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Hassan S, Wang L, Mahmud KR. Robotic Odor Source Localization via Vision and Olfaction Fusion Navigation Algorithm. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2309. [PMID: 38610520 PMCID: PMC11014090 DOI: 10.3390/s24072309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Robotic odor source localization (OSL) is a technology that enables mobile robots or autonomous vehicles to find an odor source in unknown environments. An effective navigation algorithm that guides the robot to approach the odor source is the key to successfully locating the odor source. While traditional OSL approaches primarily utilize an olfaction-only strategy, guiding robots to find the odor source by tracing emitted odor plumes, our work introduces a fusion navigation algorithm that combines both vision and olfaction-based techniques. This hybrid approach addresses challenges such as turbulent airflow, which disrupts olfaction sensing, and physical obstacles inside the search area, which may impede vision detection. In this work, we propose a hierarchical control mechanism that dynamically shifts the robot's search behavior among four strategies: crosswind maneuver, Obstacle-Avoid Navigation, Vision-Based Navigation, and Olfaction-Based Navigation. Our methodology includes a custom-trained deep-learning model for visual target detection and a moth-inspired algorithm for Olfaction-Based Navigation. To assess the effectiveness of our approach, we implemented the proposed algorithm on a mobile robot in a search environment with obstacles. Experimental results demonstrate that our Vision and Olfaction Fusion algorithm significantly outperforms vision-only and olfaction-only methods, reducing average search time by 54% and 30%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunzid Hassan
- Department of Computer Science, Louisiana Tech University, 201 Mayfield Ave., Ruston, LA 71272, USA; (S.H.); (K.R.M.)
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, 201 Mayfield Ave., Ruston, LA 71272, USA
| | - Khan Raqib Mahmud
- Department of Computer Science, Louisiana Tech University, 201 Mayfield Ave., Ruston, LA 71272, USA; (S.H.); (K.R.M.)
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2
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Batista-Barwinski MJ, Butzke-Souza N, Radetski-Silva R, Tiegs F, Laçoli R, Venturieri GA, Miller PRM, Branco JO, Ariente-Neto R, Radetski CM. Slaughterhouse by-products composting: can microorganisms inoculum addition mitigate final compost odor emission? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2024; 59:131-141. [PMID: 38314812 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2312063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Small slaughterhouses generate biowaste, which for economic reasons, is generally destined for composting. Inoculating appropriate microorganisms can improve biodegradation efficiency and mitigate odor generation during the composting process and can give rise to composts with neutral or pleasant odors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the odor intensity reduction of compost generated with and without a formulated inoculum (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris). A set of experimental data was collected and analyzed according to the German "Verein Deutscher Ingenieure" odor protocol. The results showed that adding microorganisms was effective in reducing unpleasant odors in all three composts generated from swine, cattle, and poultry slaughterhouse by-products during both summer and winter seasons. Additionally, soil odor was predominant in composts that were inoculated in the two tested seasons (i.e., summer and winter). On the other hand, composts without inoculation had odors similar to peat for swine compost, ammonia for cattle compost, and manure for poultry compost, regardless of the season tested. Overall, composting process with appropriate inoculum can help in the correct disposal of slaughterhouse wastes by transforming organic matter into composts, which can have economic and environmental value as a soil conditioner and/or fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolli Butzke-Souza
- Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Ramaiana Radetski-Silva
- Curso de Mestrado em Tecnologia e Ambiente, Instituto Federal Catarinense - Campus Araquari, Araquari, Brazil
| | - Frankie Tiegs
- Curso de Mestrado em Tecnologia e Ambiente, Instituto Federal Catarinense - Campus Araquari, Araquari, Brazil
| | - Rosane Laçoli
- Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Giorgini A Venturieri
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Paul Richard M Miller
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Joaquim O Branco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ariente-Neto
- Curso de Engenharia de Produção, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Campus Jandaia do Sul, Jandaia do Sul, Brazil
| | - Claudemir M Radetski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
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3
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Bini de Lima AC, Sebastião da Fé VC, Palermo Hernandes MS, Oliveira dos Santos VM. Olfactory Stimulation as Environmental Enrichment for Domestic Horses-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3180. [PMID: 37893904 PMCID: PMC10603683 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses constantly face several challenges inherent to the domestic environment, and it is common for the expression of their natural behavior to be drastically limited. Environmental enrichment has been suggested as an alternative to improve the captive situation of domestic horses. Among the recently proposed enrichment strategies, olfactory stimulation has emerged as a method for improving several aspects related to animal behavior. Olfaction is a sensory modality that plays a significant role in the expression of equine behavior, and in recent years, studies have shown that olfactory stimulation can influence the physiological and behavioral parameters of horses. This review provides current information on the anatomical particularities of the equine olfactory system, presents the physiological mechanisms involved in the odor detection process, and demonstrates how stress can interfere with this process. Finally, the use of olfactory stimulation as an environmental enrichment for domestic horses (Equus ferus caballus) is explored. The need for new studies that answer pertinent questions related to this topic is discussed throughout the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Bini de Lima
- Nucleus of Studies in Ambience, Bioclimatology, Welfare and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (V.C.S.d.F.); (M.S.P.H.); (V.M.O.d.S.)
