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Shumilova I, Shalina K, Abed Alhussen M, Prutnikov P, Krotova A, Byadovskaya O, Prokhvatilova L, Chvala I, Sprygin A. An Attenuated Vaccine Virus of the Neethling Lineage Protects Cattle against the Virulent Recombinant Vaccine-like Isolate of the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Belonging to the Currently Established Cluster 2.5. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:598. [PMID: 38932327 PMCID: PMC11209201 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging transboundary and highly infectious viral disease mainly affecting cattle. The fact that it was initially confined to Africa and then spread beyond its geographical range to other regions, including the Middle East, Turkey, Europe, the Balkans, Russia and Asia, is an indication of the underestimation and neglect of this disease. Vaccination is considered the most effective way to control the spread of LSDV, when combined with other control measures. LSD is now on the rise in Southeast Asia, where the circulating virus belongs to recombinant lineage 2.5. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of an attenuated LSDV strain belonging to the Neethling cluster 1.1 by challenge with a virulent recombinant vaccine-like LSDV isolate "Mongolia/2021" belonging to cluster 2.5. Some of the vaccinated animals showed an increase in body temperature of 1-1.5 °C above the physiological norm, without clinical signs, local reactions, vaccine-induced viremia or generalization, demonstrating the efficacy and safety of the vaccine strain against a recombinant strain. Furthermore, all the vaccinated animals showed strong immune responses, indicating a high level of immunogenicity. However, the control group challenged with "Mongolia/2021" LSD showed moderate to severe clinical signs seen in an outbreak, with high levels of virus shedding in blood samples and nasal swabs. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrate that the attenuated LSDV Neethling strain vaccine has a promising protective phenotype against the circulating strains, suggesting its potential as an effective tool for the containment and control of LSD in affected countries from Southeast Asia.
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Shumilova I, Prutnikov P, Mazloum A, Krotova A, Tenitilov N, Byadovskaya O, Chvala I, Prokhvatilova L, Sprygin A. Subclinical infection caused by a recombinant vaccine-like strain poses high risks of lumpy skin disease virus transmission. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1330657. [PMID: 38628945 PMCID: PMC11019024 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1330657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral infection, affecting cattle with characteristic manifestations involving multiple body systems. A distinctive characteristic of lumpy skin disease is the subclinical disease manifestation wherein animals have viremia and shed the virus through nasal and ocular discharges, while exhibiting no nodules but enlarged lymph nodes that are easily oversighted by inexperienced vets. Further research on the role of subclinically ill animals in the transmission of LSD virus (LSDV) can contribute to the development of more effective tools to control the disease worldwide. Thus, this study aims to determine the potential role of subclinical infection in virus transmission in a non-vector-borne manner. To achieve this, we inoculated animals with the recombinant vaccine-like strain (RVLS) Udmurtiya/2019 to cause clinical and subclinical LSDV infection. After the disease manifestation, we relocated the subclinically ill animals to a new clean facility followed by the introduction of another five animals to determine the role of RVLS-induced subclinical infection in the virus transmission via direct/indirect contact. After the introduction of the naïve animals to the relocated subclinically ill ones in a shared airspace, two introduced animals contracted the virus (clinically and subclinically), showing symptoms of fever, viremia, and seroconversion in one animal, while three other introduced animals remained healthy and PCR-negative until the end of the study. In general, the findings of this study suggest the importance of considering LSDV subclinical infection as a high-risk condition in disease management and outbreak investigations.
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Sendow I, Meki IK, Dharmayanti NLPI, Hoerudin H, Ratnawati A, Settypalli TBK, Ahmed HO, Nuradji H, Saepulloh M, Adji RS, Fairusya N, Sari F, Anindita K, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. Molecular characterization of recombinant LSDV isolates from 2022 outbreak in Indonesia through phylogenetic networks and whole-genome SNP-based analysis. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:240. [PMID: 38438878 PMCID: PMC10913250 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral disease of cattle and water buffaloes caused by the LSD virus, leading to high morbidity, low mortality, and a significant economic impact. Initially endemic to Africa only, LSD has spread to the Middle East, Europe, and Asia in the past decade. The most effective control strategy for LSD is the vaccination of cattle with live-attenuated LSDV vaccines. Consequently, the emergence of two groups of LSDV strains in Asian countries, one closely related to the ancient Kenyan LSDV isolates and the second made of recombinant viruses with a backbone of Neethling-vaccine and field isolates, emphasized the need for constant molecular surveillance. This current study investigated the first outbreak of LSD in Indonesia in 2022. Molecular characterization of the isolate circulating in the country based on selected LSDV-marker genes: RPO30, GPCR, EEV glycoprotein gene, and B22R, as well as whole genome analysis using several analytical tools, indicated the Indonesia LSDV isolate as a recombinant of LSDV_Neethling_vaccine_LW_1959 and LSDV_NI-2490. The analysis clustered the Indonesia_LSDV with the previously reported LSDV recombinants circulating in East and Southeast Asia, but different from the recombinant viruses in Russia and the field isolates in South-Asian countries. Additionally, this study has demonstrated alternative accurate ways of LSDV whole genome analysis and clustering of isolates, including the recombinants, instead of whole-genome phylogenetic tree analysis. These data will strengthen our understanding of the pathogens' origin, the extent of their spread, and determination of suitable control measures required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrawati Sendow
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Irene Kasindi Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria.
