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Kovacs S, Scansen BA, Stern JA. The Genetics of Canine Pulmonary Valve Stenosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:1379-1391. [PMID: 37423844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
There have been recent advancements in understanding the genetic contribution to pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) in brachycephalic breeds such as the French Bulldog and Bulldog. The associated genes are transcriptions factors involved in cardiac development, which is comparable to the genes that cause PS in humans. However, validation studies and functional follow up is necessary before this information can be used for screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Kovacs
- Anatomic Pathology Service, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, UC Davis VMTH, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Brian A Scansen
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 300 West Drake Road, 1678 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, UC Davis VMTH, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Crofton AE, Kovacs SL, Stern JA. Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis: Learning From Human and Canine Clinical Research. Cardiol Res 2023; 14:319-333. [PMID: 37936623 PMCID: PMC10627371 DOI: 10.14740/cr1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS) is the most common congenital heart disease (CHD) in dogs and is also prevalent in human children. A fibrous ridge below the aortic valve narrows the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and increases blood flow velocity, leading to devastating side effects in diseased patients. Due to the similarities in presentation, anatomy, pathophysiology, cardiac development, genomics, and environment between humans and dogs, canine SAS patients represent a critical translational model of human SAS. Potential adverse outcomes of SAS include arrhythmias, left-sided congestive heart failure, endocarditis, exercise intolerance, syncope, and sudden cardiac death. The greatest divergence between canine and human SAS clinical research has been the standard of care regarding treatment of these outcomes, with pharmacological intervention dominating best practices in veterinary medicine and surgical intervention comprising the standard practice for human SAS patients. Regardless of the species, the field has yet to identify a treatment option to prevent disease progression or permanently remove the fibrous ridge, but historical leaps in SAS research support a continued translational approach as the most promising method for achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Crofton
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samantha L. Kovacs
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joshua A. Stern
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Aherne M. Cardiac Disease and Screening in Breeding Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00074-8. [PMID: 37353418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Acquired and congenital heart diseases are relatively common in dogs, particularly in certain breeds. Modes of inheritance and genetic causes have been established for several cardiac diseases within various breeds. Breed screening is used to try and reduce the prevalence of certain canine cardiac diseases. Although breed screening seems to help reduce the prevalence of canine heart disease, the outcomes of specific breeding programs are variable and depend on multiple factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aherne
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Gomart S, MacFarlane P, Payne JR, Hezzell MJ, Borgeat K. Effect of preoperative administration of atenolol to dogs with pulmonic stenosis undergoing interventional procedures. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:877-885. [PMID: 35302255 PMCID: PMC9151475 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beta‐blockade is sometimes used in dogs with pulmonic stenosis with the intent of reducing frequency of ventricular arrhythmias during right heart catheterization. Objectives To evaluate if pretreatment with atenolol reduces frequency of ventricular arrhythmias, anesthetist interventions, or shortens procedure time. Animals Thirty dogs with pulmonic stenosis scheduled for interventional procedures. Methods Single center, prospective, randomized, open‐label study. Dogs were randomized to treatment with atenolol or no treatment preoperatively for a minimum of 10 days. Variables recorded included heart rate, arrhythmias and complexity, total procedure time and administration of antiarrhythmic treatment, vasopressors, positive chronotropes, or fluid boluses. Results Fifteen dogs were enrolled in each group. Dogs receiving atenolol had lower mean heart rates during the procedure (atenolol 100 ± 11 bpm vs untreated 115 ± 19 bpm, P = .01). There were no significant differences between the atenolol and untreated groups in the frequency of ventricular ectopic complexes (535 [6‐5296] vs 553 [79‐2863], P = .9), ventricular couplets (46 [0‐481] vs 29 [3‐121], P = .59), ventricular triplets (20 [0‐265] vs 16 [1‐82], P = .67), ventricular tachycardia (8 [0‐224] vs 8 [1‐118], P = .99), proportion exhibiting R‐on‐T phenomenon (11/15 vs 14/15, P = .33), proportion receiving intraoperative lidocaine (1/15 vs 3/15, P = .6), vasopressors/positive chronotropes (11/15 vs 5/15, P = .06), or fluid boluses (12/15 vs 7/15, P = .13). The procedure time was similar (atenolol 41 [23‐68] min vs untreated 35 [18‐98] min, P = .91). Conclusions and Clinical Importance No benefit of preoperative atenolol treatment was identified in this small group of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Gomart
