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Bergen A, Roemhild S, Santoro D. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal/fungicidal concentration of commercially available products containing essential oils, zinc gluconate, or 4% chlorhexidine for Malassezia pachydermatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius canine clinical isolates. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10528-4. [PMID: 39225973 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Skin infections are common complications in both humans and animals. Because of the increased incidence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) skin infections, essential oils have been suggested as potential alternatives to the classic antimicrobials. The goal of this study was to evaluate the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MIC and MBC/MFC) of commercially available products containing essential oils, zinc gluconate, or 4% chlorhexidine. Microbroth dilution technique was performed on clinical isolates of MDR Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MDR-SP; n = 10), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA; n = 10), and Malassezia pachydermatis (MP; n = 10). For MDR-SP, essential oil-containing products showed median MICs of 1:240 and 1:320. The chlorhexidine shampoo had a MIC of 1:128,000 (0.312 µg/mL), whereas zinc gluconate products had median MICs of 1:320 and 1:160. Three essential oil-containing shampoos (MBC 1:40), the zinc gluconate (MBC 1:40), and the chlorhexidine (MBC 1:64,000 [0.625 µg/mL]) reached an MBC. For PA, essential oil-containing products showed median MICs of 1:30 and 1:80. The zinc-gluconate products had a median MIC of 1:160, whereas the chlorhexidine shampoo had a median MIC of 1:4,000 (10 µg/mL). Only the zinc-gluconate products (MBC 1:80) and the chlorhexidine shampoo (MBC 1:2,000 [20 µg/mL]) reached an MBC. For MP, essential oil-containing and zinc-gluconate products showed lower median MICs (1:4,800 and 7,200) for shampoos compared with other formulations (1:160 and 1:320), whereas the chlorhexidine shampoo had a median MIC of 1:80,000 (0.5 µg/mL). These results suggest that natural topical compounds can be an effective alternative to treat skin infections in companion animals. Further in vivo studies are needed to clinically confirm this study's results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bergen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Savannah Roemhild
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Svetikiene D, Zamokas G, Jokubaite M, Marksa M, Ivanauskas L, Babickaite L, Ramanauskiene K. The Comparative Study of the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effects of Propolis Extracts in Veterinary Medicine. Vet Sci 2024; 11:375. [PMID: 39195829 PMCID: PMC11360084 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11080375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to human and animal health. Efforts to combat AMR include the introduction of antimicrobial drugs as alternative treatment options. To contribute to an effective plan for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria, the development of new antimicrobial agents is increasingly being explored. Propolis has garnered significant attention from both scientists and industry due to its extensive spectrum of biological activity. The growing interest in polyphenols of natural origin and their plant sources further encourages the investigation of their chemical composition and biological effects. Propolis serves as a rich source of phenolic compounds. Baltic region propolis, classified as poplar-type propolis, was selected for this study, and extracts were prepared using raw propolis materials from various Baltic countries. The production of liquid extracts utilized a combination of 70 percent ethanol, a mixture of water and poloxamer P407, and DES (deep eutectic solvent). The research aims to produce liquid propolis extracts using different solvents and to assess their chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity against different veterinary pathogens. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), revealing antioxidant activity in all extracts, with results correlating with the total phenolic compound content. It was found that p-coumaric acid predominated in the studied propolis extracts (in ethanol extracts 1155.90-1506.65 mg/g, in DES extracts 321.13-954.76 mg/g, and in polymeric extracts 5.34-30.80 mg/g), with smaller amounts of ferulic acid and vanillin detected. Clinical and reference bacterial strains were collected from the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, the Academy of Veterinary Medicine, and the Institute of Microbiology and Virology. To effectively treat bacterial infections, the antimicrobial activity of propolis extracts was tested against six pathogenic bacterial species and one pathogenic fungus (S. aureus, S. agalactiae, B. cereus, E. faecalis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans). Antimicrobial activity studies demonstrated that DES propolis extracts exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity compared to ethanolic propolis extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of DES propolis extracts against the tested strains ranged between 50 and 1000 μg/mL. Considering the study results, it can be concluded that propolis from the Baltic region is abundant in phenolic compounds exhibiting antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovile Svetikiene
- Department of Dr. L. Kriauceliunas Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.Z.); (L.B.)
