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Morais DA, Nunes BC, Barnabé NNC, Anjos DM, Bezerra CS, Costa DF, Santos CSAB, Azevedo SS, Alves CJ. Spatial and seasonal distribution of Leptospira spp. seropositive horses in the Northeast region of Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2024; 231:106301. [PMID: 39121516 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an anthropozoonosis of economic and public health importance, caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Horses are deemed important in its transmission chain due to their proximity to humans, and because the species is often asymptomatic, making these animals potential silent reservoirs. In this context, the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of seropositive horses for Leptospira spp., and to identify the presence of Leptospira spp. serogroups and antibody titers, the occurrence of areas with higher density of infection cases and demographic characteristics associated with seropositivity in the states of Paraíba (PB), Pernambuco (PE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN) and Ceará (CE), in the Northeast region of Brazil, during rainy (May and June) and dry (October and November) seasons from 2017 to 2019. Using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), 1152 equine serum samples from 225 municipalities were analyzed. Anti-Leptospira antibodies were detected in 23.9 % (95 % CI= 21.4 - 26.3 %) of the samples in the three-year period, with a frequency of 30.4 % (95 % CI= 26.7 - 34.2 %) during the rainy period (with greater emphasis on the Ballum serogroup) and 17.4 % (95 % CI= 14.3 - 20.5 %) in the dry period (with greater emphasis on the Sejroe serogroup). Age of horses ≥ 6 years (6-10 years, 11-15 years and ≥ 16 years), rainy season, and animal belonging to Pernambuco state were factors with higher seropositivities. Regarding spatial distribution, a higher percentage of seropositive animals was observed in Pernambuco (P < 0.05), in interstate border areas, and large urban centers, with a spatial cluster detected in the dry season of 2018 with relative risk of 2.8 (P = 0.049) times higher in municipalities within the cluster. It is suggested that measures for controlling rodents and contact with wild animals in equine farming, both in rainy and dry periods, combined with care regarding the use of pastures shared with cattle and the adoption of immunoprophylaxis are important in preventing and controlling leptospirosis in horses in the Northeast region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davidianne A Morais
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Nunes
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Nathanael N C Barnabé
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Denize M Anjos
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Camila S Bezerra
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Diego F Costa
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Rodovia BR 079, Km 02, Areia PB 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina S A B Santos
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Sérgio S Azevedo
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil.
| | - Clebert J Alves
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
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Onafruo D, Klein J, Erume J, Kankya C, Jubara A, Kokas I, Odoch T, Munyeme M, Alinaitwe L, Kitale E, Marin P, Sabbath E, Dreyfus A. Molecular and serological prevalence of Leptospira spp. among slaughtered cattle and associated risk factors in the Bahr El Ghazal region of South Sudan. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:296. [PMID: 38971746 PMCID: PMC11227130 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptospirosis is a neglected emerging and zoonotic disease reported worldwide. This study sought to determine the molecular and serological prevalence of Leptospira spp. and the associated risk factors in slaughtered cattle from the Bahr El Ghazal region of South Sudan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between January 16th and February 25th, 2023, blood and urine samples were collected from 402 cattle at the Lokoloko Municipal Slaughterhouse in Western Bahr El-Ghazal State. Serum samples were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), with a panel of 12 serovars (sv) from 12 serogroups (sg) and 4 species (spp) of Leptospira spp. These serovars had been previously identified in Sudan and the East African region. Simultaneously, 400 corresponding urine samples were screened using qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the shedding of Leptospira spp. in urine. To identify the associated risk factors, the age, sex, breed and body condition score of each sampled cattle was noted at the time of sampling and subsequently analysed using logistic regression models. RESULTS Among the 402 serum samples screened, a substantial 81.8% (329/402, 95% CI 77.9-85.3) displayed seropositivity for Leptospira spp. with a MAT titre ≥ 100. The prevalence of urine shedding determined by PCR was 6% (23/400, 95% CI 3.8-8.4), while probable recent leptospirosis with a MAT ≥ 1:800 was observed in 33.1% (133/402, 95% CI 28.6-37.8) of the cattle. Multiple reactions were detected in 34.8% (140/402, 95% CI 30.6-39.5) serum samples. The seropositivity was against L. borgpetersenii sg. Tarassovi (78.6%; 316/402, 95% CI 74.4-82.3), followed by L. borgpetersenii sg. Ballum at 20.4% (82/402, 95% CI, 16.7-24.4%), L. kirschneri sg. Autumnalis At 8.7% (35/402, 95% CI 5.7-11.7), L. interrogans sg. of Pomona at 7.0% (28/402, 95% CI 4.5-9.5), and L. interrogans sg. Hebdomadis was 5.0% (20/402, 