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Sheng S, Guan L, Xie J, Xiao Q, Wen L, He K. Vertical transmission of porcine circovirus-like virus P1 in BALB/c mice. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:97. [PMID: 37507771 PMCID: PMC10386317 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus-like virus P1 is the animal virus with the smallest genome discovered so far, and it has become widely distributed in the Chinese mainland in recent years. RESULTS In this study, a BALB/c mouse model was used to reveal P1 infection in female reproductive systems and the vertical transmission of the virus. The female reproductive system, including the ovary and uterus, was harvested on day 14 postinfection and examined for pathological lesions. One-day-old mice without colostrum born from infected or uninfected mothers were collected, and P1 virus distribution in the different organs was investigated. During the trials, all the mice showed no clinical symptoms or gross lesions. However, stillbirth did occur in groups infected with the P1 virus. P1 nucleic acid was detected in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain tissues of 1-day-old mice born from infected mice. Microscopic lesions in P1-infected female mice were characterized by necrosis of the ovarian follicular granulosa cells and abscission, follicular atresia, necrosis of the endometrial epithelial and uterine glandular epithelial cells, and hyperplasia of the squamous endometrial epithelium. The spermatocytes in the seminiferous tubules of the infected male mice were disorderly arranged, and the germ and Sertoli cells were shed, necrotic, and decreased in number. Immunohistochemical results identified P1-positive particles in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells from the ovary and uterus of female mice. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the P1 virus could cause pathological damage to the reproductive system of female mice and could be transmitted vertically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Sheng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, P. R. China
| | - Lin Guan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, P. R. China
| | - Libin Wen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China.
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, P. R. China.
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China.
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, P. R. China.
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Liu H, Zou J, Liu R, Chen J, Li X, Zheng H, Li L, Zhou B. Development of a TaqMan-Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Simultaneous Detection of African Swine Fever Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, and Pseudorabies Virus in East China from 2020 to 2022. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020106. [PMID: 36851410 PMCID: PMC9964870 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are important DNA viruses that cause reproductive disorders in sows, which result in huge losses in pig husbandry, especially in China. The multiplex qPCR assay could be utilized as a simultaneous diagnostic tool for field-based surveillance and the control of ASFV, PCV2, and PRV. Based on the conserved regions on the p72 gene of ASFV, the Cap gene of PCV2, the gE gene of PRV, and the porcine endogenous β-Actin gene, the appropriate primers and probes for a multiplex TaqMan real-time PCR test effective at concurrently detecting three DNA viruses were developed. The approach demonstrated high specificity and no cross-reactivity with major pathogens related to swine reproductive diseases. In addition, its sensitivity was great, with a detection limit of 101 copies/L of each pathogen, and its repeatability was excellent, with intra- and inter-group variability coefficients of <2%. Applying this assay to detect 383 field specimens collected from 2020 to 2022, the survey data displayed that the ASFV, PCV2, and PRV single infection rates were 22.45%, 28.46%, and 2.87%, respectively. The mixed infection rates of ASFV + PCV2, ASFV + PRV, PCV2 + PRV, and ASFV + PCV2 + PRV were 5.22%, 0.26%, 1.83%, and 0.26%, respectively. Overall, the assay established in this study provides an effective tool for quickly distinguishing the viruses causing sow reproductive disorders, suggesting its huge clinical application value in the diagnosis of swine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaicheng Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianwen Zou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rongchao Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (B.Z.)