| | - Gintaras Zamokas
- Department of Dr. L. Kriauceliunas Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.Z.); (L.B.)
| | - Monika Jokubaite
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliai Avenue 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Mindaugas Marksa
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliai Avenue 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (L.I.)
| | - Liudas Ivanauskas
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliai Avenue 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (L.I.)
| | - Lina Babickaite
- Department of Dr. L. Kriauceliunas Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.Z.); (L.B.)
| | - Kristina Ramanauskiene
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliai Avenue 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Konsila K, Assavalapsakul W, Phuwapraisirisan P, Chanchao C. Anti- Malassezia globosa (MYA-4889, ATCC) activity of Thai propolis from the stingless bee Geniotrigona thoracica. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29421. [PMID: 38660263 PMCID: PMC11041017 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Malassezia globosa, a lipophilic pathogen, is known to be involved in various chronic skin diseases. Unfortunately, the available treatments have unwanted side effects and microbial drug resistance is evolving. As the antimicrobial activity of propolis is outstanding, this study aimed to examine the potential of propolis from the stingless bee Geniotrigona thoracica against the yeast. Anti-M. globosa growth activity was ascertained in agar well diffusion and broth microdilution assays and the inhibitory concentration value at 50 % (IC50) was determined. Since the yeast cannot synthesize its own fatty acids, extracellular lipase is important for its survival. Here, anti-M. globosa extracellular lipase activity was additionally investigated by colorimetric and agar-based methods. Compared to the crude hexane and crude dichloromethane extracts, the crude methanol partitioned extract (CMPE) exhibited the best anti-M. globosa growth activity with an IC50 of 1.22 mg/mL. After CMPE was further enriched by silica gel column chromatography, fraction CMPE1 (IC50 of 0.98 mM or 184.93 μg/mL) presented the highest activity and was later identified as methyl gallate (MG) by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Subsequently, MG was successfully synthesized and shown to have a similar activity, and a minimal fungicidal concentration of 43.44 mM or 8.00 mg/mL. However, lipase assay analysis suggested that extracellular lipase might not be the main target mechanism of MG. This is the first report of MG as a new anti-Malassezia compound. It could be a good candidate for further developing alternative therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawisara Konsila
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Assavalapsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Preecha Phuwapraisirisan
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanpen Chanchao
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Rodrigues Esperandim T, Barcelos Ribeiro A, Silva Squarisi I, Teixeira Marcos de Souza L, Olimpio de Souza T, Oliveira Acésio N, Ferreira Conceição Santos M, Kenupp Bastos J, Ricardo Ambrósio S, Crispim Tavares D. Toxicological and chemoprevention studies of Brazilian brown propolis from Araucaria sp. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:791-802. [PMID: 37592437 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2243976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Brazilian brown propolis (BBP) is a natural product derived predominantly from the south region of Brazil, where Araucaria forests are dominant. Despite its potential as a source of bioactive compounds with leishmanicidal, anti-inflammatory, nociceptive, and antimicrobial properties, BBP has not been comprehensively studied compared to green propolis. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the safety and chemopreventive potential of BBP. The cytotoxicity attributed to BBP was assessed using two different assays, while the Salmonella/microsome assay was employed to evaluate mutagenicity. The acute toxicity attributed to BBP was determined using a zebrafish model, while the chemopreventive potential was investigated utilizing Chinese hamster lung (V79) cell lines. Data demonstrated that BBP exerted cytotoxic effects at concentrations greater than or equal to 10 µg/ml and did not exhibit mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. However, at the highest concentration tested (4000 µg/plate), BBP induced a significant increase in revertant colonies in S. typhimurium TA102 strain. The LC50 equivalent to 8.83 mg/L was obtained in the acute toxicity evaluation in zebrafish. BBP also showed antigenotoxic effect by significantly reducing chromosomal damage induced by the mutagen doxorubicin in V79 cell cultures at a concentration of 2.5 μg/ml. Compared to Brazilian green and red propolis, BBP exhibited greater toxicity. On the other hand, at lower concentrations, BBP displayed chemopreventive potential, which may be associated with the antioxidant capacity of the extract. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the biological properties and potential applications of BBP in treating various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur Barcelos Ribeiro
- University of Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, 14.404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iara Silva Squarisi
- University of Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, 14.404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Olimpio de Souza
- University of Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, 14.404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália Oliveira Acésio
- University of Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, 14.404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Ricardo Ambrósio
- University of Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, 14.404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Crispim Tavares