95% CI 2.8-7.2). Several risk factors are associated with seropositivity. Older animals (≥ 2 years) had 2.0 times greater odds (95% CI 1.14-3.5) of being seropositive than younger animals (< 2 years), P-value = 0.016. Female animals demonstrated 2.1 times greater odds (95% CI 1.2-3.6) of seropositivity than males did (P-value = 0.008). Additionally, Felata/Mbororo cattle exhibited 2.4 times greater odds (95% CI 1.3-4.5) of being seropositive than did local Nilotic cattle (P-value = 0.005). The agreement between the MAT and PCR results was poor, as indicated by a kappa statistic value of 0.001 and a P-value of 0.913. But there was a moderate agreement between MAT high titres ≥ 800 and PCR positivity with a kappa statistic value = 0.501 and a P-value < 0.001. CONCLUSION In addition to the high seroprevalence, Leptospira spp. were found in the urine of slaughtered cattle, suggesting that leptospirosis is endemic to the study area. This finding underscores the significance of cattle as potential sources of infection for slaughterhouse workers, the general public, and other animal species. To address this issue effectively in the Bahr El Ghazal Region and South Sudan, a comprehensive strategy involving a multidisciplinary approach is essential to minimize disease among animals, hence reducing potential zoonotic risks to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Onafruo
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Bahr El Ghazal (UBG), P.O Box 30, Wau, South Sudan.
| | - Jörn Klein
- Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South -Eastern (USN), and Department of Microsystems, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern (USN), PO BOX 235, Porsgrunn, Norway
| | - Joseph Erume
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ambrose Jubara
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Bahr El Ghazal (UBG), P.O Box 30, Wau, South Sudan
| | - Ikwap Kokas
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolab Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Terence Odoch
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Africa Centre of Excellent for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lordrick Alinaitwe
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Estella Kitale
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Bahr El Ghazal (UBG), P.O Box 30, Wau, South Sudan
| | - Peter Marin
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Public Health, College of Public and Environmental Health, University of Bahr El Ghazal (UBG), P.O Box 30, Wau, South, Sudan
| | - Esther Sabbath
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Bahr El Ghazal (UBG), P.O Box 30, Wau, South Sudan
| | - Anou Dreyfus
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, P.O Box 1931, Zurich, Switzerland
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dos Santos GF, Petri FAM, Pires GP, Panneitz AK, Braga ER, Malcher CS, Mongruel ACB, de Castro JHT, Mathias LA, de Oliveira LG. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Leptospira spp. Infection in Backyard Pigs in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:468. [PMID: 37888596 PMCID: PMC10611261 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that poses a significant threat to human and animal health worldwide. Among different animal species, pigs are known to play a crucial role in the transmission of the pathogenic Leptospira spp. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Leptospira spp. infection and associated risk factors in backyard pigs in the state of Paraná, Brazil. A set of 1393 blood samples were collected from pigs on 188 subsistence properties from 136 different municipalities of the Paraná state and tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to detect antibodies against 24 different Leptospira spp. serovars. The results revealed an overall seroprevalence of 15.87% (221/1393; 95% CI: 13.95-17.78%) for Leptospira spp. antibodies, with Icterohaemorrhagiae, Butembo, and Pomona being the most commonly detected in serovar levels. The lack of rodent control (OR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.63-1.98, p = 0.02) was the only variable associated with disease incidence and was identified as a significant risk factor for Leptospira spp. infection in this context. These findings highlight the urgent need to implement effective control measures, such as improved housing conditions, rodent control, and veterinary assistance, to prevent the spread of this zoonotic disease in backyard pigs in Paraná, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Fernandes dos Santos
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Fernando Antônio Moreira Petri
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Gabriele Polia Pires
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Ana Karolina Panneitz
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Eduarda Ribeiro Braga
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Clarisse Sena Malcher
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Anna Claudia Baumel Mongruel
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | | | - Luís Antônio Mathias
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
