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Nikolaisen NK, Fertner M, Lassen DCK, Chehabi CN, Ronaghinia AA, Chriél M, Jensen VF, Jensen LB, Pedersen K, Struve T. Association between Antibiotic Consumption and Resistance in Mink Production. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070927. [PMID: 35884181 PMCID: PMC9311663 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic consumption is considered to be a main driver of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Mink breeding follows a distinctive seasonal reproduction cycle, and all of the mink produced in the northern hemisphere are bred, born, and pelted around the same time of year. Some of the diseases are age-related, which is reflected in the seasonal variation of antibiotic consumption. The seasonality makes mink a good model for the investigation of the association between antibiotic consumption and resistance. The objectives of this study were (1) to monitor the farm level of antibiotic resistance during one production cycle and (2) to assess the potential associations between antibiotic consumption and resistance. Twenty-four farms were included in this study (Denmark n = 20, Iceland n = 2, and The Netherlands n = 2), following a cohort of animals born in 2018. Staphylococcus delphini and Escherichia coli were isolated from samples of the carcasses and faeces and were collected randomly. The isolates were susceptibility tested and subsequently divided into the sensitive wildtype (WT) and the resistant non-wildtype (NWT) populations. The antibiotic consumption relative to the sampling periods was assessed as having a short-term or a long-term impact, i.e., in two explanatory factors. For both S. delphini and E. coli, a large between-farm variation of NWT profiles was detected. In the final multivariable, generalized linear mixed models, significant associations between NWT isolates and the consumption of specific antibiotics were found: the short-term use of tetracyclines in the growth period was associated with the occurrence of tetracycline NWT E. coli in the growth period (OR: 11.94 [1.78; 89.28]), and the long-term use of macrolide and tetracyclines was associated with the occurrence of erythromycin NWT S. delphini in the weaning period (OR: 18.2 [2.26; 321.36]) and tetracycline NWT S. delphini in the growth period (OR: 8.2 [1.27; 63.31]), respectively. Farms with zero consumption in the study years prior to sampling also had a substantial proportion of NWT isolates, indicating that NWT isolates are persistent and/or widely spread in the environment. Generally, a high occurrence of tetracycline NWTs was observed. NWT isolates with resistance against the most commonly used antibiotics were found on all the farms, stressing the need for routine surveillance and the prudent use of antibiotics. The results offer a preview of the complex relationship between consumption and resistance, demonstrating some significant associations between use and resistance. Moreover, antibiotic-resistant bacteria are present even on farms with no antibiotic consumption over extended periods, and theoretical explanations supported by the data are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanett Kvist Nikolaisen
- Research Group for Microbiology and Hygiene, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (C.N.C.); (L.B.J.)
- Department of Health and Diagnostics, Kopenhagen Fur a.m.b.a., 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; (M.F.); (A.A.R.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mette Fertner
- Department of Health and Diagnostics, Kopenhagen Fur a.m.b.a., 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; (M.F.); (A.A.R.); (T.S.)
| | - Desiree Corvera Kløve Lassen
- Center for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (D.C.K.L.); (M.C.); (V.F.J.)
| | - Chaza Nazih Chehabi
- Research Group for Microbiology and Hygiene, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (C.N.C.); (L.B.J.)
| | - Amir Atabak Ronaghinia
- Department of Health and Diagnostics, Kopenhagen Fur a.m.b.a., 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; (M.F.); (A.A.R.); (T.S.)
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mariann Chriél
- Center for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (D.C.K.L.); (M.C.); (V.F.J.)
| | - Vibeke Frøkjær Jensen
- Center for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (D.C.K.L.); (M.C.); (V.F.J.)
| | - Lars Bogø Jensen
- Research Group for Microbiology and Hygiene, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (C.N.C.); (L.B.J.)
| | - Karl Pedersen
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Tina Struve
- Department of Health and Diagnostics, Kopenhagen Fur a.m.b.a., 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; (M.F.); (A.A.R.); (T.S.)
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First finding of Streptococcus phocae infections in mink (Neovison vison). Res Vet Sci 2021; 139:145-151. [PMID: 34311216 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus phocae infection has been described in salmon, sea otters, and several families of pinnipeds. The pathology of the infected animals has mainly been located in the respiratory tract and reproductive system, and with indications of septicemia. In this study, we report the finding of S. phocae in diagnostic material from three unrelated cases of farmed mink. Since S. phocae initially has been described in pinnipeds, two isolates from wild harbor seals were included. All isolates originated from Denmark. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. phocae infection in mink. The animals (three mink, two seals) were necropsied, and samples were collected for bacteriology, virology, and histopathology. Additionally, the S. phocae isolates were whole genome sequenced and compared to sequences of previously reported isolates from other host species. S. phocae was isolated from the lungs of one mink and one seal with bacteremia, and from one seal with pneumonia. The two remaining mink had dermal infections on the paws and S. phocae was isolated from the lesions. The analysis of the sequence data showed that the three mink isolates and one seal isolate were closely related. Further investigation is needed to conclude whether S. phocae is establishing as commensal in farmed mink and to uncover the infection related pathology in mink. Streptococcus phocae has been described as an emerging pathogen in other species, therefore future awareness and surveillance of this pathogen is crucial.
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Ronaghinia AA, Birch JM, Frandsen HL, Toutain PL, Damborg P, Struve T. Evaluating a tylosin dosage regimen for treatment of Staphylococcus delphini infection in mink (Neovison vison): a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic approach. Vet Res 2021; 52:34. [PMID: 33640030 PMCID: PMC7913401 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus delphini is one of the most common pathogens isolated from mink infections, especially dermatitis. Tylosin (TYL) is used frequently against these infections, although no evidence-based treatment regimen exists. This study aimed to explore the dosage of TYL for infections caused by S. delphini in mink. Two animal experiments with a total of 12 minks were conducted to study the serum pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of TYL in mink after 10 mg/kg IV and oral dosing, respectively. The concentration of TYL in serum samples collected before and eight times during 24 h after TYL administration was quantitated with liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the TYL disposition was analyzed using non-linear mixed effect analysis. The pharmacodynamics (PD) of TYL against S. delphini were studied using semi-mechanistic modeling of in vitro time-kill experiments. PKPD modeling and simulation were done to establish the PKPD index and dosage regimen. The disposition of TYL was described by a two-compartmental model. The area under the free concentration-time curve of TYL over the minimum inhibitory concentration of S. delphini (fAUC/MIC) was determined as PKPD index with breakpoints of 48.9 and 98.7 h for bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect, respectively. The calculated daily oral dose of TYL was 2378 mg/kg, which is 238-fold higher than the currently used TYL oral dosage regimen in mink (10 mg/kg). Accordingly, sufficient TYL concentrations are impossible to achieve in mink plasma, and use of this drug for extra-intestinal infections in this animal species must be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Atabak Ronaghinia
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. .,Kopenhagen Diagnostics, Department of Health and Diagnostics, Kopenhagen Fur a.m.b.a., Langagervej 60, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Julie Melsted Birch
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Kopenhagen Diagnostics, Department of Health and Diagnostics, Kopenhagen Fur a.m.b.a., Langagervej 60, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lauritz Frandsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 204, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK.,INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Peter Damborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tina Struve
- Kopenhagen Diagnostics, Department of Health and Diagnostics, Kopenhagen Fur a.m.b.a., Langagervej 60, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
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