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Mambetaliyev M, Kilibayev S, Kenzhebaeva M, Sarsenkulova N, Tabys S, Valiyeva A, Muzarap D, Tuyskanova M, Myrzakhmetova B, Rametov N, Sarbassova A, Nurgaziev R, Kerimbayev A, Babiuk S, Zhugunissov K. Field Trials of Live and Inactivated Camelpox Vaccines in Kazakhstan. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:685. [PMID: 38932413 PMCID: PMC11209348 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of camelpox occurred in the Mangistau region of Kazakhstan in 2019. To control the outbreak of camelpox and to prevent its further spread to other regions, camels were vaccinated using live and inactivated camelpox vaccines produced in Kazakhstan. To evaluate the efficacy of these camelpox vaccines in the field, vaccine trials used 172 camels on camel farms in the Beineu district. Of these, 132 camels were vaccinated using a live attenuated camelpox vaccine and 40 camels were vaccinated using an inactivated vaccine to observe immunogenicity and safety. The live vaccine was inoculated into camels by scarification at a dose of 5 × 104 EID50, and the inactivated vaccine was injected intramuscularly at 5 mL twice, with an interval of 35 days. During the safety evaluation, camels administered either vaccine displayed no clinical signs of illness or any adverse effects. Post-vaccination seroconversion demonstrated that the live attenuated vaccine started to elicit antibody responses in some animals as early as day seven, while, by day 28, 99% of vaccinated camels responded. For camels immunized with the inactivated vaccine, seroconversion began on day 21 at low titers ranging from 1:2 to 1:4. Ninety days post vaccination, 77% of the camels demonstrated an immune response that was up to a titer of 1:16. The antibody response waned six months post vaccination in camels vaccinated with two types of vaccine. Nonetheless, both vaccines were 100% effective at preventing clinical disease in vaccinated camels during the camelpox outbreak. All unvaccinated camels became ill, with manifestations of clinical signs characteristic of camelpox. Following these successful field trials in Kazakhstan, a vaccination program for camels, to control camelpox using the domestically produced live attenuated camelpox vaccine, has started.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muratbay Mambetaliyev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiysky 080409, Kazakhstan; (M.M.); (S.K.); (M.K.); (N.S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (D.M.); (M.T.); (B.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Sanat Kilibayev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiysky 080409, Kazakhstan; (M.M.); (S.K.); (M.K.); (N.S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (D.M.); (M.T.); (B.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Marzhan Kenzhebaeva
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiysky 080409, Kazakhstan; (M.M.); (S.K.); (M.K.); (N.S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (D.M.); (M.T.); (B.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Nuraiym Sarsenkulova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiysky 080409, Kazakhstan; (M.M.); (S.K.); (M.K.); (N.S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (D.M.); (M.T.); (B.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Shalkar Tabys
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiysky 080409, Kazakhstan; (M.M.); (S.K.); (M.K.); (N.S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (D.M.); (M.T.); (B.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Aisulu Valiyeva
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiysky 080409, Kazakhstan; (M.M.); (S.K.); (M.K.); (N.S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (D.M.); (M.T.); (B.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Dias Muzarap
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiysky 080409, Kazakhstan; (M.M.); (S.K.); (M.K.); (N.S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (D.M.); (M.T.); (B.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Moldir Tuyskanova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiysky 080409, Kazakhstan; (M.M.); (S.K.); (M.K.); (N.S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (D.M.); (M.T.); (B.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Balzhan Myrzakhmetova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiysky 080409, Kazakhstan; (M.M.); (S.K.); (M.K.); (N.S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (D.M.); (M.T.); (B.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Nurkuisa Rametov
- Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050020, Kazakhstan;
- Department of Geospatial Engineering, Satpayev Kazakh National Research Technical University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Aizhamal Sarbassova
- Department of Social Sciences, Satpayev Kazakh National Research Technical University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan;
| | - Ryspek Nurgaziev
- Department of Infectious Animal Diseases, Skryabin Kyrgyz State Agrarian University, Bishkek 720000, Kyrgyzstan;
| | - Aslan Kerimbayev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiysky 080409, Kazakhstan; (M.M.); (S.K.); (M.K.); (N.S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (D.M.); (M.T.); (B.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada;
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kuandyk Zhugunissov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiysky 080409, Kazakhstan; (M.M.); (S.K.); (M.K.); (N.S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (D.M.); (M.T.); (B.M.); (A.K.)
