance. RESULTS Cathepsin B and cathepsin D were detected in IDHWGB by DAB IHC staining. IF IHC staining demonstrated the expression of both cathepsin B and cathepsin D by the OCT4+ and SALL4+ CSC subpopulations. NanoString gene analysis and CISH confirmed the abundant transcript expression of these cathepsins. The transcriptional and translational expressions of cathepsin G were minimal and were confined to cells within the microvasculature. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the expression of cathepsin B and cathepsin D but not cathepsin G within the CSC subpopulations of IDHWGB at both the transcriptional and translational level. Cathepsin G was expressed at low levels and was not localized to the CSC population of IDHWGB. The novel finding of cathepsin B and cathepsin D in IDHWGB suggests the presence of bypass loops for the renin-angiotensin system, which may facilitate the production of angiotensin peptides. Elucidating the precise role of these cathepsins may lead to better understanding and more effective treatment of this aggressive tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina P Koh
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Agadha C Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Helen D Brasch
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Reginald Marsh
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tinte Itinteang
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand
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22
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Li J, Qiu M, Chen L, Liu L, Tan G, Liu J. Resveratrol promotes regression of renal carcinoma cells via a renin-angiotensin system suppression-dependent mechanism. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:613-620. [PMID: 28356937 PMCID: PMC5351218 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of resveratrol on renal carcinoma cells and explore possible renin-angiotensin system-associated mechanisms. Subsequent to resveratrol treatment, the cell viability, apoptosis rate, cytotoxicity levels, caspase 3/7 activity and the levels of angiotensin II (AngII), AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were evaluated in renal carcinoma cells. The effects of AngII, AT1R, VEGF and COX-2 on resveratrol-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis were also examined. The results indicated that resveratrol treatment may suppress growth, induce apoptosis, and decrease AngII, AT1R, VEGF and COX-2 levels in renal carcinoma ACHN and A498 cells. In addition, resveratrol-induced cell growth suppression and apoptosis were reversed when co-culturing with AT1R or VEGF. Thus, resveratrol may suppress renal carcinoma cell proliferation and induce apoptosis via an AT1R/VEGF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Li
- Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Mingning Qiu
- Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Lieqian Chen
- Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Guobin Tan
- Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
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