- University of Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, 14.404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fonseca MS, Deegan KR, Tomé LM, Mendonça MA, Sokolonski AR, Gondim LQ, Azevedo V, Meyer R, Tasic L, Góes-Neto A, Portela RW. First description of Candida haemulonii infecting a snake Boa constrictor: Molecular, pathological and antifungal sensitivity characteristics. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106164. [PMID: 37211264 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Candida haemulonii is an emergent infectious pathogen that affects human presenting comorbidities and/or immunodepression. Little is known about other possible hosts. For the first time, this fungus was found causing a cutaneous infection in a snake, Boa constrictor, characterized by scale opacity and several ulcerative lesions. This C. haemulonii was isolated, identified using molecular techniques and a phylogenetic study, and had its growth totally inhibited by all the drugs tested; however, no fungicide effect was seen for fluconazole and itraconazole. The B. constrictor clinical signals subsided after a treatment using a biogenic silver nanoparticle-based ointment. These findings, along with the B. constrictor presence near human habitats, warn for the necessity of wildlife health monitoring for emergent and opportunistic diseases in peri-urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maísa Santos Fonseca
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Kathleen Ramos Deegan
- Ambulatório de Animais Silvestres e Exóticos, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40170-1004, Brazil
| | - Luis Marcelo Tomé
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Computacional de Fungos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio Mendonça
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Sokolonski
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Leane Queiroz Gondim
- Ambulatório de Animais Silvestres e Exóticos, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40170-1004, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Roberto Meyer
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Laboratório de Química Biológica, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo State, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Computacional de Fungos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Wagner Portela
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40110-100, Brazil.
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Ribeiro VP, Mejia JAA, Rodrigues DM, Alves GR, de Freitas Pinheiro AM, Tanimoto MH, Bastos JK, Ambrósio SR. Brazilian Brown Propolis: an Overview About Its Chemical Composition, Botanical Sources, Quality Control, and Pharmacological Properties. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA : ORGAO OFICIAL DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA 2023; 33:288-299. [PMID: 36908300 PMCID: PMC9955532 DOI: 10.1007/s43450-023-00374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Brazil is one of the largest propolis producers in the world. Propolis is produced by bees from plant exudates and tissues, leading to many variations in the types of propolis. Generally, Brazilian propolis types are green, brown, and red. Despite not being the main research focus as the green and red propolis, brown propolis is the second most produced propolis type in Brazil and has tremendous economic and medicinal importance. Propolis has drawn attention with the rise in the search for healthier lifestyles, functional foods, biocosmetics, and natural products as therapeutic sources. This review covers the main chemical constituents identified in different types of Brazilian brown propolis, and their botanical sources, chemistry, and biological activities. The economic aspect of brown propolis is also presented. There are many gaps to be filled for brown propolis regarding the development of analytical methods, and quality control to allow its standardization, limiting its applicability in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Future perspectives regarding brown propolis research were discussed, especially biological activities, to support the medicinal uses of different types of brown propolis. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43450-023-00374-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Pena Ribeiro
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Em Ciências Exatas E Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP 14404-600 Brazil
| | - Jennyfer Andrea Aldana Mejia
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Do Café, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-930 Brazil
| | - Debora Munhoz Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Do Café, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-930 Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rocha Alves
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Do Café, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-930 Brazil
| | - Ana Maria de Freitas Pinheiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Do Café, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-930 Brazil
| | - Matheus Hikaru Tanimoto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Do Café, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-930 Brazil
| | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Do Café, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-930 Brazil
| | - Sérgio Ricardo Ambrósio
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Em Ciências Exatas E Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP 14404-600 Brazil
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Comparison of the Biological Potential and Chemical Composition of Brazilian and Mexican Propolis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from plants and its natural product is available as a safe therapeutic option easily administered orally and readily available as a natural supplement and functional food. In this work, we review the most recent scientific evidence involving propolis from two countries (Brazil and Mexico) located in different hemispheres and with varied biomes. Brazil has a scientifically well documented classification of different types of propolis. Although propolis from Brazil and Mexico present varied compositions, they share compounds with recognized biological activities in different extraction processes. Gram-negative bacteria growth is inhibited with lower concentrations of different types of propolis extracts, regardless of origin. Prominent biological activities against cancer cells and fungi were verified in the different types of extracts evaluated. Antiprotozoal activity needs to be further evaluated for propolis of both origins. Regarding the contamination of propolis (e.g., pesticides, toxic metals), few studies have been carried out. However, there is evidence of chemical contamination in propolis by anthropological action. Studies demonstrate the versatility of using propolis in its different forms (extracts, products, etc.), but several potential applications that might improve the value of Brazilian and Mexican propolis should still be investigated.
