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Adhikari B, Tellez-Isaias G, Jiang T, Wooming B, Kwon YM. Development of real-time PCR assay for quantitative detection of Clostridium septicum. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103681. [PMID: 38603932 PMCID: PMC11017044 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellulitis is an important disease in commercial turkey farms associated with significant economic loss. Although the etiology of cellulitis is not fully elucidated, Clostridium septicum (C. septicum) is one of the main causes of this infectious disease. In this study, we report the development of a quantitative real-time PCR (qRT PCR) assay targeting the alpha-toxin gene (csa), which involves a prior 15-cyle PCR using a nested pair of primers to increase the detection sensitivity. Additionally, the TaqMan probe was employed to increase the target-specificity of the assay. The performance of our nested qRT-PCR assay was evaluated using Clostridium isolates from turkey farms, representing both septicum and non-septicum species, as well as sponge swab samples from turkey farms. Our step-by-step development of the assay showed that the csa gene is a suitable target for specific detection of C. septicum strains and that the inclusion of nested PCR step significantly increased the detection sensitivity of the final qRT PCR assay. The performance of the assay was also validated by a high correlation of the threshold cycle numbers of the qRT PCR assay with the relative abundance of C. septicum read counts in 16S rRNA gene microbiota profiles of the C. septicum-containing samples from turkey farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Current address: Research and Development, Aldevron, Fargo, ND 58104, USA.
| | | | - Tieshan Jiang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | | | - Young Min Kwon
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Martins GL, de Souza AJ, Mendes LW, Gontijo JB, Rodrigues MM, Coscione AR, Oliveira FC, Regitano JB. Physicochemical and bacterial changes during composting of vegetable and animal-derived agro-industrial wastes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 376:128842. [PMID: 36898559 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of different agro-industrial organic wastes (i.e., sugarcane filter cake, poultry litter, and chicken manure) on the bacterial community and their relationship with physicochemical attributes during composting. Integrative analysis was performed by combining high-throughput sequencing and environmental data to decipher changes in the waste microbiome. The results revealed that animal-derived compost stabilized more carbon and mineralized a more organic nitrogen than vegetable-derived compost. Composting enhanced bacterial diversity and turned the bacterial community structure similar among all wastes, reducing Firmicutes abundance in animal-derived wastes. Potential biomarkers indicating compost maturation were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota phyla, Chryseolinea genus and Rhizobiales order. The waste source influenced the final physicochemical attributes, whereas composting enhanced the complexity of the microbial community in the order of poultry litter > filter cake > chicken manure. Therefore, composted wastes, mainly the animal-derived ones, seem to present more sustainable attributes for agricultural use, despite their losses of C, N, and S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Lucio Martins
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Adijailton José de Souza
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas William Mendes
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia Brandão Gontijo
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mayra Maniero Rodrigues
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Renée Coscione
- Center of Soil and Agroenviromental Resources, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jussara Borges Regitano
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Szafraniec GM, Szeleszczuk P, Dolka B. Review on skeletal disorders caused by Staphylococcus spp. in poultry. Vet Q 2022; 42:21-40. [PMID: 35076352 PMCID: PMC8843168 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2022.2033880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lameness or leg weakness is the main cause of poor poultry welfare and serious economic losses in meat-type poultry production worldwide. Disorders related to the legs are often associated with multifactorial aetiology which makes diagnosis and proper treatment difficult. Among the infectious agents, bacteria of genus Staphylococcus are one of the most common causes of bone infections in poultry and are some of the oldest bacterial infections described in poultry. Staphylococci readily infect bones and joints and are associated with bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), spondylitis, arthritis, tendinitis, tenosynovitis, osteomyelitis, turkey osteomyelitis complex (TOC), bumblefoot, dyschondroplasia with osteomyelitis and amyloid arthropathy. Overall, 61 staphylococcal species have been described so far, and 56% of them (34/61) have been isolated from clinical cases in poultry. Although Staphylococcus aureus is the principal cause of poultry staphylococcosis, other Staphylococcus species, such as S. agnetis, S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, S. hyicus, S. simulans, have also been isolated from skeletal lesions. Antimicrobial treatment of staphylococcosis is usually ineffective due to the location and type of lesion, as well as the possible occurrence of multidrug-resistant strains. Increasing demand for antibiotic-free farming has contributed to the use of alternatives to antibiotics. Other prevention methods, such as better management strategies, early feed restriction or use of slow growing broilers should be implemented to avoid rapid growth rate, which is associated with locomotor problems. This review aims to summarise and address current knowledge on skeletal disorders associated with Staphylococcus spp. infection in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaw M. Szafraniec
