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van den Hurk S, Regmi G, Naikare HK, Velayudhan BT. Advances in Laboratory Diagnosis of Coronavirus Infections in Cattle. Pathogens 2024; 13:524. [PMID: 39057751 PMCID: PMC11279749 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses cause infections in humans and diverse species of animals and birds with a global distribution. Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) produces predominantly two forms of disease in cattle: a respiratory form and a gastrointestinal form. All age groups of cattle are affected by the respiratory form of coronavirus, whereas the gastroenteric form causes neonatal diarrhea or calf scours in young cattle and winter dysentery in adult cattle. The tremendous impacts of bovine respiratory disease and the associated losses are well-documented and underscore the importance of this pathogen. Beyond this, studies have demonstrated significant impacts on milk production associated with outbreaks of winter dysentery, with up to a 30% decrease in milk yield. In North America, BCoV was identified for the first time in 1972, and it continues to be a significant economic concern for the cattle industry. A number of conventional and molecular diagnostic assays are available for the detection of BCoV from clinical samples. Conventional assays for BCoV detection include virus isolation, which is challenging from clinical samples, electron microscopy, fluorescent antibody assays, and various immunoassays. Molecular tests are mainly based on nucleic acid detection and predominantly include conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Isothermal amplification assays and genome sequencing have gained increased interest in recent years for the detection, characterization, and identification of BCoV. It is believed that isothermal amplification assays, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification and recombinase polymerase amplification, among others, could aid the development of barn-side point-of-care tests for BCoV. The present study reviewed the literature on coronavirus infections in cattle from the last three and a half decades and presents information mainly on the current and advancing diagnostics in addition to epidemiology, clinical presentations, and the impact of the disease on the cattle industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun van den Hurk
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Girija Regmi
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Hemant K. Naikare
- University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Binu T. Velayudhan
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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Qu Y, Liu M, Sun X, Liu Y, Liu J, Hu L, Jiang Z, Qi F, Nan W, Yan X, Sun M, Shao W, Li J, Sun S, Zhang H, Fan X. Development and evaluation of a triplex droplet digital PCR method for differentiation of M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and BCG. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1397792. [PMID: 38946908 PMCID: PMC11211260 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1397792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), remains a global health concern in both human and animals. However, the absence of rapid, accurate, and highly sensitive detection methods to differentiate the major pathogens of MTBC, including M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and BCG, poses a potential challenge. Methods In this study, we have established a triplex droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) method employing three types of probe fluorophores, with targets M. tuberculosis (targeting CFP-10-ESAT-6 gene of RD1 and Rv0222 genes of RD4), M. bovis (targeting CFP-10-ESATs-6 gene of RD1), and BCG (targeting Rv3871 and Rv3879c genes of ΔRD1), respectively. Results Based on optimization of annealing temperature, sensitivity and repeatability, this method demonstrates a lower limit of detection (LOD) as 3.08 copies/reaction for M. tuberculosis, 4.47 copies/reaction for M. bovis and 3.59 copies/reaction for BCG, without cross-reaction to Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis, Haemophilus parasuis, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Salmonella choleraesuis, Brucella melitensis, and Staphylococcus aureus, and showed repeatability with coefficients of variation (CV) lower than 10%. The method exhibits strong milk sample tolerance, the LOD of detecting in spike milk was 5 × 103 CFU/mL, which sensitivity is ten times higher than the triplex qPCR. 60 clinical DNA samples, including 20 milk, 20 tissue and 20 swab samples, were kept in China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center were tested by the triplex ddPCR and triplex qPCR. The triplex ddPCR presented a higher sensitivity (11.67%, 7/60) than that of the triplex qPCR method (8.33%, 5/60). The positive rates of M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and BCG were 1.67, 10, and 0% by triplex ddPCR, and 1.67, 6.67, and 0% by triplex qPCR, with coincidence rates of 100, 96.7, and 100%, respectively. Discussion Our data demonstrate that the established triplex ddPCR method is a sensitive, specific and rapid method for differentiation and identification of M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Qu
- National Animal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Animal Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Mengda Liu
- National Animal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East) of Ministry, Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangxiang Sun
- National Animal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East) of Ministry, Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Warning Prevention and Control (South) of Ministry, Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxia Liu
- College of Animal Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- College of Animal Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Shandong Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jiang
- National Animal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Qi
- National Animal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wenlong Nan
- National Animal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East) of Ministry, Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Yan
- National Animal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Warning Prevention and Control (South) of Ministry, Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mingjun Sun
- National Animal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Weixing Shao
- National Animal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- National Animal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shufang Sun
- National Animal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East) of Ministry, Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haobo Zhang
- National Animal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East) of Ministry, Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxu Fan
- National Animal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East) of Ministry, Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Meng W, Chen Z, Jiang Q, Chen J, Guo X, Ma Z, Jia K, Li S. A multiplex real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR assay for calf diarrhea viruses. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1327291. [PMID: 38249490 PMCID: PMC10796610 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1327291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Calf diarrhea is a significant condition that has a strong effect on the cattle industry, resulting in huge economic losses annually. Bovine torovirus (BToV), bovine enterovirus (BEV), bovine norovirus (BNoV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine rotavirus (BRV), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are key pathogens that have been implicated in calf diarrhea. Among these viruses, there remains limited research on BToV, BEV, and BNoV, with no available vaccines or drugs for their prevention and control. Although commercial vaccines exist for BCoV, BRV, and BVDV, the prevalence of these diseases remains high. Methods To address this issue, we developed a multiplex real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR method for detecting BToV, BEV, BNoV, BCoV, BRV, and BVDV. This method can be used to effectively monitor the prevalence of these six viruses and serve as a reference for future prevention and control strategies. In this study, we specifically designed primers and probes for the BNoV Rdrp, BEV 5'UTR, BToV M, BCoV N, BRV NSP5, and BVDV 5'UTR genes. Results This method was determined to be efficient, stable, and sensitive. The lowest detectable levels of plasmids for BNoV, BEV, BToV, BRV, BCoV, and BVDV were 1.91 copies/μL, 96.0 copies/μL, 12.8 copies/μL, 16.4 copies/μL, 18.2 copies/μL, and 65.3 copies/μL, respectively. Moreover, the coefficients of variation for all six detection methods were < 3%; they also exhibited a strong linear relationship (R2 ≥ 0.98), and an amplification efficiency of 90%-110%. A total of 295 fecal and anal swabs were collected from calves with diarrhea in Guangdong, China. The positive rates for BToV, BEV, BNoV, BCoV, BR, and BVDV were determined to be 0.34% (1/295), 6.10% (18/295), 0.68% (2/295), 1.36% (4/295), 10.85% (32/295), and 2.03% (6/295), respectively. Notably, BEV and BRV exhibited the highest prevalence. Discussion Additionally, this study identified the occurrence of BToV and BNoV in Guangdong for the first time. In summary, this study successfully established an effective method for detecting several important bovine viruses; ultimately, this holds strong implications for the future development of the cattle industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
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