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Arteaga-Troncoso G, Luna-Alvarez M, Hernández-Andrade L, Jiménez-Estrada JM, Sánchez-Cordero V, Botello F, Montes de Oca-Jiménez R, López-Hurtado M, Guerra-Infante FM. Modelling the Unidentified Abortion Burden from Four Infectious Pathogenic Microorganisms ( Leptospira interrogans, Brucella abortus, Brucella ovis, and Chlamydia abortus) in Ewes Based on Artificial Neural Networks Approach: The Epidemiological Basis for a Control Policy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2955. [PMID: 37760355 PMCID: PMC10525082 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Unidentified abortion, of which leptospirosis, brucellosis, and ovine enzootic abortion are important factors, is the main cause of disease spread between animals and humans in all agricultural systems in most developing countries. Although there are well-defined risk factors for these diseases, these characteristics do not represent the prevalence of the disease in different regions. This study predicts the unidentified abortion burden from multi-microorganisms in ewes based on an artificial neural networks approach and the GLM. METHODS A two-stage cluster survey design was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of abortifacient microorganisms and to identify putative factors of infectious abortion. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence of Brucella was 70.7%, while Leptospira spp. was 55.2%, C. abortus was 21.9%, and B. ovis was 7.4%. Serological detection with four abortion-causing microorganisms was determined only in 0.87% of sheep sampled. The best GLM is integrated via serological detection of serovar Hardjo and Brucella ovis in animals of the slopes with elevation between 2600 and 2800 meters above sea level from the municipality of Xalatlaco. Other covariates included in the GLM, such as the sheep pen built with materials of metal grids and untreated wood, dirt and concrete floors, bed of straw, and the well water supply were also remained independently associated with infectious abortion. Approximately 80% of those respondents did not wear gloves or masks to prevent the transmission of the abortifacient zoonotic microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS Sensitizing stakeholders on good agricultural practices could improve public health surveillance. Further studies on the effect of animal-human transmission in such a setting is worthwhile to further support the One Health initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Arteaga-Troncoso
- Department of Cellular Biology and Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de Mexico 11000, Mexico;
- Military School of Health Officers, University of the Mexican Army and Air Force, SEDENA, Ciudad de Mexico 11650, Mexico
| | - Miguel Luna-Alvarez
- Laboratory of Leptospirosis, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health, and Food Safety (CENID-SAI, INIFAP), Ciudad de Mexico 05110, Mexico;
| | - Laura Hernández-Andrade
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health, and Food Safety (CENID-SAI, INIFAP), Ciudad de Mexico 05110, Mexico;
| | | | - Víctor Sánchez-Cordero
- Department of Zoology and National Pavilion of Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (V.S.-C.); (F.B.)
| | - Francisco Botello
- Department of Zoology and National Pavilion of Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (V.S.-C.); (F.B.)
| | | | - Marcela López-Hurtado
- Department of Infectology and Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de Mexico 11000, Mexico;
| | - Fernando M. Guerra-Infante
- Department of Infectology and Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de Mexico 11000, Mexico;
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
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Barnabé NNDC, Soares RR, Barros DKS, Nogueira DB, da Costa FTR, Araújo Júnior JP, Malossi CD, Ullmann LS, da Costa DF, Silva MLCR, Higino SSDS, Santos CDSAB, de Azevedo SS, Alves CJ. Bovine Leptospirosis in Caatinga Biome, Brazil: New Insights into Diagnosis and Epidemiology. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:177. [PMID: 36977178 PMCID: PMC10053506 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leptospirosis causes economic losses and raises public health concerns. It is possible that there are peculiarities in the epidemiology of leptospirosis in regions with a semiarid climate, such as the Caatinga biome in Brazil, where the climate is hot and dry, and the etiological agent require alternative routes of transmission. This study aimed to close knowledge gaps to the diagnosis and epidemiology of Leptospira spp. infection in cows from the Caatinga biome, Brazil. Samples of the blood, urinary tract (urine, bladder and kidney) and reproductive tract (vaginal fluid, uterus, uterine tube, ovary and placenta) were collected from 42 slaughtered cows. Diagnostic tests included were the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bacterial isolation. Anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies were found in 27 (64.3%) of the animals analyzed using MAT at a 1:50 dilution (cut-off 50), while 31 (73.8%) animals had at least one organ/fluid where the presence of Leptospira spp. DNA was identified, and 29 animals (69%) were positive at bacteriological culture. The highest sensitivity values for MAT were obtained at the cut-off point of 50. In conclusion, even under hot and dry climate conditions, it is possible that Leptospira spp. can spread through alternative routes such as venereal transmission; moreover, a cut-off of 50 is recommended for the serological diagnosis of cattle from the Caatinga biome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Soares
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine (UAMV), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Deivyson Kelvis Silva Barros
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine (UAMV), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Denise Batista Nogueira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny (FMVZ), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | | | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of the São Paulo State (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Camila Dantas Malossi