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LaFollette MR, Cloutier S, Brady CM, O’Haire ME, Gaskill BN. Benchmarking Enrichment Efforts in the US & Canada Across Species and Enrichment Categories. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2023; 62:303-316. [PMID: 37197898 PMCID: PMC10434742 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-22-000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Enrichment is important for animal welfare and data quality. Provision of enrichment opportunities varies between species and enrichment category. However, data benchmarking these differences does not exist. Our objective was to characterize enrichment provision and associated factors across species in the US and Canada. Personnel who work with research animals (n = 1098) in the US and Canada voluntarily responded to online promotions and completed a survey about enrichment used for the species they worked with most, their control of and wish for more enrichment, stress or pain in the animals they worked the most with, and demographics. All participants (except those working with rats) received the same questionnaire regardless of species to allow objectivity, as the effects of many enrichment items on some species have not yet been determined. The questionnaire asked about enrichments that were beneficial to at least one species. The provision of enrichment was allocated into 2 outcome variables: diversity and frequency per enrichment category. Results showed a significant interaction between enrichment category and species. Generally, physical, nutritional, and sensory enrichments were provided less often than social enrichment. In addition, nonhuman primates received more diverse and more frequent enrichment than did other species (twice as much as rats and mice). Enrichment was provided less frequently by personnel who wished they could do more than the status quo. Both enrichment frequency and diversity were higher in respondents from Canada, those who had more control over provision, and those who had been in the field longer. While our results cannot be used to determine the quality of enrichment provided to various species, they do provide information on current enrichment practices in the US and Canada and identify differences in implementation by species and enrichment category. The data also indicate provision of enrichment is influenced by factors such as country and individual control over enrichment. This information can also be used to identify areas for greater enrichment efforts for some species (for example, rats and mice) and categories, with the ultimate goal of improving animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R LaFollette
- The 3Rs Collaborative, Denver, Colorado
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Colleen M Brady
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Education and Communication, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; and
| | - Marguerite E O’Haire
- Center for the Human-Animal Bond, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Brianna N Gaskill
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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5
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A novel task of canine olfaction for use in adult and senior pet dogs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2224. [PMID: 36754988 PMCID: PMC9908929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While much work has been done in the field of canine olfaction, there has been little exploration of hyposmia or anosmia. This is partly due to difficulties in reducing confounds like training history and environmental distraction. The current study describes a novel olfaction test using spontaneous search behavior in dogs to find a hidden food treat in a three-choice task with both light-phase and dark-phase conditions. The study was performed in 18 adult control dogs, 18 senior/geriatric dogs enrolled in a longitudinal aging study, and a single dog with severe nasal pathology. In the senior/geriatric and control groups, dogs performed with higher accuracy (p < 0.0001) and were less likely to show biased selection strategy (p < 0.01) in the dark-phase than light-phase. While senior/geriatric dogs performed above chance, they had lower accuracy in the dark-phase compared to controls (p = 0.036). Dogs who scored higher on an owner questionnaire of cognitive decline showed a positive correlation with performance in the dark-phase; performance on additional cognitive tests did not correlate with performance in the dark-phase. This task can be used to quantify canine olfaction using clearly defined endpoints and spontaneous behaviors thus making it feasible to compare between and within groups of pet dogs.