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Szeleszczuk
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Landim de Barros T, Vuong CN, Tellez-Isaias G, Hargis BM. Uncontroversial facts and new perspectives on poultry histomonosis: a review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2119915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine N. Vuong
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | | | - Billy M. Hargis
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Barros TL, Vuong CN, Latorre JD, Cuesta RS, McGill E, Rochell SJ, Tellez-Isaias G, Hargis BM. Feed Composition and Isolate of Histomonas meleagridis Alter Horizontal Transmission of Histomonosis in Turkeys. Proof of Concept. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:937102. [PMID: 35847644 PMCID: PMC9277661 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.937102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of histomonosis in turkeys are typically initiated by the ingestion of contaminated embryonated eggs of Heterakis gallinarum, potentially present in earthworms and mechanical vectors. Once an outbreak is started, infected turkeys can transmit the disease by horizontal transmission. Factors influencing horizontal transmission of histomonosis are poorly understood. Replication of horizontal transmission in experimental conditions has not been consistent, presenting an obstacle in searching for alternatives to prevent or treat the disease. Two pilot experiments and three validation experiments were conducted in the present study. In pilot experiment 1, one isolate of Histomonas meleagridis (named Buford) was used. Turkeys were fed a low-nutrient density diet corn-soy based (LOW-CS) and raised in floor pens. In pilot experiment 2, another isolate of H. meleagridis was used (named PHL). Turkeys were fed a low-nutrient density diet with the addition of wheat middlings (LOW-WM) and raised in floor pens. In experiment 3, conducted on floor pens, both isolates and diets were used in different groups. In experiment 4, turkeys were raised on battery cages and only the PHL isolate was used. Both diets (LOW-WM and LOW-CS) were used, in addition to a diet surpassing the nutritional needs of young poults (turkey starter, TS). In experiment 5, conducted in battery cages, only the PHL isolate was used, and the LOW-WM and TS diets were in different groups. The horizontal transmission was achieved only with the PHL isolate from all experiments. The transmission rate varied among experimental diets, with the TS diet having the lowest transmission rate in experiments 4 and 5. Variation was observed between experiments and within experimental groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaina L. Barros
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
- *Correspondence: Thaina L. Barros
| | - Christine N. Vuong
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Juan D. Latorre
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Roberto S. Cuesta
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Samuel J. Rochell
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Billy M. Hargis
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Increased microbial diversity and decreased prevalence of common pathogens in the gut microbiomes of wild turkeys compared to domestic turkeys. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0142321. [PMID: 35044852 PMCID: PMC8904053 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01423-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) provide a globally important source of protein and constitute the second most important source of poultry meat in the world. Bacterial diseases are common in commercial poultry production causing significant production losses for farmers. Due to the increasingly recognized problems associated with large-scale/indiscriminant antibiotic use in agricultural settings, poultry producers need alternative methods to control common bacterial pathogens. In this study we compared the cecal microbiota of wild and domestic turkeys, hypothesizing that environmental pressures faced by wild birds may select for a disease-resistant microbial community. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes amplified from cecal samples indicate that free-roaming wild turkeys carry a rich and variable microbiota compared to domestic turkeys raised on large-scale poultry farms. Wild turkeys also had very low levels of Staphylococcus, Salmonella and E. coli when compared to domestic turkeys. E. coli strains isolated from wild or domestic turkey cecal samples also belong to distinct phylogenetic backgrounds and differ in their propensity to carry virulence genes. E. coli strains isolated from factory-raised turkeys were far more likely to carry genes for capsule (kpsII, kpsIII) or siderophore (iroN, fyuA) synthesis than those isolated from wild turkeys. These results suggest that the microbiota of wild turkeys may provide colonization resistance against common poultry pathogens. Importance Due to the increasingly recognized problems associated with antibiotic use in agricultural settings, poultry producers need alternative methods to control common bacterial pathogens. In this study we compare the microbiota of wild and domestic turkeys. Results suggest that free ranging wild turkeys carry a distinct microbiome when compared to farm raised turkeys. The microbiome of wild birds contains very low levels of poultry pathogens compared to farm raised birds. The microbiomes of wild turkeys may be used to guide development of new ways to control disease in large scale poultry production.
