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Gao W, Jiang X, Hu Z, Wang Q, Shi Y, Tian X, Qiao M, Zhang J, Li Y, Li X. Epidemiological investigation, determination of related factors, and spatial-temporal cluster analysis of wild type pseudorabies virus seroprevalence in China during 2022. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1298434. [PMID: 38111735 PMCID: PMC10726123 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1298434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a linear DNA virus with a double-stranded structure, capable of infecting a diverse array of animal species, including humans. This study sought to ascertain the seroprevalence of Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) in China by conducting a comprehensive collection of blood samples from 16 provinces over the course of 2022. Methods The presence of PRV gE antibodies was detected through the utilization of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify potential related factors associated with the serologic status of PRV gE at the animal level. Additionally, the SaTScan 10.1 software was used to analyze the spatial and temporal clusters of PRV gE seroprevalence. Results A comprehensive collection of 161,880 samples was conducted, encompassing 556 swine farms throughout the country. The analysis revealed that the seroprevalence of PRV gE antibodies was 12.36% (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.20% to 12.52%) at the individual animal level. However, at the swine farm level, the seroprevalence was considerably higher, reaching 46.22% (95% CI, 42.08% to 50.37%). Related factors for PRV infection at the farm level included the geographic distribution of farms and seasonal variables. Moreover, five distinct high seroprevalence clusters of PRV gE were identified across China, with the peak prevalence observed during the months of April through June 2022. Conclusion Our findings serve as a valuable addition to existing research on the seroprevalence, related factors, and temporal clustering of PRV gE in China. Furthermore, our study provides a reference point for the development of effective strategies for the prevention and control of pseudorabies and wild virus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Gao
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoxue Jiang
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuntong Shi
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaogang Tian
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengli Qiao
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (New Hope Liuhe Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, China
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Ren J, Tan S, Chen X, Yao J, Niu Z, Wang Y, Ma L, Gao X, Niu S, Liang L, Li J, Zhao Y, Tian WX. Genomic Characterization and gE/gI-Deleted Strain Construction of Novel PRV Variants Isolated in Central China. Viruses 2023; 15:1237. [PMID: 37376537 DOI: 10.3390/v15061237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants have caused substantial economic losses in the swine industry in China since 2011. To surveil the genetic variation in PRV field strains, here, two novel variant strains of PRV were isolated from Shanxi Province in central China and were designated SX1910 and SX1911. To identify the genetic characteristics of the two isolates, their complete genomes were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment revealed that field PRV variants have undergone genetic variations; notably, the protein-coding sequences UL5, UL36, US1 and IE180 exhibited extensive variation and contained one or more hypervariable regions. Furthermore, we also found that the glycoproteins gB and gD of the two isolates had some novel amino acid (aa) mutations. Importantly, most of these mutations were located on the surface of the protein molecule, according to protein structure model analysis. We constructed a mutant virus of SX1911 with deletion of the gE and gI genes via CRISPR/Cas9. When tested in mice, SX1911-ΔgE/gI-vaccinated mice were protected within a comparable range to Bartha-K61-vaccinated mice. Additionally, a higher dose of inactivated Bartha-K61 protected the mice from lethal SX1911 challenge, while a lower neutralization titer, higher viral load and more severe microscopic lesions were displayed in Bartha-K61-vaccinated mice. These findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring of PRV and novel vaccine development or vaccination program design for PRV control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianle Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Shanshan Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101102, China
| | - Jiying Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Zhihong Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Lei Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xiaolong Gao
- Beijing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Sheng Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Libin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Junping Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Wen-Xia Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
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Zhou M, Abid M, Cao S, Zhu S. Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus Usage in Vaccine Development against Swine Infectious Disease. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020370. [PMID: 36851584 PMCID: PMC9962541 DOI: 10.3390/v15020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the pathogen of pseudorabies (PR), which belongs to the alpha herpesvirus subfamily with a double stranded DNA genome encoding approximately 70 proteins. PRV has many non-essential regions for replication, has a strong capacity to accommodate foreign genes, and more areas for genetic modification. PRV is an ideal vaccine vector, and multivalent live virus-vectored vaccines can be developed using the gene-deleted PRV. The immune system continues to be stimulated by the gene-deleted PRVs and maintain a long immunity lasting more than 4 months. Here, we provide a brief overview of the biology of PRV, recombinant PRV construction methodology, the technology platform for efficiently constructing recombinant PRV, and the applications of recombinant PRV in vaccine development. This review summarizes the latest information on PRV usage in vaccine development against swine infectious diseases, and it offers novel perspectives for advancing preventive medicine through vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225306, China
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Shinuo Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225306, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (S.Z.); Tel.: +86-150-0469-3053 (S.C.)
| | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225306, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (S.Z.); Tel.: +86-150-0469-3053 (S.C.)
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Pseudorabies Virus: From Pathogenesis to Prevention Strategies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081638. [PMID: 36016260 PMCID: PMC9414054 DOI: 10.3390/v14081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also called Aujeszky’s disease (AD), is a highly infectious viral disease which is caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). It has been nearly 200 years since the first PR case occurred. Currently, the virus can infect human beings and various mammals, including pigs, sheep, dogs, rabbits, rodents, cattle and cats, and among them, pigs are the only natural host of PRV infection. PRV is characterized by reproductive failure in pregnant sows, nervous disorders in newborn piglets, and respiratory distress in growing pigs, resulting in serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Due to the extensive application of the attenuated vaccine containing the Bartha-K61 strain, PR was well controlled. With the variation of PRV strain, PR re-emerged and rapidly spread in some countries, especially China. Although researchers have been committed to the design of diagnostic methods and the development of vaccines in recent years, PR is still an important infectious disease and is widely prevalent in the global pig industry. In this review, we introduce the structural composition and life cycle of PRV virions and then discuss the latest findings on PRV pathogenesis, following the molecular characteristic of PRV and the summary of existing diagnosis methods. Subsequently, we also focus on the latest clinical progress in the prevention and control of PRV infection via the development of vaccines, traditional herbal medicines and novel small RNAs. Lastly, we provide an outlook on PRV eradication.
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