1
|
Szczepanik K, Dobrowolski P, Świątkiewicz M. Effects of Hermetia illucens larvae meal and astaxanthin on intestinal histology and expression of tight junction proteins in weaned piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 39016044 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The weaning phase in piglets causes significant physiological stress, disrupts intestinal integrity and reduces productivity, necessitating strategies to improve intestinal health and nutrient absorption. While current research highlights the role of diet in mitigating these adverse effects, identifying effective dietary supplements remains a challenge. This study evaluated the effects of Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal and astaxanthin (AST) on the intestinal histology of weaned piglets. In a controlled experiment, 48 weaned piglets were divided into six groups and received varying levels of HI larval meal (2.5% and 5%) and AST in their diets. The methodology involved comprehensive histological examinations of the small intestine, assessing absorption area, villi elongation, crypt depth, goblet cells, enterocytes and expression of ileal tight junction (TJ) proteins. The study found that HI larval meal significantly improved nutrient absorption in the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.001), thereby enhancing feed conversion. AST supplementation increased the number of enterocytes (p < 0.001). Both HI larval meal and AST positively affected intestinal morphology and function, increasing muscularis muscle mass and villi elongation (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). The 2.5% HI meal improved the villi length to crypt depth ratio and slightly increased the goblet cell count (both p < 0.05). Ki-67 antibody analysis showed increased cell proliferation in the duodenal and jejunal crypts, particularly with the 2.5% HI meal (p < 0.001). Insect meal did not affect TJ protein expression, indicating that it had no effect on intestinal permeability. These findings suggest that HI larval meal and AST can enhance the intestinal wellness and productivity of weaned piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Szczepanik
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu C, Wu M, Sun L, Li H, Xu Z, Zhang Q, Yi D, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y, Wu T. Effect of Supplementation with Black Soldier Fly Extract on Intestinal Function in Piglets Infected with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1512. [PMID: 38791729 PMCID: PMC11117209 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has developed as a global problem for the pig business, resulting in significant financial losses. Black soldier fly extract (BFE) has been proven to improve intestinal growth in pigs after weaning. Consequently, the goal of the present investigation was to explore the effects of BFE supplementation on intestinal function in PEDV-infected piglets. Eighteen piglets were randomly allocated to three groups: control, PEDV, and BFE + PEDV. The piglets in the BFE + PEDV group received 500 mg/kg BW of BFE orally for seven days from day 4 to 10 of the study. On day 9 of the study, six pigs from each group received either clean saline or PEDV solution at a dosage of 106 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) per pig. On day 11, samples of blood and intestine were taken for additional investigation. The results indicated a significant decrease in the average daily gain (ADG) of piglets infected with PEDV (p < 0.05). Additionally, PEDV infection led to an alteration of blood indexes and a reduction in plasma D-xylose concentration and villi height in the small intestine, while it increased plasma diamine oxidase activity and small intestinal crypt depth in piglets (p < 0.05). The PEDV infection significantly reduced antioxidant enzyme activity in plasma and the gut, including total superoxide dismutase and catalase, while increasing contents of oxidation-relevant products such as malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in piglets. Moreover, PEDV infection increased the mRNA expression level of antiviral-related genes (p < 0.05). Nutritional supplementation with BFE improved intestinal histomorphological indicators and reduced oxidative stress produced by PEDV infection in piglets. Interestingly, BFE could significantly promote the mRNA expression level of antiviral-related genes in the ileum (p < 0.05). Overall, the preliminary results suggest that dietary BFE could improve intestinal function in piglets after PEDV infection. Currently, the findings put a spotlight on the role of BFE in the prevention and treatment of PED in piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (C.Y.); (M.W.); (L.S.); (H.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.Z.); (D.Y.); (L.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Z, Han C, Wang Z, Li Z, Ruan L, Lin H, Zhou C. Black soldier fly pulp in the diet of golden pompano: Effect on growth performance, liver antioxidant and intestinal health. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109156. [PMID: 37827247 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has been widely researched as a protein source for fish meal replacement in aquaculture, but few studies have focused on its potential as a feed additive for growth and immune enhancement. We conducted a 56-day culture experiment to determine the impact of feed addition of black soldier fly pulp (BSFP, with 86.2% small peptides in dry basis) on growth performance, plasma biochemistry, liver antioxidant levels, intestinal immunity, digestion and microbiota of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus, 5.63 ± 0.02 g). BSFP was added to the basal diet at 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9% (named Control, BSFP-1, BSFP-3, BSFP-5, BSFP-7, BSFP-9), respectively. BSFP increased the weight gain rate, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and reduced the feed