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Abdelhamid MK, Rychlik I, Hess C, Hatfaludi T, Crhanova M, Karasova D, Lagler J, Liebhart D, Hess M, Paudel S. Typhlitis induced by Histomonas meleagridis affects relative but not the absolute Escherichia coli counts and invasion in the gut in turkeys. Vet Res 2021; 52:92. [PMID: 34158121 PMCID: PMC8220719 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike in chickens, dynamics of the gut microbiome in turkeys is limitedly understood and no data were yet published in context of pathological changes following experimental infection. Thus, the impact of Histomonas meleagridis-associated inflammatory changes in the caecal microbiome, especially the Escherichia coli population and their caecal wall invasion in turkeys was investigated. Birds experimentally inoculated with attenuated and/or virulent H. meleagridis and non-inoculated negative controls were divided based on the severity of macroscopic caecal lesions. The high throughput amplicon sequencing of 16SrRNA showed that the species richness and diversity of microbial community significantly decreased in severely affected caeca. The relative abundances of operational taxonomic units belonging to Anaerotignum lactatifermentans, E. coli, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were higher and paralleled with a decreased abundances of those belonging to Alistipes putredinis, Streptococcusalactolyticus, Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus reuteri in birds with the highest lesion scores. Although the relative abundance of E. coli was higher, the absolute count was not affected by the severity of pathological lesions. Immunohistochemistry showed that E. coli was only present in the luminal content of caecum and did not penetrate even severely inflamed and necrotized caecal wall. Overall, it was demonstrated that the fundamental shift in caecal microbiota of turkeys infected with H. meleagridis was attributed to the pathology induced by the parasite, which only led to relative but not absolute changes in E. coli population. Furthermore, E. coli cells did not show tendency to penetrate the caecal tissue even when the intestinal mucosal barriers were severely compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kamal Abdelhamid
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ivan Rychlik
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamas Hatfaludi
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Crhanova
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Karasova
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Lagler
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Surya Paudel
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Xu S, Dong Y, Shi J, Li Z, Che L, Lin Y, Li J, Feng B, Fang Z, Yong Z, Wang J, Wu D. Responses of Vaginal Microbiota to Dietary Supplementation with Lysozyme and its Relationship with Rectal Microbiota and Sow Performance from Late Gestation to Early Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030593. [PMID: 33668266 PMCID: PMC7996156 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The vaginal microbiota has a crucial role for the health of the sow and the newborn piglet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with lysozyme in the vaginal microbiota and evaluate its relationship with the fecal microbiota of the rectum and the reproductive performance of the sow. The results suggest that, lysozyme supplementation changed vaginal microbiota composition at different taxonomic levels, the changed vaginal microbiota was associated with variations in fecal microbiota, and these changes correlated with some reproductive performance of the sow. Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lysozyme (LZM) supplementation on the vaginal microbiota, as well as the relationship between vaginal microbiota and the fecal microbiota of rectum and the reproductive performance of the sow. A total of 60 Yorkshire × Landrace sows (3–6 of parity) were arranged from day 85 of gestation to the end of lactation in a completely randomized design with three treatments (control diet, control diet + lysozyme 150 mg/kg, control diet + lysozyme 300 mg/kg). The results showed that sows fed with lysozyme increased serum interleukin-10 (IL-10, p < 0.05) on day 7 of lactation. The vaginal microbiota varied at different taxonomic levels with LZM supplementation by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The most representative changes included a decrease in Tenericutes, Streptococcus, Bacillus and increase in Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus (p < 0.05). There were 777 OTUs existing in both, vaginal and fecal microbiota. The addition of LZM also decreased the abundance of Tenericutes (p < 0.05) in the vagina and feces. The changes in the microbiota were correlated in some cases positively with the performance of the sow, for example, Bacillus in feces was positively correlated with the neonatal weight (p < 0.05). These results indicate that the addition of lysozyme to the diet of sow during perinatal period promote the change of vaginal bacterial community after farrowing. The variations in vaginal microbiota are also associated with the changes in the fecal microbiology of the rectum and the reproductive performance of the sow. Therefore, it is concluded that dietary supplementation with lysozyme in sows in late gestation stage until early lactation, is beneficial to establish vaginal microbiota that seems to promote maternal health and reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Xu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yanpeng Dong
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiankai Shi
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zimei Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Yong
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - De Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
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