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Ensley S, Mostrom M. Equine Mycotoxins. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:83-94. [PMID: 38061965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The main mycotoxins involved in adverse equine health issues are aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, and probably ergovaline (fescue grass endophyte toxicosis). Most exposures are through contaminated grains and grain byproducts, although grasses and hays can contain mycotoxins. Clinical signs are often nonspecific and include feed refusal, colic, diarrhea, and liver damage but can be dramatic with neurologic signs associated with equine leukoencephalomalacia and tremorgens. Specific antidotes for mycotoxicosis are rare, and treatment involves stopping the use of contaminated feed, switching to a "clean" feed source, and providing supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Ensley
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, P217 Mosier Hall, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Michelle Mostrom
- North Dakota State University, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 4035 19th Avenue North, Department 7691 P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA.
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Kang J, Li Y, Ma Z, Wang Y, Zhu W, Jiang G. Protective effects of lycopene against zearalenone-induced reproductive toxicity in early pregnancy through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113936. [PMID: 37429407 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin that is widely present in feed and raw materials and can cause severe reproductive toxicity. Lycopene is a natural carotenoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pharmacological effects, but the protective effects of lycopene against zearalenone-induced uterine damage have not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of lycopene treatment in early pregnancy on zearalenone-induced uterine damage and pregnancy impairment and its mechanism. Reproductive toxicity was induced by consecutive gavages of zearalenone at 5 mg/kg body weight during gestational days (GDs) 0-10 and in the presence or absence of oral administration of lycopene (20 mg/kg BW). The results showed that lycopene may alleviate zearalenone-induced pathological uterine histological damage and disturbances in oestradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone (P) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Lycopene increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) production, providing protection against zearalenone-induced oxidative stress in the uterus. Additionally, lycopene significantly reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory factor interleukin 10 (IL-10), inhibiting the zearalenone-induced inflammatory response. In addition, lycopene improved the homeostasis of uterine cell proliferation and death via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. These data provide strong evidence that lycopene can be further developed into a potential new drug for the prevention or treatment of zearalenone-induced reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Zhanfei Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yabo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Guojun Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China.
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Protective effect of glucosamine on zearalenone-induced reproductive toxicity and placental dysfunction in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113539. [PMID: 36462645 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of glucosamine (GlcN) on zearalenone (ZEA)-induced reproductive toxicity and placental dysfunction in mice. The pregnant mice were randomly divided into one of the four groups, such as the control group, the ZEA group, the GlcN group, and the GlcN plus ZEA group. Reproductive toxicity was induced by consecutive gavages of ZEA at 5 mg/kg body weight during gestational days (GDs 0-14) and in the presence or absence of oral administration of GlcN (0.5 mM). The results showed that GlcN significantly alleviated the decrease of growth performance induced by ZEA exposure of pregnant mice. Meanwhile, ZEA ingestion significantly reduced the number and weight of fetuses, and reduction of placenta weight. Moreover, results of blood biochemical markers indicated that ZEA exposure led to increased oxidative stress levels in pregnant mice. Further analyses demonstrated that ZEA inhibited placental development, resulted in placental inflammation, increased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, and decreased the expression of placental tight junction proteins, which were reversed by the administration of GlcN. Results of western blot revealed that GlcN reversed ZEA-mediated phenotype by activating PI3K, while inhibiting MAPK signaling pathway. All these findings showed that GlcN was effective in the protection against ZEA-induced placental dysfunction and reproductive toxicity in pregnant mice. Supplementation of GlcN might be potential nutritional intervention with an ability to alleviate ZEA-induced toxicity in pregnant mice.
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Pemayun TGO, Mustofa I, Mahaputra L, Hermadi HA, Wijaya NMR, Mulyati S, Utama S, Restiadi TI, Rimayanti R. Fertility restoration of racing mare with persistent corpus luteum. Vet World 2021; 14:2356-2361. [PMID: 34840454 PMCID: PMC8613770 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2356-2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Persistent corpus luteum (PCL) causes anestrus in mares. This study aimed to determine the effect of intrauterine prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) treatment on PCL of racing mares to restore fertility. Materials and Methods: Twelve racing mares suspected with PCL were diagnosed using transrectal palpation and confirmed by serum progesterone (P4) concentration measurement. PGF2α was infused intrauterine, followed by serum collection at 24, 48, and 72 h after. Estrous symptoms were monitored, and mating was conducted on day 3 of estrus with an earlier injection of 8.4 μg gonadotropin-releasing hormone twice a day. Transrectal palpation was performed on days 21-30 to observe the corpus luteum. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed rectally on 40-45 days post-mating and confirmed using Doppler ultrasound scanning. Results: Eleven of the 12 mares had PCL. There was a dramatic reduction in the P4 concentration following PGF2α treatment of mares with PCL. All mares exhibited estrus 2.6±0.55 days post-treatment with a P4 concentration of 0.12±0.12 ng/mL. Rectal palpation and P4 concentration on 21-30 days after estrous onset showed that all mares were ovulating. The evaluation of P4 concentration on days 40-45 post-mating showed that all mares were still in the luteal phase. However, the pregnancy rate was only 54.5% based on rectal palpation and Doppler ultrasound scanning. Conclusion: Treatment of PCL in racing mares with an intrauterine infusion of PGF2α restored the estrous cycle and induced ovulation and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjok Gde Oka Pemayun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jl. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80233 Indonesia
| | - Imam Mustofa
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Laba Mahaputra
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.,Head Section of Health and Husbandry of the Indonesian Equestrian Association, East Java Region, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Herry Agoes Hermadi
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Ngakan Made Rai Wijaya
- Division of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Sri Mulyati
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Suzanita Utama
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Tjuk Imam Restiadi
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Rimayanti Rimayanti
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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