- Highcroft Veterinary Referrals, CVS Group, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul MacFarlane
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kieran Borgeat
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Eason BD, Fine-Ferreira DM, Leeder D, Stauthammer C, Lamb K, Tobias A. Natural history of subaortic stenosis in 166 dogs (1999-2011). J Vet Cardiol 2021; 37:71-80. [PMID: 34634578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subaortic stenosis (SAS) is one of the most common congenital cardiac diseases in dogs. The objective of this study was to provide survival times on a large population of dogs with SAS and to propose a redefined pressure gradient (PG) scale to include a mild, moderate, severe and very severe disease group. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS Dogs were divided into four groups based on the Doppler-derived PG across the stenosis. Disease severity was defined as follows: mild = PG < 50 mmHg; moderate = PG range 50-80 mmHg; severe = PG range 80-130 mmHg; and very severe = PG > 130 mmHg. Over the study period (1999-2011), 166 client-owned dogs were diagnosed with SAS of which 129 had follow-up information available. RESULTS Unadjusted median survival time for severity groups were as follows: mild 10.6 years; moderate 9.9 years; severe 7.3 years; and very severe 3.0 years. Univariable analysis examining the effect of the PG, age at diagnosis and sex found only the PG and age at diagnosis had a significant effect on survival. Adjusted survival curves showed that the survival time in the very severe group was decreased compared with all other groups. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, a revised SAS classification system with four PG groups is appropriate. Dogs with a PG > 130 mmHg were identified as those with the lowest median survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Eason
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 E Campus Dr, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - D M Fine-Ferreira
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 E Campus Dr, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - D Leeder
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1365 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - C Stauthammer
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1365 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - K Lamb
- Lamb Statistical Consulting LLC, 404 Thompson Ave W, Saint Paul, MN, 55118, USA
| | - A Tobias
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1365 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Kim J, Kim DH, Jee H, Hwang J, Yoon J. Type B valvular and supravalvular pulmonic stenosis with aberrant pre-pulmonic right coronary artery diagnosed by non-electrocardiography-gated, multislice computed tomography in a Boston terrier. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 38:12-17. [PMID: 34689048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonic stenosis (PS) is a common congenital heart disease in dogs. It may be associated with an aberrant coronary artery (CA) in brachycephalic breeds. If present, a CA anomaly must be identified before pulmonic valvuloplasty. A 1.7-year-old Boston terrier was referred for a grade V/VI systolic heart murmur and exercise intolerance. Echocardiography revealed combined type B valvular and supravalvular PS; an aberrant CA was also suspected. Non-electrocardiography (ECG)-gated, 160-multislice computed tomographic angiography (CTA) confirmed severe right ventricular wall hypertrophy, a hypoplastic pulmonic valve annulus, and severe supravalvular PS with a marked main pulmonary artery bulge; a single left coronary ostium with an anomalous pre-pulmonic right CA was also identified. Surgical correction with pulmonic valvuloplasty and pulmonary artery patch angioplasty under cardiopulmonary bypass was planned. The patient died intraoperatively due to profound hypotension after weaning from extracorporeal circulation. However, this is the first case report in which type B valvular and supravalvular PS with an aberrant pre-pulmonic right CA was diagnosed by non-ECG-gated, 160-multislice CTA in a Boston terrier, showing a similar level of image quality to ECG-gated CTA. Thus, in PS cases, high-slice CTA may be helpful to determine if CA anomalies are present and to establish a therapeutic plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Helix Animal Medical Center, Seoul, 06546, South Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - D-H Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - H Jee
- Helix Animal Medical Center, Seoul, 06546, South Korea
| | - J Hwang
- Helix Animal Medical Center, Seoul, 06546, South Korea
| | - J Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Abstract
Subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS) is one of the most common congenital heart defects of dogs. The disease is characterized by obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract, resulting in pressure overload on the left ventricle. The etiology of obstruction is a fibromuscular nodule, ridge, or ring of tissue that increases aortic outflow tract velocity. This review is focused on the prevalence, inheritance pattern, and current genetic insights of canine SAS. The prevalence of this disease was reported at 4.7 % in a large veterinary referral hospital. The mode of inheritance for this disease has also been described in breeds with a high disease prevalence such as the Bullmastiff, Bouvier des Flandres, Dogue de Bordeaux, Golden Retriever, Newfoundland, and Rottweiler. Genetic investigations seeking to identify causative mutations for SAS are lacking with only a single published variant associated with SAS in Newfoundlands.