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Rørvang MV, Nicova K, Yngvesson J. Horse odor exploration behavior is influenced by pregnancy and age. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:941517. [PMID: 35967896 PMCID: PMC9366077 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.941517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of a highly developed olfactory apparatus of horses, implying a high adaptive value, research on equine olfaction is sparse. Our limited knowledge on equine olfaction poses a risk that horse behavior does not match human expectations, as horses might react fearful when exposed to certain odors, which humans do not consider as frightening. The benefit of acquiring more knowledge of equine olfaction is therefore twofold; (1) it can aid the understanding of horse behavior and hence reduce the risk of dangerous situations, and (2) there may be unexplored potential of using odors in several practical situations where humans interact with horses. This study investigated behavior and olfactory sensitivity of 35 Icelandic horses who were presented with four odors: peppermint, orange, lavender and cedar wood in a Habituation/Dishabituation paradigm. The response variables were sniffing duration per presentation and behavioral reaction (licking, biting, snorting, and backing), and data were analyzed for potential effects of age, sex and pregnancy. Results showed that habituation occurred between successive odor presentations (1st vs. 2nd and 2nd vs. 3rd presentations: P < 0.001), and dishabituation occurred when a new odor was presented (1st vs. 3rd presentations: P < 0.001). Horses were thus able to detect and distinguish between all four odors, but expressed significantly longer sniffing duration when exposed to peppermint (peppermint vs. orange, lavender and cedar wood: P < 0.001). More horses expressed licking when presented to peppermint compared to cedar wood and lavender (P = 0.0068). Pregnant mares sniffed odors less than non-pregnant mares (P = 0.030), young horses (age 0-5 years) sniffed cedar wood for longer than old horses (P = 0.030), whereas sex had no effect (P > 0.050). The results show that horses’ odor exploration behavior and interest in odors varies with age and pregnancy and that horses naïve to the taste of a substrate, may be able to link smell with taste, which has not been described before. These results can aid our understanding of horses’ behavioral reactions to odors, and in the future, it may be possible to relate these to the physiology and health of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vilain Rørvang
- Department Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Maria Vilain Rørvang,
| | - Klára Nicova
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jenny Yngvesson
- Department Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
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Gómez J, Gordo O, Minias P. Egg recognition: The importance of quantifying multiple repeatable features as visual identity signals. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248021. [PMID: 33661988 PMCID: PMC7932075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brood parasitized and/or colonial birds use egg features as visual identity signals, which allow parents to recognize their own eggs and avoid paying fitness costs of misdirecting their care to others’ offspring. However, the mechanisms of egg recognition and discrimination are poorly understood. Most studies have put their focus on individual abilities to carry out these behavioural tasks, while less attention has been paid to the egg and how its signals may evolve to enhance its identification. We used 92 clutches (460 eggs) of the Eurasian coot Fulica atra to test whether eggs could be correctly classified into their corresponding clutches based only on their external appearance. Using SpotEgg, we characterized the eggs in 27 variables of colour, spottiness, shape and size from calibrated digital images. Then, we used these variables in a supervised machine learning algorithm for multi-class egg classification, where each egg was classified to the best matched clutch out of 92 studied clutches. The best model with all 27 explanatory variables assigned correctly 53.3% (CI = 42.6–63.7%) of eggs of the test-set, greatly exceeding the probability to classify the eggs by chance (1/92, 1.1%). This finding supports the hypothesis that eggs have visual identity signals in their phenotypes. Simplified models with fewer explanatory variables (10 or 15) showed lesser classification ability than full models, suggesting that birds may use multiple traits for egg recognition. Therefore, egg phenotypes should be assessed in their full complexity, including colour, patterning, shape and size. Most important variables for classification were those with the highest intraclutch correlation, demonstrating that individual recognition traits are repeatable. Algorithm classification performance improved by each extra training egg added to the model. Thus, repetition of egg design within a clutch would reinforce signals and would help females to create an internal template for true recognition of their own eggs. In conclusion, our novel approach based on machine learning provided important insights on how signallers broadcast their specific signature cues to enhance their recognisability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar Gordo
- Catalan Ornithological Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Piotr Minias