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Zhugunissov K, Mambetaliyev M, Sarsenkulova N, Tabys S, Kenzhebaeva M, Issimov A, Abduraimov Y. Development of an Inactivated Camelpox Vaccine from Attenuated Camelpox Virus Strain: Safety and Protection in Camels. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091513. [PMID: 37174551 PMCID: PMC10177572 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes the preparation of an inactivated vaccine from an attenuated strain of camelpox. The attenuated camelpox virus (CMLV) was grown in lamb kidney cells and in Vero cells. CMLV was accumulated to a significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) titer in lamb kidney cells (7.75 ± 0.08 log TCID50/mL) than in Vero cells (4.00 ± 0.14 log TCID50/mL). During virus inactivation, a concentration of 0.05% beta-propiolactone (BPL) completely inactivated the virus in 6 h at a temperature of 22 ± 1 °C, while a concentration of 0.2% formaldehyde inactivated the virus in 8 h. However, a viral antigen inactivated by BPL was used for vaccine preparation. The inactivated viral antigen was adsorbed with aluminum hydroxide gel, and as a result, an inactivated candidate vaccine was prepared. While the safety of the candidate vaccine was tested in camels and white mice, the protective efficacy of the vaccine was tested only in camels. In the safety evaluation of the inactivated vaccine, the vaccine was not observed to cause any adverse effects in mice and camels. During the immunogenicity study in camels, antibody formation started (0.2 ± 0.16 log2) at Day 21 post-vaccination (PV), and the antibody titer peaked (1.33 ± 0.21 log2) at Day 60 PV and decreased at Day 90 PV (0.50 ± 0.22 log2). Furthermore, no antibodies were detected in vaccinated camels from Days 180 to 365 PV. Camels that received vaccination and were subsequently exposed to wild-type virus evinced a healthy state despite lacking antibodies. In contrast, unvaccinated camels exhibited susceptibility to camelpox upon challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuandyk Zhugunissov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Nuraiym Sarsenkulova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Shalkar Tabys
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Marzhan Kenzhebaeva
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Arman Issimov
- Department of Biology, K.Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, Aktobe 030000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yergali Abduraimov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
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Bamouh Z, Hamdi J, Elkarhat Z, Fellahi S, Omari Tadlaoui K, Watts DM, Fassi Fihri O, Elharrak M. Attenuation and genetic characteristics of a Moroccan strain of Camel pox virus. Vaccine 2022; 40:6471-6480. [PMID: 36192275 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Camel pox (CML) is a widespread infectious viral disease of camels that causes huge economic losses to the camel industry. In this study, a local strain of Camel pox virus (CMLV) was attenuated by 175 serial passages in Vero cells and the residual pathogenicity and infectivity were tested in naïve camels at 120, 150 and 175 passage levels. Also, the safety and immunogenicity of the 175th passage were evaluated in camels using a dose of 104.0 Tissue Culture Dose 50% (TCID50) and monitored for up to one-year post vaccination (pv) for neutralizing antibody. Seroconversion was noted at day 14 pv with neutralizing antibody titers ranging from 0.5 and 1.6 logs over the one-year of the study. Among 8 camels inoculated with the P175 strain, 4 were challenged at 12-month pv with 105.7 TCID50/ml of the original virulent CMLV and complete protection was recorded in all animals. Whole genome sequencing detected six mutations in the original CMLV strain that were not present in the attenuated 175th passage of this strain. Overall, the findings of this study indicated that the 175th passage of the CMLV was attenuated, safe and afforded protection to camels against virulent CMLV, and is therefore, a promising vaccine candidate for the prevention of CML in camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bamouh
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Jihane Hamdi
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco
| | - Zouhair Elkarhat
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco.
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Khalid Omari Tadlaoui
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco.
| | - Douglas M Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
| | | | - Mehdi Elharrak
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco.
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Kandeel M, Al-Mubarak AIA. Camel viral diseases: Current diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:915475. [PMID: 36032287 PMCID: PMC9403476 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.915475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic viruses infect camels, generally regarded as especially hardy livestock because of their ability to thrive in harsh and arid conditions. Transmission of these viruses has been facilitated by the commercialization of camel milk and meat and their byproducts, and vaccines are needed to prevent viruses from spreading. There is a paucity of information on the effectiveness of viral immunizations in camels, even though numerous studies have looked into the topic. More research is needed to create effective vaccines and treatments for camels. Because Camels are carriers of coronavirus, capable of producing a powerful immune response to recurrent coronavirus infections. As a result, camels may be a suitable model for viral vaccine trials since vaccines are simple to create and can prevent viral infection transfer from animals to humans. In this review, we present available data on the diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative strategies for the following viral diseases in camels, most of which result in significant economic loss: camelpox, Rift Valley fever, peste des petits ruminants, bovine viral diarrhea, bluetongue, rotavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and COVID-19. Although suitable vaccines have been developed for controlling viral infections and perhaps interrupting the transmission of the virus from the affected animals to blood-feeding vectors, there is a paucity of information on the effectiveness of viral immunizations in camels and more research is needed. Recent therapeutic trials that include specific antivirals or supportive care have helped manage viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Mahmoud Kandeel
| | - Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
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