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Santos LA, Rosalen PL, Dias NA, Grisolia JC, Nascimento Gomes BJ, Blosfeld-Lopes L, Ikegaki M, Alencar SMD, Burger E. Brazilian Red Propolis shows antifungal and immunomodulatory activities against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 277:114181. [PMID: 33991639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis with high prevalence in South America and especially in Brazil with severe clinical consequences that need broadened therapeutic options. Propolis is a natural resin from bees used in folk medicine for centuries with the first report in the ancient history of Egypt by Eberly papyrus, in Middle-Ages used to wash the newborn's umbilical cord and World War II as antiseptic or antibiotics. Nowadays it is a natural product worldwide consumed as food and traditionally used for oral and systemic diseases as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, and other diseases. Brazilian red propolis (BRP) is a new type of propolis with a distinguished chemical profile and biological activities from propolis (green) with pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and others. AIM OF STUDY Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the direct in vitro and ex vivo effect of BRP on Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Antifungal activity of different concentrations of BRP on a virulent P. brasiliensis isolate (Pb18) was evaluated using the microdilution technique. Also, mice splenic cells co-cultured with Pb18 were treated with BRP at different times and concentrations (only Pb18 = negative control). Mice were inoculated with Pb18 and treated with different concentrations of BRP (50-500 mg/mL) in a subcutaneous air pouch. In this later experimental model, macroscopic characteristics of the air pouch were evaluated, and cellular exudate was collected and analyzed for cellular composition, mitochondrial activity, total protein reactive oxygen specimens (ROS), and nitric oxide production, as well as the number of viable fungal cells. RESULTS The in vitro experiments showed remarkable direct antifungal activity of BRP, mainly with the highest concentration employed (500 mg/mL), reducing the number of viable cells to 10% of the original inoculum after 72 h incubation. The splenocytes co-cultivation assays showed that BRP had no cytotoxic effect on these cells, on the contrary, exerted a stimulatory effect. This stimulation was also observed on the PMNs at the air pouch, as verified by production of ROS and total proteins and mitochondrial activity. This activation resulted in enhanced fungicidal activity, mainly with the 500 mg/mL concentration of BRP. An anti-inflammatory effect was also detected, as verified by the smaller volume of the BRP-treated air pouch as well as by an earlier shift from neutrophils to mononuclear cells present in the infection site. CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest, for the first time in the literature, that Brazilian Red propolis has four protective mechanisms in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis: activating neutrophils, exerting a direct antifungal effect, preventing fungal dissemination, and controlling excessive inflammation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Severino Matias de Alencar
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo - USP. Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eva Burger
- Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL. Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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Silva VC, Silva AMGS, Basílio JAD, Xavier JA, do Nascimento TG, Naal RMZG, del Lama MP, Leonelo LAD, Mergulhão NLON, Maranhão FCA, Silva DMW, Owen R, Duarte IFB, Bulhões LCG, Basílio ID, Goulart MOF. New Insights for Red Propolis of Alagoas-Chemical Constituents, Topical Membrane Formulations and Their Physicochemical and Biological Properties. Molecules 2020; 25:E5811. [PMID: 33317120 PMCID: PMC7763695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the chemical constitution and allergenic potential of red propolis extract (RPE). They were evaluated, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the release of β-hexosaminidase, respectively. A plethora of biologically active polyphenols and the absence of allergic responses were evinced. RPE inhibited the release of β-hexosaminidase, suggesting that the extract does not stimulate allergic responses. Additionally, the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of hydrogel membranes loaded with RPE were analyzed. Bio-polymeric hydrogel membranes (M) were obtained using 5% carboxymethylcellulose (M1 and M2), 1.0% of citric acid (M3) and 10% RPE (for all). Their characterization was performed using thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), total phenolic content, phenol release test and, antioxidant activity through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). The latter appointed to the similar antioxidant capacity of the M1, M2 and M3. The degradation profiles showed higher thermostability to M3, followed by M2 and M1. The incorporation of RPE into the matrices and the crosslinking of M3 were evinced by FTIR. There were differences in the release of phenolic compounds, with a higher release related to M1 and lower in the strongly crosslinked M3. The degradation profiles showed higher thermostability to M3, followed by M2 and M1. The antibacterial activity of the membranes was determined using the disc diffusion assay, in comparison with controls, obtained in the same way, without RPE. The membranes elicited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with superior performance over M3. The hydrogel membranes loaded with RPE promote a physical barrier against bacterial skin infections and may be applied in the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdemir C. Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research Program Post-Graduation in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (A.M.G.S.S.); (T.G.d.N.); (N.L.O.N.M.); (I.F.B.D.); (L.C.G.B.)
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (J.A.D.B.); (J.A.X.)
| | - Abiane M. G. S. Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research Program Post-Graduation in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (A.M.G.S.S.); (T.G.d.N.); (N.L.O.N.M.); (I.F.B.D.); (L.C.G.B.)
| | - Jacqueline A. D. Basílio
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (J.A.D.B.); (J.A.X.)
| | - Jadriane A. Xavier
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (J.A.D.B.); (J.A.X.)
| | - Ticiano G. do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research Program Post-Graduation in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (A.M.G.S.S.); (T.G.d.N.); (N.L.O.N.M.); (I.F.B.D.); (L.C.G.B.)
| | - Rose M. Z. G. Naal
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto. Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (R.M.Z.G.N.); (M.P.d.L.); (L.A.D.L.)
| | - Maria Perpetua del Lama
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto. Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (R.M.Z.G.N.); (M.P.d.L.); (L.A.D.L.)
| | - Laila A. D. Leonelo
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto. Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (R.M.Z.G.N.); (M.P.d.L.); (L.A.D.L.)
| | - Naianny L. O. N. Mergulhão
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research Program Post-Graduation in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (A.M.G.S.S.); (T.G.d.N.); (N.L.O.N.M.); (I.F.B.D.); (L.C.G.B.)
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (J.A.D.B.); (J.A.X.)
| | - Fernanda C. A. Maranhão
- Institute of Biological Science and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (F.C.A.M.); (D.M.W.S.)
| | - Denise M. W. Silva
- Institute of Biological Science and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (F.C.A.M.); (D.M.W.S.)
| | - Robert Owen
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Ilza F. B. Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research Program Post-Graduation in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (A.M.G.S.S.); (T.G.d.N.); (N.L.O.N.M.); (I.F.B.D.); (L.C.G.B.)
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (J.A.D.B.); (J.A.X.)
| | - Laisa C. G. Bulhões
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research Program Post-Graduation in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (A.M.G.S.S.); (T.G.d.N.); (N.L.O.N.M.); (I.F.B.D.); (L.C.G.B.)
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (J.A.D.B.); (J.A.X.)
| | - Irinaldo D. Basílio
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research Program Post-Graduation in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (A.M.G.S.S.); (T.G.d.N.); (N.L.O.N.M.); (I.F.B.D.); (L.C.G.B.)
| | - Marília O. F. Goulart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil; (J.A.D.B.); (J.A.X.)
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Brilhante Bezerra FS, Silva Rezende ADF, Oliveira Silva MTD, Sena-Lopes Â, Roesch-Ely M, Pêgas Henriques JA, Padilha FF, Carvalho Azevedo VA, Dias Portela RW, Seixas FK, Collares TV, Savegnago L, Borsuk S. The combination of Brazilian red propolis and recombinant protein rCP01850 in the immunoprophylaxis of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in mice. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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