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Ying J, Huang Y, Ye X, Zhang Y, Yao Q, Wang J, Yang X, Yu C, Guo Y, Zhang X, Lv Q, Wang C, Mao W, Zhao A. Comprehensive study of clinicopathological and immune cell infiltration and lactate dehydrogenase expression in patients with thymic epithelial tumours. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111205. [PMID: 38029550 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has emerged as a promising biomarker for cancer. However, the current understanding of LDH and circulating LDH expression in thymic epithelial tumour (TET) is lacking. METHODS A comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis were performed to evaluate the clinical significance of circulating LDH levels in patients with TET. Circulating LDH levels were measured using a laboratory analyser (Cobas8000, Roche, Basel, Switzerland). The maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) was determined in patients who underwent whole-body 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT). Multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using a commercially available kit (Opal 6-plex Detection Kit, Akoya Biosciences, Marlborough, MA, USA) and slide scanner (Slideview VS200, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and Prism version 9.0 (GraphPad Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Differences with p < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS Meta-analysis revealed that elevated circulating serum levels of LDH predicted poor prognosis in patients with TET. Circulating levels of LDH were analysed in the serum of 313 patients with TET and 87 with benign mediastinal mass. The mean circulating LDH level in patients with thymic carcinoma (TC) was significantly higher than that in those with thymoma (TM) and the benign group (p < 0.001). Expression levels of circulating LDH were significantly reduced in postoperative samples compared with that in preoperative samples (p < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for diagnosing TC yielded an area under the curve of 0.74, with a sensitivity of 54 % and specificity of 86 %. Furthermore, patients with TC exhibited higher 18F-FDG PET/CT SUVmax values compared to those with TM. Correlation analysis demonstrated a positive association between SUVmax values and circulating LDH levels. In addition, the percentages of LDH-positive cells in TC and type B1 TM tissues were higher than those in other subtypes of TM, and a significant positive correlation between the percentages of LDH-positive and CD20-positive cells was detected in patients with TET (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Circulating serum LDH level may serve as a non-invasive biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of TET. The relationship between LDH expression and immune cell infiltration merits further regarding its application in companion diagnosis for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Ying
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yueyu Huang
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuemei Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qifeng Yao
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuping Yang
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangzhong Guo
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiaoli Lv
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Changchun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weimin Mao
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - An Zhao
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China; Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China.
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Mouliou DS. C-Reactive Protein: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, False Test Results and a Novel Diagnostic Algorithm for Clinicians. Diseases 2023; 11:132. [PMID: 37873776 PMCID: PMC10594506 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The current literature provides a body of evidence on C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and its potential role in inflammation. However, most pieces of evidence are sparse and controversial. This critical state-of-the-art monography provides all the crucial data on the potential biochemical properties of the protein, along with further evidence on its potential pathobiology, both for its pentameric and monomeric forms, including information for its ligands as well as the possible function of autoantibodies against the protein. Furthermore, the current evidence on its potential utility as a biomarker of various diseases is presented, of all cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatobiliary, gastrointestinal, pancreatic, renal, gynecological, andrological, dental, oral, otorhinolaryngological, ophthalmological, dermatological, musculoskeletal, neurological, mental, splenic, thyroid conditions, as well as infections, autoimmune-supposed conditions and neoplasms, including other possible factors that have been linked with elevated concentrations of that protein. Moreover, data on molecular diagnostics on CRP are discussed, and possible etiologies of false test results are highlighted. Additionally, this review evaluates all current pieces of evidence on CRP and systemic inflammation, and highlights future goals. Finally, a novel diagnostic algorithm to carefully assess the CRP level for a precise diagnosis of a medical condition is illustrated.