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Ro WB, Kang MH, Song DW, Lee SH, Park HM. Expression Profile of Circulating MicroRNAs in Dogs With Cardiac Hypertrophy: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:652224. [PMID: 33898546 PMCID: PMC8062772 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.652224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the expression profile of circulating microRNAs in dogs with eccentric or concentric cardiac hypertrophy. A total of 291 microRNAs in serum samples of five dogs with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD) and five dogs with pulmonic stenosis (PS) were compared with those of five healthy dogs using microarray analysis. Results of microarray analysis revealed up-regulation of cfa-miR-130b [fold change (FC) = 2.13, p = 0.014), down-regulation of cfa-miR-375 (FC = 1.51, p = 0.014), cfa-miR-425 (FC = 2.56, p = 0.045), cfa-miR-30d (FC = 3.02, p = 0.047), cfa-miR-151 (FC = 1.89, p = 0.023), cfa-miR-19b (FC = 3.01, p = 0.008), and cfa-let-7g (FC = 2.53, p = 0.015) in MMVD group which showed eccentric cardiac hypertrophy, up-regulation of cfa-miR-346 (FC = 2.74, p = 0.032), down-regulation of cfa-miR-505 (FC = 1.56, p = 0.016) in PS group which showed concentric cardiac hypertrophy, and down-regulation of cfa-miR-30c (FC = 3.45, p = 0.013 in MMVD group; FC = 3.31, p = 0.014 in PS group) and cfa-let-7b (FC = 11.42, p = 0.049 in MMVD group; FC = 5.88, p = 0.01 in PS group) in both MMVD and PS groups. In addition, the unsupervised hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed microRNAs in each group resulted in complete separation of healthy dogs from dogs with heart diseases. Therefore, eleven microRNAs among 291 microRNAs were identified as differentially expressed circulating microRNAs related to MMVD or PS in dogs. This pilot study demonstrates that the microRNAs identified in this study could be possible candidates for novel biomarker or therapeutic target related to cardiac hypertrophy in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong-Bin Ro
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doo-Won Song
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hun Lee
- Department of Cancer Genome Research, Cancer Research Institute, Clinomics Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Myung Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Vezzosi T, Ghinelli R, Ferrari P, Porciello F. Reference intervals for transthoracic echocardiography in the American Staffordshire Terrier. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:656-660. [PMID: 33563862 PMCID: PMC8111344 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the echocardiographic reference intervals in the American Staffordshire Terrier (AST). The echocardiographic variables obtained in 57 healthy adult AST were compared with published data from the general canine population and other breeds. In the AST, the left ventricular volumes were lower than values reported in Boxers and Dobermans (P<0.0001), but higher than in small breeds (P<0.0001). The left ventricular ejection fraction was higher than Boxers and Dobermans (P<0.0001), but lower than small breed dogs (P=0.027). The aortic peak velocity values were similar to Boxers (P=0.55) but higher than the general canine population (P<0.0001). The reference intervals presented in this study are clinically useful for an accurate echocardiographic interpretation and screening in the AST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Vezzosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122 Pisa, Italy.,Anicura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Novara, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ferrari