| | - Ni Luh Putu Indi Dharmayanti
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Heri Hoerudin
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Atik Ratnawati
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Tirumala Bharani K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
| | - Hatem Ouled Ahmed
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
| | - Harimurti Nuradji
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muharam Saepulloh
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rahmat Setya Adji
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nuha Fairusya
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
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Sharko FS, Mazloum A, Krotova AO, Byadovskaya OP, Prokhvatilova LB, Chvala IA, Zolotikov UE, Kozlova AD, Krylova AS, Grosfeld EV, Prokopenko AV, Korzhenkov AA, Patrushev MV, Namsaraev ZB, Sprygin AV, Toshchakov SV. Metagenomic profiling of viral and microbial communities from the pox lesions of lumpy skin disease virus and sheeppox virus-infected hosts. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1321202. [PMID: 38420205 PMCID: PMC10899707 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1321202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction It has been recognized that capripoxvirus infections have a strong cutaneous tropism with the manifestation of skin lesions in the form of nodules and scabs in the respective hosts, followed by necrosis and sloughing off. Considering that the skin microbiota is a complex community of commensal bacteria, fungi and viruses that are influenced by infections leading to pathological states, there is no evidence on how the skin microbiome is affected during capripoxvirus pathogenesis. Methods In this study, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to investigate the microbiome in pox lesions from hosts infected with lumpy skin disease virus and sheep pox virus. Results The analysis revealed a high degree of variability in bacterial community structures across affected skin samples, indicating the importance of specific commensal microorganisms colonizing individual hosts. The most common and abundant bacteria found in scab samples were Fusobacterium necrophorum, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Helcococcus ovis and Trueperella pyogenes, irrespective of host. Bacterial reads belonging to the genera Moraxella, Mannheimia, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus and Micrococcus were identified. Discussion This study is the first to investigate capripox virus-associated changes in the skin microbiome using whole-genome metagenomic profiling. The findings will provide a basis for further investigation into capripoxvirus pathogenesis. In addition, this study highlights the challenge of selecting an optimal bioinformatics approach for the analysis of metagenomic data in clinical and veterinary practice. For example, direct classification of reads using a kmer-based algorithm resulted in a significant number of systematic false positives, which may be attributed to the peculiarities of the algorithm and database selection. On the contrary, the process of de novo assembly requires a large number of target reads from the symbiotic microbial community. In this work, the obtained sequencing data were processed by three different approaches, including direct classification of reads based on k-mers, mapping of reads to a marker gene database, and de novo assembly and binning of metagenomic contigs. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and their practicality in veterinary settings are discussed in relation to the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor S. Sharko
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health FGBI ARRIAH, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Ilya A. Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health FGBI ARRIAH, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Erika V. Grosfeld
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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Sprygin A, van Schalkwyk A, Mazloum A, Byadovskaya O, Chvala I. Genome sequence characterization of the unique recombinant vaccine-like lumpy skin disease virus strain Kurgan/2018. Arch Virol 2024; 169:23. [PMID: 38193946 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
In 2018, the molecular epidemiology of lumpy skin disease in Russia was characterized by a surge in novel recombinant vaccine-like strains causing outbreaks along the southern border, spreading in an easterly direction. Currently, five distinct novel recombinant vaccine-like lineages have been described, designated as clusters 2.1 to 2.5. Based on the complete genome sequence analysis of the causative lumpy skin disease virus (Kurgan/Russia/2018), obtained from an eponymous outbreak, the genome was shown to be composed of a Neethling vaccine strain virus as the dominant parental strain and KSGPO vaccine virus as its minor parental strain. These features are similar to those of Saratov/Russia/2017 and Tyumen/Russia/2018, representing clusters 2.1 and 2.4, respectively. However, Kurgan/Russia/2018 has 16 statistically significant recombination events unique to this sequence, contributing to the phylogenetic clustering of Kurgan/Russia/2018 in yet another cluster designed cluster 2.6, based on analysis involving the complete genome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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Mazloum A, Van Schalkwyk A, Babiuk S, Venter E, Wallace DB, Sprygin A. Lumpy skin disease: history, current understanding and research gaps in the context of recent geographic expansion. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1266759. [PMID: 38029115 PMCID: PMC10652407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is recognized as a transboundary and emerging disease of cattle, buffaloes and other wild ruminants. Being initially restricted to Africa, and since 1989 the Middle East, the unprecedented recent spread across Eurasia demonstrates how underestimated and neglected this disease is. The initial identification of the causative agent of LSD as a poxvirus called LSD virus, was well as findings on LSDV transmission and epidemiology were pioneered at Onderstepoort, South Africa, from as early as the 1940s by researchers such as Weiss, Haig and Alexander. As more data emerges from an ever-increasing number of epidemiological studies, previously emphasized research gaps are being revisited and discussed. The currently available knowledge is in agreement with the previously described South African research experience that LSDV transmission can occur by multiple routes, including indirect contact, shared water sources and arthropods. The virus population is prone to molecular evolution, generating novel phylogenetically distinct variants resulting from a diverse range of selective pressures, including recombination between field and homologous vaccine strains in cell culture that produce virulent recombinants which pose diagnostic challenges. Host restriction is not limited to livestock, with certain wild ruminants being susceptible, with unknown consequences for the epidemiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Antoinette Van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Estelle Venter
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Discipline Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - David B. Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Shumilova I, Sprygin A, Mazloum A, Pronin V, Byadovskaya O, Babiuk S, Donnik I, Chvala I. Comparison of Gross Pathology between Classical and Recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1883. [PMID: 37766289 PMCID: PMC10537798 DOI: 10.3390/v15091883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathology caused by three different isolates of lumpy skin disease virus, classical field cluster 1.2 strain Dagestan/2015, recombinant vaccine-like cluster 2.1 strain Saratov/2017, and cluster 2.2 strain Udmurtiya/2019, in cattle was compared from experimental infections. The infection of cattle was performed using intravenous administration of 2 mL of 105 TCID50/mL of each specific LSDV. Both classical and recombinant forms of LSDV cause pathological changes in the skin and lymph nodes, as well as the trachea and lungs. Due to circulatory disorders in the affected organs, multiple areas of tissue necrosis were observed, which, with the resurgence of secondary microflora, led to the development of purulent inflammation. Observed pathological changes caused by the recombinant vaccine-like strain Udmurtiya/2019 were characterized by a more pronounced manifestation of the pathoanatomical picture compared to the classical field strains Dagestan/2015 and Saratov/2017. Interestingly, Dagestan/2015 and Udmurtiya/2019 caused damage to the lymph nodes, characterized by serous inflammation and focal purulent lymphadenitis caused by purulent microflora. "Saratov/2017" did not cause pathology in the lymph nodes. All LSDVs were virulent and caused pathology, which was not distinguishable between viruses. This data set will serve as the experimentally validated basis for the comparative examination of novel LSDV strains in gross pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Shumilova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Alexander Sprygin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Valeriy Pronin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Olga Byadovskaya
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y9, Canada;
| | - Irina Donnik
- Federal State Budgetary Educational, Institution of Higher Education, Ural State Agrarian University (FSBEI HE Ural SAU), 620075 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
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Hall RN, Torpy JR, Nye R, Zalcman E, Cowled BD. A quantitative risk assessment for the incursion of lumpy skin disease virus into Australia via long-distance windborne dispersal of arthropod vectors. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:105990. [PMID: 37597306 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious disease of cattle and water buffalo caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). It is primarily transmitted mechanically by biting insects. LSDV has spread from Africa to the Middle-East, the Balkans, Caucasus, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Asia and India, suggesting that a wide variety of arthropod vectors are capable of mechanical transmission. In 2022, LSD was detected in Indonesia, heightening awareness for Australia's livestock industries. To better understand the risk of LSDV incursion to Australia we undertook a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) looking at windborne dispersal of arthropod vectors, assuming a hypothetical situation where LSD is endemic in south-east Asia and Papua New Guinea. We estimated the risk of LSDV incursion to be low, with a median incursion rate of one incursion every 403 years, based on a model where several infectious insects (i.e. a 'small batch' of 3-5) must bite a single bovine to transmit infection. The incursion risk increases substantially to one incursion every 7-8 years if a bite from a single insect is sufficient for transmission. The risk becomes negligible (one incursion every 20,706 years) if bites from many insects (i.e. a 'large batch' of 30-50 insects) are necessary. Critically, several of our parameter estimates were highly uncertain during sensitivity analyses. Thus, a key outcome of this QRA was to better prioritise surveillance activities and to understand the key research gaps associated with LSDV in the Australasian context. The current literature shows that multiple vectors are required for successful bovine-to-vector transmission of LSDV, suggesting that our estimate of one outbreak every 403 years more accurately represents the risk to Australia; however, the role of single insects in transmission has not yet been evaluated. Similarly, attempts to transmit LSDV between bovines by Culicoides have not been successful, although midges were the highest risk vector category in our model due to the high vector-to-host ratio for midges compared to other vector categories. Our findings provide further insight into the risk of LSD to Australian cattle industries and identify the Tiwi Islands and areas east of Darwin as priority regions for LSDV surveillance, especially between December and March.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn N Hall
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia.