conversion rate of juvenile T. ovatus, the optimal growth performance was reached at BSFP-1, after which a negative feedback phenomenon was observed. Low levels of BSFP upregulated the expression of hepatic antioxidant, intestinal tight junctions, anti-inflammatory related genes and enhanced antioxidant, immune and intestinal digestive enzyme activities, which simultaneously reduced hepatic malondialdehyde and plasma aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations. However, at BSFP-7, catalase activity was significantly reduced, while NF-κB p65 and pro-inflammatory cytokines transcription was significantly enhanced (P < 0.05). The results suggest that high doses of BSFP addition may damage fish health by inhibiting small peptide uptake, decreasing the activity of antioxidant enzyme and activating the canonical NF-κB pathway. Conversely, low doses of BSFP enhanced intestinal tight junction protein transcription, digestive enzyme activity and immune performance, inhibited pathogenic microbiota, while enhancing liver antioxidant capacity, which was associated with activated Nrf2-Keap1 pathway and suppressed NF-κB pathway, showing its potential as a feed additive to aquafeeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chengzong Han
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhanzhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Guangdong Green Coral Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Leshan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Heizhao Lin
- Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya, 572019, China
| | - Chuanpeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya, 572019, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Wang J, Li L, Duan Y, Zhang X, Wang T, Zang J, Piao X, Ma Y, Li D. Endogenous chitinase might lead to differences in growth performance and intestinal health of piglets fed different levels of black soldier fly larva meal. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 14:411-424. [PMID: 37649680 PMCID: PMC10462805 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of black soldier fly (BSF) replacing soybean meal (SBM) in diets on the performance and health condition of piglets. A total of 180 weaned piglets were allocated into 5 treatments: BSF0 (corn-soybean meal basal diet), BSF25 (BSF replacing 25% SBM), BSF50 (BSF replacing 50% SBM), BSF75 (BSF replacing 75% SBM) and BSF100 (BSF replacing 100% SBM). During the whole period, in comparison with BSF0, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake increased in the BSF25 and BSF50 groups, whereas ADG decreased in the BSF75 and BSF100 groups (P < 0.05). The result of quadratic fitting curve showed that piglets exhibited the highest ADG when BSF replaced around 20% SBM. Compared with BSF0, organic matter and dry matter digestibility improved in the BSF25 group, whereas ether extract digestibility decreased in the BSF100 group (P < 0.05). In comparison with BSF0, piglets from the BSF25 group showed a higher duodenal ratio of villus height to crypt depth, increased jejunal sucrase activity, serum neuropeptide Y and ghrelin levels, elevated ileal immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG and IgM contents and a lower leptin level, and piglets from the BSF100 group exhibited an increased relative weight of kidney (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the expression level of tight junction proteins and chitin-degrading enzyme. Additionally, compared with BSF0, the abundance of short chain fatty acid producing bacteria such as Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibacterium and Butyricicoccus increased, and potential pathogenic bacteria decreased in piglets from the BSF25 group, whereas piglets from the BSF100 group had a greater abundance of harmful bacteria. In conclusion, BSF replacing 25% SBM in diets could improve digestive parameters, immune function and intestinal microbiota, and thus improved growth performance of piglets. However, BSF replacing 100% SBM showed an adverse effect on piglet performance, and the reason might be related to the limited amount of chitin-degrading enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Longxian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yonggai Duan
- Bennong Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450045, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Bennong Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450045, China
| | - Tenghao Wang
- Zhejiang Qinglian Food Co., Ltd, Jiaxing, 314399, China
| | - Jianjun Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongxi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biasato I, Gasco L, Schiavone A, Capucchio MT, Ferrocino I. Gut microbiota changes in insect-fed monogastric species: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Anim Front 2023; 13:72-80. [PMID: 37583797 PMCID: PMC10425147 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Phaengphairee P, Boontiam W, Wealleans A, Hong J, Kim YY. Dietary supplementation with full-fat Hermetia illucens larvae and multi-probiotics, as a substitute for antibiotics, improves the growth performance, gut health, and antioxidative capacity of weaned pigs. