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dos Santos GF, Petri FAM, Pires GP, Panneitz AK, Braga ER, Malcher CS, Mongruel ACB, de Castro JHT, Mathias LA, de Oliveira LG. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Leptospira spp. Infection in Backyard Pigs in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:468. [PMID: 37888596 PMCID: PMC10611261 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that poses a significant threat to human and animal health worldwide. Among different animal species, pigs are known to play a crucial role in the transmission of the pathogenic Leptospira spp. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Leptospira spp. infection and associated risk factors in backyard pigs in the state of Paraná, Brazil. A set of 1393 blood samples were collected from pigs on 188 subsistence properties from 136 different municipalities of the Paraná state and tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to detect antibodies against 24 different Leptospira spp. serovars. The results revealed an overall seroprevalence of 15.87% (221/1393; 95% CI: 13.95-17.78%) for Leptospira spp. antibodies, with Icterohaemorrhagiae, Butembo, and Pomona being the most commonly detected in serovar levels. The lack of rodent control (OR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.63-1.98, p = 0.02) was the only variable associated with disease incidence and was identified as a significant risk factor for Leptospira spp. infection in this context. These findings highlight the urgent need to implement effective control measures, such as improved housing conditions, rodent control, and veterinary assistance, to prevent the spread of this zoonotic disease in backyard pigs in Paraná, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Fernandes dos Santos
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Fernando Antônio Moreira Petri
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Gabriele Polia Pires
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Ana Karolina Panneitz
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Eduarda Ribeiro Braga
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Clarisse Sena Malcher
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Anna Claudia Baumel Mongruel
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | | | - Luís Antônio Mathias
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
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da Silva EC, Fornazari F, Antunes JMADP, Demoner LDC, de Oliveira LHO, Peres MG, Megid J, Langoni H. Molecular detection of Leptospira spp. in small wild rodents from rural areas of São Paulo State, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2023; 56:e01602023. [PMID: 37792829 PMCID: PMC10550089 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0160-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis represents a One Health issue, affecting humans and animals. This study investigated pathogenic leptospires in small wild rodents in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS Kidney samples from 164 rodents underwent qPCR testing, targeting pathogenic Leptospira spp. RESULTS Thirty-five animals (21.34%) tested positive, including five rodent species: Akodon montensis (2/21; 9.5%), Necromys lasiurus (1/4; 25%), Oligoryzomys nigripes (24/92; 26.1%), Oligoryzomys flavescens (5/26; 19.2%), and Sooretamys angouya (3/14; 21.4%). Botucatu municipality exhibited the highest prevalence, with 42.5% (20/47) of the animals testing positive. CONCLUSIONS The presence of Leptospira spp. in wild rodents suggests they may be chronic carriers, contaminating the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Fornazari
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Produção animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Jane Megid
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Produção animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Helio Langoni
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Produção animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Guzmán DA, Diaz E, Sáenz C, Álvarez H, Cueva R, Zapata-Ríos G, Prado-Vivar B, Falconí M, Pearson T, Barragán V. Domestic dogs in indigenous Amazonian communities: key players in Leptospira cycling and transmission? BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.19.558554. [PMID: 37786682 PMCID: PMC10541607 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.19.558554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is the world's most common zoonotic disease. Mitigation and control rely on pathogen identification and understanding the roles of potential reservoirs in cycling and transmission. Underreporting and misdiagnosis obscure the magnitude of the problem and confound efforts to understand key epidemiological components. Difficulties in culturing hamper the use of serological diagnostics and delay the development of DNA detection methods. As a result, especially in complex ecosystems, we know very little about the importance of different mammalian host species in cycling and transmission to humans. Methodology/Principal Findings We sampled five indigenous Kichwa communities living in the Yasuní National Park in the Ecuadorian Amazon basin. Blood and urine samples from domestic dogs were collected to assess the exposure of these animals to Leptospira, and to identify the circulating species. Microscopic Agglutination Tests with a panel of 22 different serovars showed anti-leptospira antibodies in 36 sampled dogs (75%), and 10 serotypes were detected. Two DNA-based detection assays revealed pathogenic Leptospira DNA in 18 of 19 dog urine samples (94.7%). Amplicon sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 16s rDNA and SecY genes from 15 urine samples revealed genetic diversity within two of three different Leptospira species: noguchii (n=7), santarosai (n=7), and interrogans (n=1). Conclusions/Significance The high prevalence of antibodies and Leptospira DNA provides strong evidence for high rates of past and current infections. Such high prevalence has not been previously reported for dogs. These dogs live in the peridomestic environment in close contact with humans, yet they are free-ranging animals that interact with wildlife. This complex web of interactions may explain the diverse types of pathogenic Leptospira observed in this study. Our results suggest that domestic dogs are likely to play an important role in the cycling and transmission of Leptospira. Future studies in areas with complex ecoepidemiology will enable better parsing of the significance of genotypic, environmental, and host characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Guzmán
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Diaz
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Sáenz
- Hospital de Fauna Silvestre TUERI, Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical IBIOTROP, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Hernán Álvarez
- Wildlife Conservation Society – Ecuador Program, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rubén Cueva
- Wildlife Conservation Society – Ecuador Program, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Belén Prado-Vivar
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mercy Falconí
- Agencia de Regulación y Control Fito y Zoosanitario – Agrocalidad, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Talima Pearson
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Verónica Barragán
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
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Serological and Molecular Evidence of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. in Stray Dogs and Cats of Sicily (South Italy), 2017-2021. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020385. [PMID: 36838350 PMCID: PMC9963455 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of public health concern. Its prevalence in stray animals in the South of Italy is unknown. This study aimed to investigate Leptospira spp. prevalence in 1009 stray animals. Out of them, 749 were alive animals, including 358 dogs (316 from Palermo and 42 from Ragusa) and 391 cats (359 from Palermo and 32 from Ragusa), and 260 were corpses (216 dogs and 44 cats) randomly collected in Sicily. Dogs and cats underwent a serological screening by Microscopic Agglutination Test and a molecular investigation by Real-Time PCR targeting lipL32. Corpses were subjected to Real-Time PCR. Serological analyses showed a prevalence of 1.12% (4/358) for dogs and 0.26% (1/391) for cats, with the only positive cat coming from Palermo. Serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae or Copenhageni, followed by Canicola and Bratislava, were the most spread among dogs, while the serological positive cat reacted with Hardjo serogroup. Two urine (2/32, 6.25%) and one blood (1/391, 0.26%) samples of cats, all from Ragusa, were positive at Real-Time PCR for pathogenic Leptospira spp. Sequencing analyses showed the presence of L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae or Copenhageni in one of the positive urine samples and in the positive blood sample. Analyses on corpses showed a prevalence of 1.85% (4/216) in Sicilian dog kidney samples, while all corpses of cats resulted in negative. Genotyping analysis showed a genetic relatedness between cat and human isolates. Results show Leptospira spp. circulation among Sicilian stray animals. The genetic relatedness between cat and human isolates suggests a possible common infection source.