| | - James R Torpy
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia
| | - Rachel Nye
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia
| | - Emma Zalcman
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia
| | - Brendan D Cowled
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia
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Omoniwa DO, Meki IK, Kudi CA, Sackey AK, Aminu M, Adedeji AJ, Meseko CA, Luka PD, Asala OO, Adole JA, Atai RB, Atuman YJ, Settypalli TBK, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. Poxvirus Infections in Dairy Farms and Transhumance Cattle Herds in Nigeria. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051051. [PMID: 37243137 DOI: 10.3390/v15051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy Skin disease (LSD) is an economically important disease in cattle caused by the LSD virus (LSDV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, while pseudocowpox (PCP) is a widely distributed zoonotic cattle disease caused by the PCP virus (PCPV) of the genus Parapoxvirus. Though both viral pox infections are reportedly present in Nigeria, similarities in their clinical presentation and limited access to laboratories often lead to misdiagnosis in the field. This study investigated suspected LSD outbreaks in organized and transhumance cattle herds in Nigeria in 2020. A total of 42 scab/skin biopsy samples were collected from 16 outbreaks of suspected LSD in five northern States of Nigeria. The samples were analyzed using a high-resolution multiplex melting (HRM) assay to differentiate poxviruses belonging to Orthopoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera. LSDV was characterized using four gene segments, namely the RNA polymerase 30 kDa subunit (RPO30), G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) glycoprotein and CaPV homolog of the variola virus B22R. Likewise, the partial B2L gene of PCPV was also analyzed. Nineteen samples (45.2%) were positive according to the HRM assay for LSDV, and five (11.9%) were co-infected with LSDV and PCPV. The multiple sequence alignments of the GPCR, EEV, and B22R showed 100% similarity among the Nigerian LSDV samples, unlike the RPO30 phylogeny, which showed two clusters. Some of the Nigerian LSDVs clustered within LSDV SG II were with commonly circulating LSDV field isolates in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, while the remaining Nigerian LSDVs produced a unique sub-group. The B2L sequences of Nigerian PCPVs were 100% identical and clustered within the PCPV group containing cattle/Reindeer isolates, close to PCPVs from Zambia and Botswana. The results show the diversity of Nigerian LSDV strains. This paper also reports the first documented co-infection of LSDV and PCPV in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oludare Omoniwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Radiology, University of Jos, Jos 930001, Plateau State, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Irene Kasindi Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Caleb Ayuba Kudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Kojo Sackey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Maryam Aminu
- Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Pam Dachung Luka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Jolly Amoche Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Yakubu Joel Atuman
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
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The Characterization and Differentiation of Recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease Isolates Using a Region within ORF134. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The recent description and characterization of several novel and unique lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) strains have revealed the inadequacy of current techniques for differentiating between vaccine- and wild-type viruses. The lack of reliable sequencing targets for promptly distinguishing circulating recombinant vaccine-like strains (RVLSs) highlights the need to develop a single and simple differentiation tool. In this study, we analyzed the available LSDV whole-genome sequences and identified a 705-bp region in open reading frame (ORF) LW134. Based on a single run of nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, the region with 13 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was capable of accurately segregating the novel RVLSs into the same five clusters previously confirmed by whole-genome sequencing. In addition, archived RVLSs from Russia were analyzed for further characterization using the newly described single PCR and sequencing assay. The ORF LW134 assay identified one archived RVLS as a novel cluster distinct from the previously described five clusters, while clustering the remaining samples into previously designated lineages, demonstrating the reliability of the assay. The novel PCR and sequencing assays described in this study have great potential for accurately delineating the molecular and evolutionary affiliation of circulating RVLSs.
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