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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LaDue CA, Schulte BA. Pheromonal enrichment in the zoo: An empirical approach with Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Telkanranta H, Valros A. Pigs with but not without access to pieces of recently harvested wood show reduced pen-mate manipulation after a provision of feed and straw. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Quadros DG, Johnson TL, Whitney TR, Oliver JD, Oliva Chávez AS. Plant-Derived Natural Compounds for Tick Pest Control in Livestock and Wildlife: Pragmatism or Utopia? INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080490. [PMID: 32752256 PMCID: PMC7469192 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a significant economic hindrance for livestock production and a menace to public health. The expansion of tick populations into new areas, the occurrence of acaricide resistance to synthetic chemical treatments, the potentially toxic contamination of food supplies, and the difficulty of applying chemical control in wild-animal populations have created greater interest in developing new tick control alternatives. Plant compounds represent a promising avenue for the discovery of such alternatives. Several plant extracts and secondary metabolites have repellent and acaricidal effects. However, very little is known about their mode of action, and their commercialization is faced with multiple hurdles, from the determination of an adequate formulation to field validation and public availability. Further, the applicability of these compounds to control ticks in wild-animal populations is restrained by inadequate delivery systems that cannot guarantee accurate dosage delivery at the right time to the target animal populations. More work, financial support, and collaboration with regulatory authorities, research groups, and private companies are needed to overcome these obstacles. Here, we review the advancements on known plant-derived natural compounds with acaricidal potential and discuss the road ahead toward the implementation of organic control in managing ticks and tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo G. Quadros
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, San Angelo, TX 76901, USA; (D.G.Q.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Tammi L. Johnson
- Department of Rangelands, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, Uvalde, TX 78801, USA;
| | - Travis R. Whitney
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, San Angelo, TX 76901, USA; (D.G.Q.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Jonathan D. Oliver
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Adela S. Oliva Chávez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-845-1946
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Dewaele A, Badonnel K, Persuy MA, Durieux D, Bombail V, Favreau-Peigné A, Baly C. Effect of environmental exposure to a maternally-learned odorant on anxiety-like behaviors at weaning in mice. Anim Cogn 2020; 23:881-891. [PMID: 32394146 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Early sensory experience, such as exposure to maternal or other environmental factors, is considered to influence neurocognitive development and behaviors. In many species, exposure to odorants during pregnancy or lactation impacts the morpho-functional development of the olfactory circuitry with changes in olfactory sensitivity, feeding behavior and food preferences at birth or later. However, few studies have investigated the impact of a perinatal exposure to odorants on the anxiety-like behavior of animals to stressfull stimuli. Here, we exposed mice to heptaldehyde (HEP) during pregnancy and lactation and measured the anxiety-like behavior of their offspring to stress-inducing novel stimuli at weaning in presence or absence of odorants. We applied a combined social and maternal separation as a stressor and measured the anxiety-like behavior in an open field (OF) in presence of two odorants, HEP or α-pinene (AP) as a control odorant. Although the presence of the odorant during the social separation did not influence anxiety-like behavior, we found that, if mice born to non-odorized mothers exhibited a decreased exploratory behavior in the presence of both odorants, the effect was restricted to AP for the mice perinatally exposed to HEP. These results show that anxiety-like behaviors during a stress-inducing event could be reduced by the presence of a familiar odorant. We propose that the recall of an early olfactory experience could contribute to the improvement of animal welfare in various situations associated with husbandry practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Dewaele
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, NBO, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Karine Badonnel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, NBO, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie-Annick Persuy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, NBO, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Didier Durieux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, NBO, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Bombail
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, NBO, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Angélique Favreau-Peigné
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, NBO, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christine Baly
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, NBO, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
- Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Volz SN, Hausen J, Smith K, Ottermanns R, Schaeffer A, Schiwy S, Hollert H. Do you smell the danger? Effects of three commonly used pesticides on the olfactory-mediated antipredator response of zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:124963. [PMID: 31604193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fish are warned about the presence of predators via an alarm cue released from the skin of injured conspecifics. The detection of this odor inherently initiates an antipredator response, which increases the chance of survival for the individual. In the present study, we assessed the effect of three commonly used pesticides on the antipredator response of zebrafish (Danio rerio). For this, we analyzed the behavioral response of zebrafish to a conspecific skin extract following 24 h of exposure to the respective contaminants. Results demonstrate that fish exposed to 20 μg/L of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos significantly reduced bottom-dwelling and freezing behavior, suggesting an impairment of the antipredator response. For the urea-herbicide linuron and the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin, no statistically significant effects could be detected. However, linuron-exposed fish appeared to respond in an altered manner to the skin extract; some individuals failed to perform the inherent behaviors such as erratic movements and instead merely increased their velocity. Furthermore, we determined whether zebrafish would avoid the pesticides in a choice maze. While fish avoided permethrin, they behaved indifferently to chlorpyrifos and linuron. The study demonstrates that pesticides may alter the olfactory-mediated antipredator response of zebrafish in distinct ways, revealing that particularly fish exposed to chlorpyrifos may be more prone to predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina N Volz
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jonas Hausen
- Core Unit for Bioinformatics Data Analysis, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kilian Smith
- Chair of Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Richard Ottermanns
- Chair of Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schaeffer
- Chair of Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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13
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Bairos-Novak KR, Ferrari MCO, Chivers DP. A novel alarm signal in aquatic prey: Familiar minnows coordinate group defences against predators through chemical disturbance cues. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1281-1290. [PMID: 30997683 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Animal signalling systems outside the realm of human perception remain largely understudied. These systems consist of four main components: a signalling context, a voluntary signal, receiver responses and resulting fitness benefits to both the signaller and receiver(s). It is often most difficult to determine incidental cues from voluntary signals. One example is chemical disturbance cues released by aquatic prey during predator encounters that may serve to alert conspecifics of nearby risk and initiate tighter shoaling. We aimed to test whether disturbance cues are released incidentally (i.e. as a cue) or are produced voluntarily depending on a specific signalling context such as the audience surrounding the individual, and thus constitute a signal. We hypothesized that if receivers use disturbance cues to communicate risk among themselves, they would produce more (or more potent) disturbance cues when present in a group of conspecifics rather than when they are isolated (presence/absence of an audience) and use disturbance cues more when present alongside familiar rather than unfamiliar conspecifics (audience composition effect). We placed fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in groups with familiar fish, unfamiliar fish or as isolated individuals with no audience present, and then simulated a predator chase to evoke disturbance cues. We used bioassays with independent receivers to assess whether the disturbance cues produced differed depending on the signallers' audience. We found evidence of voluntary signalling, as minnows responded to disturbance cues from groups of fish with tighter shoaling while disturbance cues from isolated minnows did not evoke a significant shoaling response (presence/absence audience effect). Receivers also increased shoaling, freezing and dashing more in response to disturbance cues from familiar groups compared to disturbance cues from unfamiliar groups or isolated minnows (audience composition effect). Together, these findings support our hypothesis that disturbance cues are used as an antipredator signal to initiate coordinated group defences among familiar conspecifics involving shoaling, freezing and dashing. This study represents the strongest evidence to date that chemicals released by aquatic prey upon disturbance by predators serve as voluntary signals rather than simply cues that prey have evolved to detect when assessing their risk of predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Bairos-Novak
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Marine Biology and Aquaculture & ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Qld, Australia
| | - Maud C O Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Douglas P Chivers