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Nan W, Wu J, Hu H, Peng G, Tan S, Deng Z. Prevalence and genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 in northern Guangdong Province during 2016–2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:932612. [PMID: 36032297 PMCID: PMC9399655 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.932612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and widespread of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs), mainly caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), threatens the Chinese swine industry. In this study, to investigate the recent prevalence of PCV2 in northern Guangdong Province of China, 573 tissue samples from 132 pig farms were collected during 2016–2021 and analyzed via PCR. Overall, 51.38% (297/573, 95%CI 47.74–55.92) samples were tested PCV2 positive. The detection rate of PCV2 was significantly lower in samples collected before 2016-2018 than after the outbreak of African Swine Fever (2019-2021), being 59.85% (158/264, 95%CI 53.94–65.76) and 41.47% (141/340, 95%CI 36.43–46.71), respectively. On the other end, the genetic characteristics of 26 PCV2 strains were further analyzed. These PCV2 strains belonged to three genotypes, including PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d. Specifically, the predominant genotype prevalent during two periods (2016–2018 and 2019–2021) wasPCV2b (81.82%, 9/11) and PCV2d (80.0%, 12/15), respectively. The results above illustrated the high prevalence and the genetic evolution feature of PCV2 in Guangdong Province in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Nan
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
- North Guangdong Collaborative Innovation and Development Center of Pig Farming and Disease Control, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Jingbo Wu
- North Guangdong Collaborative Innovation and Development Center of Pig Farming and Disease Control, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Honghui Hu
- North Guangdong Collaborative Innovation and Development Center of Pig Farming and Disease Control, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Guoliang Peng
- North Guangdong Collaborative Innovation and Development Center of Pig Farming and Disease Control, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Simin Tan
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Zhibang Deng
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhibang Deng
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Zhu J, Xiao Q, Yin L, Zhang F, Wen L, Suolang S, He K. Porcine circovirus-like virus P1 activates pancreatic secretion pathway by interacting with CHRM3 protein. Vet Microbiol 2022; 272:109495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Feng H, Fu J, Zhang B, Xue T, Liu C. A Novel Virus-Like Agent Originated From Genome Rearrangement of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Enhances PCV2 Replication and Regulates Intracellular Redox Status In Vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855920. [PMID: 35493731 PMCID: PMC9043654 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome rearrangement occurs to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) during in vitro and in vivo infections, and a number of rearranged PCV2 genomes have been isolated and characterized. This study was conducted to investigate the role of the rearranged PCV2 (rPCV2) in PCV2 replication and the biological effect of rPCV2 in host cells. Two whole rPCV2 genome sequences (358 nt and 1125 nt in length) were synthesized and recombinant plasmids pBSK(+)-rPCV2 (pBSK(+)-1125 and pBSK(+)-358) were constructed. A novel virus-like agent (rPCV2-1125) was rescued by in vitro transfection of porcine kidney cell line (PK-15) and porcine alveolar macrophage 3D4/21 cells. The data indicate that rPCV2-1125 significantly enhanced PCV2 replication in vitro. Furthermore, rPCV2-1125 led to oxidative stress in host cells, as indicated by decreased intracellular glutathione (GSH) and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. These results provide new insights into genome rearrangement of PCV2 and will contribute to future studies of PCV2 replication and associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicheng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Jinping Fu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanmin Liu, ; Tao Xue,
| | - Chuanmin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanmin Liu, ; Tao Xue,
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Pan Y, Qiu S, Chen R, Zhang T, Liang L, Wang M, Baloch AR, Wang L, Zhang Q, Yu S. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 in Tibetan pigs on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Virol J 2022; 19:64. [PMID: 35392945 PMCID: PMC8991800 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) has been confirmed to infect pigs, posing a health risk and making pigs more susceptible to other pathogens. After the first report of PCV3 infection in the United States, its prevalence was determined in pigs suffering from clinical digestive or respiratory diseases in several other regions, including the Sichuan and Gansu provinces of China. In this study, we describe the frequency of PCV3 detection in Tibetan pigs inhabiting three different provinces surrounding the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Methods A total of 316 samples from diarrheic animals and 182 samples from healthy animals were collected in a randomized manner. Conventional PCR was applied for PCV3 DNA detection. The conserved regions of the PCV3 gene were analyzed with MEGA 7.1 software to design specific primers to sequence entire Cap genes in PCV3 strains, and the sequences were then used to confirm the subtypes of PCV3 in the positive samples. Prediction of the amino acid sequences by nucleotide sequence translation was also performed to compare the point mutations in the entire Cap protein. Twenty PCV3 whole-genomic sequences were used for genome phylogenetic analyses of PCV3 and sequence alignments with 22 other reference strains. Results We found that the prevalence of the virus was significantly higher in samples from pigs with diarrhoea than that in samples from healthy pigs. Phylogenetic analysis of Cap proteins demonstrated that the 20 PCV3 strains formed three clades, including PCV3a (8/20, 40.00%), PCV3b (5/20, 25%) and PCV3c (7/20, 35.00%). The complete genome sequence revealed that these strains formed one branch in the phylogenetic tree. Sequence analysis showed that the Cap proteins of the 20 different viral strains shared between 95.84 and 99.18% nucleotide identity. Cap protein sequence analyses showed that the positivity rate of PCV3a was highest in the samples from pigs with diarrhoea. In comparison, PCV3c was the most elevated subtype in the healthy samples. There was no mutation at a specific site in the amino acid sequences of the entire Cap protein from different PCV3 subtype strains from heathy samples. There was a mutation at site 113 in PCV3a, site 129 in PCV3b, and site 116 in PCV3c. Conclusion Our present data provide evidence that PCV3 is prevalent in Tibetan pigs at high altitudes in China, and the higher prevalence rates of the PCV3a and PCV3b subtypes in samples from pigs with diarrhoea further indicate that the genotypes should not be neglected during surveys of the pathogenicity of PCV3. Phylogenetic and genetic diversity analyses suggested that the continuous evolution, adaptation and mechanisms of pathogenicity of PCV3 in Tibetan pigs living in this special environment should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Shantong Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Linfeng Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Abdul Rasheed Baloch
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Libin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Sijiu Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
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Wen L, Yin L, Zhu J, Li H, Zhang F, Hu Q, Xiao Q, Xie J, He K. Nearly 20 Years of Genetic Diversity and Evolution of Porcine Circovirus-like Virus P1 from China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040696. [PMID: 35458426 PMCID: PMC9030576 DOI: 10.3390/v14040696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-like virus P1 can infect many kinds of animals and mainly causes postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. In China, the genetic diversity, variation, and evolutionary processes of this virus have not been described yet. To improve our knowledge of its genetic diversity, evolution, and gene flow, we performed a bioinformatics analysis using the available nucleotide sequences of the P1 virus; among them, 12 nucleotide sequences were from ten pig farms in Jiangsu Province in this epidemiological survey, and 84 sequences were downloaded from GenBank. The P1 sequences showed a rich composition of AT nucleotides. Analyses of the complete genomic sequences were polymorphic and revealed high haplotype (gene) diversity and nucleotide diversity. A phylogenetic analysis based on the NJ method showed that all P1 virus sequences formed two distinct groups: A and B. High genetic differentiation was observed between strains from groups A and B. The codon usage pattern of P1 was affected by dinucleotide compositions. Dinucleotide UU/CC was overrepresented, and dinucleotide CG was underrepresented. The mean evolutionary rate of the P1 virus was estimated to be 3.64 × 10−4 nucleotide substitutions per site per year (subs/site/year). The neutrality tests showed negative values. The purifying selection and recombination events may play a major driving role in generating the genetic diversity of the P1 population. The information from this research may be helpful to obtain new insights into the evolution of P1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.H.); (Q.X.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (K.H.)
| | - Lihong Yin
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.H.); (Q.X.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiaping Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.H.); (Q.X.); (J.X.)
| | - Heran Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.H.); (Q.X.); (J.X.)
| | - Fengxi Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.H.); (Q.X.); (J.X.)
| | - Qun Hu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.H.); (Q.X.); (J.X.)
| | - Qi Xiao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.H.); (Q.X.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.H.); (Q.X.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.H.); (Q.X.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (K.H.)
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