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Jiang YG, Ma MY, Wu JJ, Ma R, Bai XH, Zhao R, He JX, Wang YY. Prognostic factors in patients with thymoma who underwent surgery. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:203. [PMID: 37430268 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Thymoma is the most common primary tumor in the anterior mediastinum. The prognostic factors of patients with thymoma still need to be clarified. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prognostic factors of patients with thymoma who received radical resection and establish the nomogram to predict the prognosis of these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients who underwent radical resection for thymoma with complete follow-up data between 2005 and 2021 were enrolled. Their clinicopathological characteristics and treatment methods were retrospectively analyzed. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to identify the independent prognostic factors. According to the results of the univariate analysis in the Cox regression model, the predictive nomograms were created. RESULTS A total of 137 patients with thymoma were enrolled. With a median follow-up of 52 months, the 5-year and 10-year PFS rates were 79.5% and 68.1%, respectively. The 5-year and 10-year OS rates were 88.4% and 73.1%, respectively. Smoking status (P = 0.022) and tumor size (P = 0.039) were identified as independent prognostic factors for PFS. Multivariate analysis showed that a high level of neutrophils (P = 0.040) was independently associated with OS. The nomogram showed that the World Health Organization (WHO) histological classification contributed more to the risk of recurrence than other factors. Neutrophil count was the most important predictor of OS in patients with thymoma. CONCLUSION Smoking status and tumor size are risk factors for PFS in patients with thymoma. A high level of neutrophils is an independent prognostic factor for OS. The nomograms developed in this study accurately predict PFS and OS rates at 5 and 10 years in patients with thymoma based on individual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Gang Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
- Graduate School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Mu-Yuan Ma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Jia-Jun Wu
- Graduate School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
- Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
- Cancer Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Xue-Hong Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
- Cancer Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
- Cancer Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Jin-Xi He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Yan-Yang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
- Cancer Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
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Kuhn E, Pescia C, Mendogni P, Nosotti M, Ferrero S. Thymic Epithelial Tumors: An Evolving Field. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020314. [PMID: 36836670 PMCID: PMC9964105 DOI: 10.3390/life13020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their rarity, thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) have attracted much interest over the years, leading to an impressive number of histological and staging classifications. At present, TETs are divided by the WHO classification into four main subtypes: type A, type AB, and type B thymomas (subdivided into B1, B2, and B3), and thymic carcinomas, going from the more indolent to the most aggressive ones. Among many debated staging proposals, the TNM and the Masaoka-Koga staging systems have been widely accepted and used in routine practice. The four-tiered histological classification is symmetrically mirrored by the molecular subgrouping of TETs, which identifies an A-like and an AB-like cluster, with frequent GTF2I and HRAS mutations; an intermediate B-like cluster, with a T-cell signaling profile; and a carcinoma-like cluster comprising thymic carcinomas with frequent CDKN2A and TP53 alterations and a high tumor molecular burden. Molecular investigations have opened the way to tailored therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting KIT, mTOR, and VEGFR, and immune-checkpoints that have been adopted as second-line systemic treatments. In this review, we discuss the crucial events that led to the current understanding of TETs, while disclosing the next steps in this intriguing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Kuhn
- S.C. Anatomia Patologica, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-025-032-0564
| | - Carlo Pescia
- S.C. Anatomia Patologica, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Mendogni
- S.C. Chirurgia Toracica e Trapianti di Polmone, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Nosotti
- S.C. Chirurgia Toracica e Trapianti di Polmone, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Patofisiologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferrero
- S.C. Anatomia Patologica, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
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Mimori T, Shukuya T, Ko R, Okuma Y, Koizumi T, Imai H, Takiguchi Y, Miyauchi E, Kagamu H, Sugiyama T, Azuma K, Namba Y, Yamasaki M, Tanaka H, Takashima Y, Soda S, Ishimoto O, Koyama N, Kobayashi K, Takahashi K. Clinical Significance of Tumor Markers for Advanced Thymic Carcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis from the NEJ023 Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020331. [PMID: 35053494 PMCID: PMC8773938 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Advanced thymic carcinoma (ATC) is rare. Owing to its rarity, there is limited information on the prognostic factors, and the optimal serum tumor markers are also unknown. We conducted a multi-institutional retrospective study of patients with ATC. In this study, we collected data on patient characteristics, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and tumor marker values, and investigated the relationship between tumor marker values and PFS/OS. We