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of the São Paulo State (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Leila Sabrina Ullmann
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of the São Paulo State (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sérgio Santos de Azevedo
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine (UAMV), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Clebert José Alves
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine (UAMV), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos 58708-110, Brazil
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Global Seropositivity of Swine Leptospirosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030158. [PMID: 36977159 PMCID: PMC10059827 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a major threat to public health worldwide; however, there is no study focused on global seropositivity in pigs. In this study, we grouped publications and performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to gather data related to swine leptospirosis seropositivity published globally. The search method initially used returned a total of 1183 results, of which 20 met all predefined criteria and were therefore included in this review. Meta-analysis with general data was performed and a combined seropositivity of 21.95% was found. Seropositivity was 36.40% in South America, 34.05% in North America, 22.18% in Africa, 17.40% in Oceania, 13.30% in Europe and 13.36% in Asia. The results suggest that there is high seropositivity for leptospirosis in pigs worldwide. Information compiled from this research is relevant to understanding the spread of leptospirosis globally. It is expected that these indicators will contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease with a focus on its control and, consequently, on the reduction of cases in the human and animal population.
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Strutzberg-Minder K, Ullerich A, Dohmann K, Boehmer J, Goris M. Comparison of Two Leptospira Type Strains of Serovar Grippotyphosa in Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) Diagnostics for the Detection of Infections with Leptospires in Horses, Dogs and Pigs. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090464. [PMID: 36136680 PMCID: PMC9503138 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Leptospires are bacteria of major health concern as they can cause severe systemic diseases in humans and animals alike. In routine diagnostics, the detection of a leptospirosis heavily relies on the analysis of specific antibodies that were generated by the immune system of an infected species. The most widely used test for the detection of such antibodies is the microscopic agglutination test which itself depends on defined types of laboratory grown Leptospires, so-called serovars. A good judgment of the behaviour of these serovars is vital for interpreting test results and clearly defining what type of Leptospires the patient is infected with as this may have implications for therapy and prognosis. In the following, a study on the reaction pattern of a certain type of serovars named ‘Grippotyphosa’ that itself can be divided into two differently reacting subtypes was conducted. It turned out that, depending on the animal species sampled, a differing reaction patterns to the two Grippotyphosa subtypes in the diagnostic test reflected different distribution of these subtypes in the respective populations. In the future, these insights will further improve test performance and assessment or results. Abstract The MAT test is of great importance in the diagnosis of leptospiral infections. Based on various differences, the serovar Grippotyphosa has been divided into two types, Moskva V and Duyster. Differences or similarities of the two type strains in the context of leptospiral diagnostics have not yet been elucidated in more detail; therefore both strains were analysed in MAT diagnostics for the detection of leptospiral infections in pigs, dogs and horses. Serum samples from 2996 pigs, 55 dogs and 35 horses, as well as vitreous and/or aqueous fluid samples from these and 13 additional horses were analysed by MAT; available supplementary samples were tested for leptospires by PCR. In pigs, 92.6% of the samples with both strains received an identical titre result in the MAT test, whereas in dogs and horses only 53.0% and 43.6% had concordant results. Since infections with the serovar Grippotyphosa occur more frequently in dogs and horses overall, more differences were observed here. In the case of discrepant serological results, supplementary samples and PCR examinations were not able to add information on the true status. Further analyses of follow-up studies or at least serum pairs from dogs and horses infected with the serovar Grippotyphosa are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Strutzberg-Minder
- IVD Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics (IVD GmbH), 30926 Seelze, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)511-22002910
| | - Astrid Ullerich
- IVD Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics (IVD GmbH), 30926 Seelze, Germany
| | - Karen Dohmann
- IVD Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics (IVD GmbH), 30926 Seelze, Germany
| | - Jan Boehmer
- IVD Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics (IVD GmbH), 30926 Seelze, Germany
| | - Marga Goris
- OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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