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Crump A, Arnott G, Bethell EJ. Affect-Driven Attention Biases as Animal Welfare Indicators: Review and Methods. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E136. [PMID: 30087230 PMCID: PMC6115853 DOI: 10.3390/ani8080136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention bias describes the differential allocation of attention towards one stimulus compared to others. In humans, this bias can be mediated by the observer's affective state and is implicated in the onset and maintenance of affective disorders such as anxiety. Affect-driven attention biases (ADABs) have also been identified in a few other species. Here, we review the literature on ADABs in animals and discuss their utility as welfare indicators. Despite a limited research effort, several studies have found that negative affective states modulate attention to negative (i.e., threatening) cues. ADABs influenced by positive-valence states have also been documented in animals. We discuss methods for measuring ADAB and conclude that looking time, dot-probe, and emotional spatial cueing paradigms are particularly promising. Research is needed to test them with a wider range of species, investigate attentional scope as an indicator of affect, and explore the possible causative role of attention biases in determining animal wellbeing. Finally, we argue that ADABs might not be best-utilized as indicators of general valence, but instead to reveal specific emotions, motivations, aversions, and preferences. Paying attention to the human literature could facilitate these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Crump
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Gareth Arnott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Emily J Bethell
- Research Centre in Brain and Behaviour, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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Nielsen BL. Making sense of it all: The importance of taking into account the sensory abilities of animals in their housing and management. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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LaDue CA, Goodwin TE, Schulte BA. Concentration-dependent chemosensory responses towards pheromones are influenced by receiver attributes in Asian elephants. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chase A. LaDue
- Department of Biology; Western Kentucky University; Bowling Green KY USA
| | | | - Bruce A. Schulte
- Department of Biology; Western Kentucky University; Bowling Green KY USA
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Rørvang MV, Nielsen BL, Herskin MS, Jensen MB. Prepartum Maternal Behavior of Domesticated Cattle: A Comparison with Managed, Feral, and Wild Ungulates. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:45. [PMID: 29594159 PMCID: PMC5857534 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The event of giving birth is an essential part of animal production. In dairy cattle production, there are substantial economical and welfare-related challenges arising around the time of parturition, and hence increased focus on efficient management of the calving cow. Drawing on the research literature on prepartum maternal behavior, this review compares cattle to other members of the ungulate clade with the aim of understanding the biological basis of bovine prepartum behavior with main emphasis on dairy cows. Ultimately, this knowledge may be used in future development of housing systems and recommendations for the management of calving cows. Maternal prepartum behavior varies among species, but the final goal of ungulate mothers is the same: ensuring a calm parturition and optimal environment for the onset of postpartum maternal behavior by locating an appropriate birth site, with low risk of predators, disturbances and mistaken identity of offspring. Features of chosen birth sites vary among species and depend largely on the environment, as ungulate females display a considerable ability to adapt to their surroundings. However, within commercial housing conditions in dairy production, the animals’ ability to adapt behaviorally appears to be challenged. Confinement alongside high stocking densities leave little room to express birth-site selection behavior, posing a high risk of agonistic social behavior, disturbances, and mismothering, as well as exposure to olfactory cues influencing both prepartum and postpartum maternal behavior. Dairy cows are thus exposed to several factors in a commercial calving environment, which may thwart their maternal motivations and influence their behavior. In addition, prepartum cattle may be more affected by olfactory cues than other ungulate species (e.g., sheep) because they are attracted to birth fluids already before calving. Hence, providing dairy cows with an environment where they can perform the maternal behavior they are motivated for, may aid a calm and secure calving and provide optimal surroundings for postpartum maternal behavior. Future research should focus on designing motivation-based housing systems allowing freedom to express prepartum maternal behavior and investigate in more detail the effects of the environment on the welfare of calving cows and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birte L Nielsen
- INRA, NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,INRA, Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Mette S Herskin
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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Rørvang MV, Jensen MB, Nielsen BL. Development of test for determining olfactory investigation of complex odours in cattle. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Horowitz A. Smelling themselves: Dogs investigate their own odours longer when modified in an “olfactory mirror” test. Behav Processes 2017; 143:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Krause ET, Schrader L, Caspers BA. Olfaction in Chicken (Gallus gallus): A Neglected Mode of Social Communication? Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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