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Pressman P, Clemens R, Hayes AW. Significant shifts in preclinical and clinical neurotoxicology: a review and commentary. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023; 33:173-182. [PMID: 35920262 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2109228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The ever-expanding prevalence of adverse neurotoxic reactions of the brain in response to therapeutic and recreational drugs, dietary supplements, environmental hazards, cosmetic ingredients, a spectrum of herbals, health status, and environmental stressors continues to prompt the development of novel cell-based assays to better determine neurotoxic hazard. Neurotoxicants may cause direct and epigenetic damage to the nervous tissue and alter the chemistry, structure, or normal activity of the nervous system. In severe neurotoxicity due to exposure to physical or psychosocial toxicants, neurons are disrupted or killed, and a consistent pattern of clinical neural dysfunction appears. In utero exposure to neurotoxicants can lead to altered development of the nervous system [developmental neurotoxicity (DNT)]. Patients with certain disorders and certain genomic makeup may be particularly susceptible to neurotoxicants. Traditional cytotoxicity measurements, like cell death, are easy to measure, but insufficient at identifying current routine biomarkers of toxicity including functional impairment in cell communication, which often occurs before or even in the absence of cell death. The present paper examines some of the limitations of existing neurotoxicology in light of the increasing need to develop tools to meet the challenges of achieving greater sensitivity in detection and developing and standardizing methods for exploring the toxicologic risk of such neurotoxic entities as engineered nanomaterials and even variables associated with poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pressman
- Clinical Medicine, Saba University School of Medicine, The Bottom, Caribbean, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Clemens
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Harry GJ, McBride S, Witchey SK, Mhaouty-Kodja S, Trembleau A, Bridge M, Bencsik A. Roadbumps at the Crossroads of Integrating Behavioral and In Vitro Approaches for Neurotoxicity Assessment. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:812863. [PMID: 35295216 PMCID: PMC8915899 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.812863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the appreciation that behavior represents the integration and complexity of the nervous system, neurobehavioral phenotyping and assessment has seen a renaissance over the last couple of decades, resulting in a robust database on rodent performance within various testing paradigms, possible associations with human disorders, and therapeutic interventions. The interchange of data across behavior and other test modalities and multiple model systems has advanced our understanding of fundamental biology and mechanisms associated with normal functions and alterations in the nervous system. While there is a demonstrated value and power of neurobehavioral assessments for examining alterations due to genetic manipulations, maternal factors, early development environment, the applied use of behavior to assess environmental neurotoxicity continues to come under question as to whether behavior represents a sensitive endpoint for assessment. Why is rodent behavior a sensitive tool to the neuroscientist and yet, not when used in pre-clinical or chemical neurotoxicity studies? Applying new paradigms and evidence on the biological basis of behavior to neurobehavioral testing requires expertise and refinement of how such experiments are conducted to minimize variability and maximize information. This review presents relevant issues of methods used to conduct such test, sources of variability, experimental design, data analysis, interpretation, and reporting. It presents beneficial and critical limitations as they translate to the in vivo environment and considers the need to integrate across disciplines for the best value. It proposes that a refinement of behavioral assessments and understanding of subtle pronounced differences will facilitate the integration of data obtained across multiple approaches and to address issues of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Jean Harry
- Neurotoxicology Group, Molecular Toxicology Branch, Division National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: G. Jean Harry,
| | - Sandra McBride
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Company, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Shannah K. Witchey
- Division National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sakina Mhaouty-Kodja
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neuroscience Paris Seine – Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Alain Trembleau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris, France
| | - Matthew Bridge
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Company, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Anna Bencsik
- Anses Laboratoire de Lyon, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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