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Javati S, Guernier‐Cambert V, Jonduo M, Robby S, Kimopa J, Maure T, McBryde ES, Pomat W, Aplin K, Helgen KM, Abdad MY, Horwood PF. Diversity of Leptospira spp. in bats and rodents from Papua New Guinea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:4048-4054. [PMID: 36196768 PMCID: PMC10092571 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is the most common bacterial zoonosis globally. The pathogen, Leptospira spp., is primarily associated with rodent reservoirs. However, a wide range of other species has been implicated as reservoirs or dead-end hosts. We conducted a survey for Leptospira spp. in bats and rodents from Papua New Guinea. Kidney samples were collected from 97 pteropodid bats (five species), 37 insectivorous bats from four different families (six species) and 188 rodents (two species). Leptospires were detected in a high proportion of pteropodid bats, including Nyctimene cf. albiventer (35%), Macroglossus minimus (34%) and Rousettus amplexicaudatus (36%). Partial sequencing of the secY gene from rodent and bat leptospires showed host species clustering, with Leptospira interrogans and L. weilii detected in rodents and L. kirschneri and a potential novel species of Leptospira detected in bats. Further research is needed in Papua New Guinea and other locales in the Pacific region to gain a better understanding of the circulation dynamics of leptospires in reservoir species and the risks to public and veterinary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Javati
- Infection and Immunity UnitPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical ResearchGoroka, Eastern Highlands ProvincePapua New Guinea
| | - Vanina Guernier‐Cambert
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and MedicineJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Marinjho Jonduo
- Infection and Immunity UnitPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical ResearchGoroka, Eastern Highlands ProvincePapua New Guinea
| | - Sinafa Robby
- Infection and Immunity UnitPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical ResearchGoroka, Eastern Highlands ProvincePapua New Guinea
| | - Jobb Kimopa
- Infection and Immunity UnitPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical ResearchGoroka, Eastern Highlands ProvincePapua New Guinea
| | - Tobias Maure
- Infection and Immunity UnitPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical ResearchGoroka, Eastern Highlands ProvincePapua New Guinea
| | - Emma S. McBryde
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and MedicineJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - William Pomat
- Infection and Immunity UnitPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical ResearchGoroka, Eastern Highlands ProvincePapua New Guinea
| | - Ken Aplin
- Australian Museum Research InstituteAustralian MuseumSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kristofer M. Helgen
- Australian Museum Research InstituteAustralian MuseumSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Mohammad Yazid Abdad
- Infection and Immunity UnitPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical ResearchGoroka, Eastern Highlands ProvincePapua New Guinea
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Mahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- College of Public HealthMedical and Veterinary SciencesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Paul F. Horwood
- Infection and Immunity UnitPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical ResearchGoroka, Eastern Highlands ProvincePapua New Guinea
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and MedicineJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- College of Public HealthMedical and Veterinary SciencesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
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Aymée L, Di Azevedo MIN, de Melo JDSL, Balaro MFA, Martins GMDS, Consalter A, Leite JDS, Carvalho-Costa FA, Lilenbaum W. Leptospira noguchii associated to reproductive disease in ruminants. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:3103-3108. [PMID: 34741442 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is known to determine reproductive disorders on livestock, and Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira borgpetersenii are the most frequently reported species. Leptospira noguchii is an emerging pathogen, but its association with reproductive disease is unclear. We have detected L. noguchii as the agent of an outbreak with reproductive disorders in a Brazilian dairy goat flock. In the kidding season, five out of 10 Saanen had abortions in the final month of pregnancy and two newborn kids had acute clinical signs. After necropsy of three foetuses and one newborn kid, fragments of liver, lung and kidney were submitted to lipL32-PCR. It yielded positive results in at least one fragment from each animal. After, a nested secY-PCR, followed by sequencing, could identify L. noguchii, with 99-100% of identity with sequences obtained from cattle in the same region. For the first time, L. noguchii was detected in goats and, most importantly, the association of this leptospiral species with reproductive failures in ruminants has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Aymée
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mario Felipe Alvarez Balaro
- Pathology and Veterinary Clinics Department, Veterinary College, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Mendes de Souza Martins
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Arthur Sá Earp Neto University Center, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angélica Consalter
- Professor Firmino Marsico Filho, University Veterinary Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva Leite
- Pathology and Veterinary Clinics Department, Veterinary College, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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