found that the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) level may be a useful prognostic tumor marker for ATC, regardless of histology. The findings of the analysis limited to squamous cell carcinoma suggested that the NSE and squamous cell carcinoma antigen levels may be useful prognostic factors. Abstract The optimal tumor marker for predicting the prognosis of advanced thymic carcinoma (ATC) remains unclear. We conducted a multi-institutional retrospective study of patients with ATC. A total of 286 patients were treated with chemotherapy. Clinicopathological information, including serum tumor markers, was evaluated to determine the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin-19 fragment, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen, progastrin-releasing peptide, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and alpha-fetoprotein levels were evaluated. In the Kaplan–Meier analysis, the OS was significantly shorter in the patients with elevated NSE levels than in those with normal NSE levels (median, 20.3 vs. 36.8 months; log-rank test p = 0.029; hazard ratio (HR), 1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05–2.31 (Cox proportional hazard model)); a similar tendency regarding the PFS was observed (median, 6.4 vs. 11.0 months; log-rank test p = 0.001; HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.31–3.18). No significant differences in the OS and PFS were observed among the other tumor markers. In both univariate and multivariate analyses of the patients with SCC only, the NSE level was associated with the OS and PFS. Thus, the NSE level may be a prognostic tumor marker for thymic carcinoma, regardless of histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Mimori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (T.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Takehito Shukuya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (T.M.); (K.T.)
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Ryo Ko
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Yusuke Okuma
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Disease Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan;
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 105-0045, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Koizumi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
| | - Hisao Imai
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, Ota 373-8550, Japan;
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka 350-1298, Japan; (H.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Yuichi Takiguchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8677, Japan;
| | - Eisaku Miyauchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Kagamu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka 350-1298, Japan; (H.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Tomohide Sugiyama
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Tochigi Cancer Center, Utsunomiya 320-0834, Japan;
| | - Keisuke Azuma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan;
| | - Yukiko Namba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu 279-0021, Japan;
| | - Masahiro Yamasaki
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Hiroshima Red Cross & Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima 730-8619, Japan;
| | - Hisashi Tanaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8563, Japan;
| | - Yuta Takashima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan;
| | - Sayo Soda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan;
| | - Osamu Ishimoto
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai 980-0873, Japan;
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Okino Medical Clinic, Miyagi 984-0831, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Koyama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan;
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka 350-1298, Japan; (H.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (T.M.); (K.T.)
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Huang YY, Liu X, Liang SH, Hu Y, Ma GW. The Prognostic Value of Preoperative Serum D-dimer Levels After Surgical Resection of Thymic Epithelial Tumors. Cancer Control 2022; 29:10732748221129108. [DOI: 10.1177/10732748221129108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Thymic epithelial tumors are the most common mediastinal tumors. Despite the high survival rate after surgery, some patients still require postoperative adjuvant therapy and closer follow-up. Hematological indicators such as biochemical routines and coagulation indicators have been reported to be independently associated with the prognosis of various malignancies. Therefore, we included hematological indicators in the analysis. Methods The data of 105 patients with thymic epithelial tumors were retrospectively collected from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and the patients with missing preoperative hematological indicators were excluded. X-tile software was used to obtain the best cutoff value of each preoperative hematological indicator, and COX regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to demonstrate statistically significant results. Results COX univariate regression analysis of all patients showed that Masaoka stage, T stage, WHO histologic types, D-dimer, albumin-fibrinogen ratio (AFR), Fibrinogen (Fbg) were associated with postoperative overall survival ( P < .05). T stage, WHO histologic types, D-dimer, and AFR were associated with postoperative recurrence-free survival ( P < .05). Finally, multivariate regression analysis showed that T stage, D-dimer levels were independently associated with postoperative overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients with thymic epithelial tumors. Conclusions For thymic epithelial tumors, higher preoperative D-dimer levels predict poorer survival and shorter recurrence-free survival. This may help guide postoperative adjuvant therapy and follow-up patterns in patients with thymic epithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shen-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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