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:7. [PMID: 36631776 PMCID: PMC9832753 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplementation of full-fat black soldier fly larvae (BSFL full-fat meal; alone or in combination with multi-probiotics) was tested as an alternative to dietary antibiotics in weaning piglets. We also tested the effects of these diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility coefficients, immune status, oxidative stress, intestinal histomorphology, and rectal microbial modulations in weaned pigs. A total of 80 piglets [(Landrace × Large White) × Duroc] of both sexes (a ratio of gilts and barrows; 1:1), were randomly allotted to four diet groups: positive control (PC) diet supplemented with 0.02% amoxicillin; negative control (NC) diet without supplement addition; BSFL12 diet (NC + 12% BSFL full-fat meal); and BSFL + Pro diet (BSFL full-fat meal + 0.1% multi-probiotics, including Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). All groups had five replicates, with four piglets per replicate. RESULTS Dietary BSFL + Pro improved the overall average daily gain (P = 0.013), and gain-to-feed ratio (P = 0.032). The BSFL12 and BSFL + Pro diets improved nutrient digestibility and increased the serum levels of immunoglobulin A and glutathione peroxidase, while reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The spleen weight was higher and caecal pH was lower in pigs fed the BSFL + Pro diet than in those fed the NC diet (P = 0.011 and P = 0.021, respectively). Pigs fed the BSFL diets had longer duodenal villi, a higher villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (P = 0.004), and shorter crypt depth (P = 0.017) than those fed NC. The BSFL + Pro diet also increased faecal Lactobacillus spp. count (P = 0.008) and reduced Escherichia coli (P = 0.021) counts compared with that seen with PC and NC diets, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with BSFL or BSFL + multi-probiotics can improve the growth performance and intestinal health of pigs and may be an effective strategy to replace antibiotics for weaned pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pheeraphong Phaengphairee
- grid.9786.00000 0004 0470 0856Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Waewaree Boontiam
- grid.9786.00000 0004 0470 0856Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Alexandra Wealleans
- Kemin Europa N.V., Animal Nutrition and Health EMENA, Toekomstlaan 42, 2200 Herentals, Belgium
| | - Jinsu Hong
- grid.263791.80000 0001 2167 853XDepartment of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 USA
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gangnam-ru, Seoul, 135-754 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yuan B, Liu M, Luo S, Qu Q, Zhu M, Wang Z, Zhang X, Xie G, Li B, Wang W. ETEC regulates GPR109A expression in intestinal epithelial cells mediated by inflammatory factors secreted by macrophages. Res Vet Sci 2023; 154:15-21. [PMID: 36403332 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbes control host immunity and homeostasis, and their abnormal changes are associated with the occurrence and development of diseases. GPR109A is an essential receptor on intestinal epithelial cells and interacts with gut microbes. Moreover, increased Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 strain colonization promotes GPR109A expression in vivo. This study evaluated the detailed mechanism of pathogenic bacteria promoting GPR109A expression. The results revealed that ETEC K88 indirectly fosters GPR109A expression in intestinal epithelial cells by stimulating the production of IL-1β and TNF-α through macrophages which are mediated by ERK1/2 pathway. The study explains the molecular mechanisms by which the bacteria regulate the homeostasis of the host intestinal gene expression during ETEC infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Yuan
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Siyuan Luo
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Qing Qu
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Mingqiang Zhu
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zifan Wang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Gaijie Xie
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Bai Li
- First clinical hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger in Black Soldier Fly Co-Fermentation. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae have gained popularity as an organic waste bio-conversional tool and fodder protein replacement in recent decades. It can consume all kinds of animal feces, kitchen waste and agricultural waste with great efficiency and transform them into high-value insect protein, fatty acids, and amino acids, which makes the larva a good substitute for costly fish meal and bean pulp in animal diets. However, excess chitin in the larva skin limits its application as an animal feed additive, consequently, employing fermentation with zymocytes to remove the chitin is necessary. In this study, we raised black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) with different carbon sources, such as chicken feces, straws and glucose, and examined the growth condition; we applied Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger to co-ferment BSFL paste to analyze its nutrition changes. Data revealed that among the four kinds of cultures, the body weight of the corn powder group increased most rapidly; the wood chip group was the most underweight; however, it increased faster than others before day 4, and contained the least fat. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that the expression of multiple enzymes from B. subtilis and A. niger involved in polysaccharide hydrolysis, amino acid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism, such as peptidase of S8 family, maltogenic α-amylase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase and lysophospholipase like protein changed significantly compared to the control group. Production detection showed that free amino acids, acid-soluble proteins, and short-chain fatty acids increased after fermentation; 13 out of 17 amino acids were increased and total free amino acids were increased from 0.08 g/100 g to 0.3 g/100 g; organic acids increased by 4.81 to 17 fold through fermentation, respectively; the actual protein content declined from 3.03 g/100 g to 1.81 g/100 g, the peptide content increased from 1.3 g/100 g to 2.46 g/100 g, the chitin degradation rate was 40.3%, and fat decreased 30% (p < 0.05). These findings might provide important information for future applications of black soldier fly larvae in different carbon waste recycling measures and material for animal feed/organic fertilizer after fermentation.
Collapse
|