- Clinica Veterinaria Orobica, Viale Isonzo 2/E, 24052 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Francesco Porciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Trikhun P, Surachetpong SD, Sutayatram S, Buranakarl C. Left ventricular systolic function in dogs with pulmonic stenosis. Vet World 2020; 13:2436-2442. [PMID: 33363338 PMCID: PMC7750241 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2436-2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Pulmonic stenosis (PS) is the most common congenital heart disease in dogs. This condition causes right ventricle (RV) overload and disrupts overall systolic function. The aim of this study was to examine the alterations of cardiac electrical activity and mechanical function in dogs with PS compared to normal healthy dogs. Materials and Methods: The ventricular systolic function of dogs with PS was studied. Dogs were divided into two groups, PS (n=13) and control (CONT) (n=12). Measurements of blood pressure, electrocardiography (ECG), and echocardiography were performed. Results: PS dogs had exercise intolerance, with six experiencing syncope. ECG of PS dogs showed higher amplitudes of P, S, and T waves (p<0.01), and a lower R:S ratio (p<0.001) with longer QRS duration (p<0.001) compared to CONT dogs. Echocardiography demonstrated that the pulmonic flow velocity and pressure gradient (PG) between the RV and the pulmonary artery of PS dogs were significantly higher than CONT dogs (p<0.001). The RV free wall thickness to the left ventricular posterior wall thickness ratio and the right atrium to the left atrium diameter ratio was higher (p<0.001), while interventricular septum (IVS) was thicker (p<0.01) in PS dogs compared with CONT dogs (p<0.001). The systolic function in PS dogs showed higher pulmonic valve velocity time integral (PVVTI) value (p<0.001) and longer pulmonic valve ejection time (ET) (p<0.05) than CONT dogs. However, aortic valve VTI (AVVTI) value and aortic valve ET were not significantly different between the groups, although fractional shortening in PS dogs was higher. In PS dogs, PG showed a significant positive correlation with PVVTI: AVVTI ratio (p<0.05). Conclusion: PS had prolonged pulmonic valve opening. The thickening of the RV wall and IVS can cause a detrimental reduction of the left ventricular preload in PS dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ploypanut Trikhun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirilak Disatian Surachetpong
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Saikaew Sutayatram
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chollada Buranakarl
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Fousse SL, Tyrrell WD, Dentino ME, Abrams FL, Rosenthal SL, Stern JA. Pedigree analysis of atrial fibrillation in Irish wolfhounds supports a high heritability with a dominant mode of inheritance. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2019; 6:11. [PMID: 31867114 PMCID: PMC6902490 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-019-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in dogs. The Irish Wolfhound breed has a high prevalence of AF making them an ideal breed to investigate possible genetic contributions to this disease. The aim of this study was to perform a heritability analysis in North American Irish Wolfhounds using phenotype data from cardiac screenings performed between 2000 and 2019 in order to determine how much of this disease can be attributed to genetics compared to environmental causes. The second aim was to determine the disease mode of inheritance to help inform prevention and breeding practices. Results There were 327 Irish Wolfhounds diagnosed with AF and 136 Irish Wolfhounds over 8 years of age without AF. The estimated mean (95% confidence interval) heritability of AF in Irish Wolfhounds was 0.69 (0.50–0.86). The pedigree was consistent with a dominant mode of inheritance. Conclusion Results of this study indicate a strong genetic contribution to AF in Irish Wolfhounds and suggest that future research to identify causative genetic mutations is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Fousse
- 1Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis - School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Joshua A Stern
- 1Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis - School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA USA
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