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van Furth LA, Huijink TM, van Leeuwen LL, Maassen H, Lantinga VA, Ogurlu B, Hamelink TL, Pool MBF, Schutter R, Veldhuis SZJ, Ottens PJ, Moers C, Berger SP, Leuvenink HGD, Posma RA, Venema LH. The association between hemoglobin levels and renal function parameters during normothermic machine perfusion: A retrospective cohort study using porcine kidneys. Artif Organs 2024; 48:862-875. [PMID: 38546373 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex vivo normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) is a promising tool for assessing an isolated kidney prior to transplantation. However, there is no consensus on the perfusate's optimal oxygen-carrying capacity to support renal function. To investigate the association of hemoglobin levels with renal function parameters, a retrospective analysis of isolated, normothermically, perfused porcine kidneys was performed. METHODS Between 2015 and 2021, a total of 228 kidneys underwent 4 h of NMP with perfusates that varied in hemoglobin levels. A generalized linear model was used to determine the association of hemoglobin levels with time-weighted means of renal function markers, such as fractional sodium excretion (FENa) and creatinine clearance (CrCl). Stratified by baseline hemoglobin level (<4.5, 4.5-6, or >6 mmol/L), these markers were modeled over time using a generalized linear mixed-effects model. All models were adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS Until a hemoglobin level of around 5 mmol/L was reached, increasing hemoglobin levels were associated with superior FENa and CrCl. Thereafter, this association plateaued. When hemoglobin levels were categorized, hemoglobin <4.5 mmol/L was associated with worse renal function. Hemoglobin levels were neither significantly associated with proteinuria during NMP nor with ATP levels at the end of NMP. Hemoglobin levels >6 mmol/L showed no additional benefits in renal function. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we found an association between baseline hemoglobin levels and superior renal function parameters, but not injury, during NMP of porcine kidneys. Furthermore, we show that performing a retrospective cohort study of preclinical data is feasible and able to answer additional questions, reducing the potential use of laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Annick van Furth
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias M Huijink
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Leonie van Leeuwen
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Mt. Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Hanno Maassen
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle A Lantinga
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Baran Ogurlu
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim L Hamelink
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel B F Pool
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Schutter
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Z J Veldhuis
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra J Ottens
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cyril Moers
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan P Berger
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henri G D Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rene A Posma
- Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie H Venema
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Hullegie-Peelen DM, Hesselink DA, Dieterich M, Minnee RC, Peeters A, Hoogduijn MJ, Baan CC. Tissue-resident Lymphocytes Are Released During Hypothermic and Normothermic Machine Perfusion of Human Donor Kidneys. Transplantation 2024; 108:1551-1557. [PMID: 38557650 PMCID: PMC11188625 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Machine perfusion is the preferred preservation method for deceased donor kidneys. Perfusate fluid, which contains a complex mixture of components, offers potential insight into the organ's viability and function. This study explored immune cell release, particularly tissue-resident lymphocytes (TRLs), during donor kidney machine perfusion and its correlation with injury markers. METHODS Perfusate samples from hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP; n = 26) and normothermic machine perfusion (NMP; n = 16) of human donor kidneys were analyzed for TRLs using flow cytometry. Residency was defined by expressions of CD69, CD103, and CD49as. TRL release was quantified exclusively in NMP. Additionally, levels of cell-free DNA, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and soluble E-cadherin (sE-cadherin) were measured in NMP supernatants with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Both HMP and NMP samples contained a heterogeneous population of TRLs, including CD4 + tissue-resident memory T cells, CD8 + tissue-resident memory T cells, tissue-resident natural killer cells, tissue-resident natural killer T cells, and helper-like innate lymphoid cells. Median TRL proportions among total CD45 + lymphocytes were 0.89% (NMP) and 0.84% (HMP). TRL quantities in NMP did not correlate with donor characteristics, perfusion parameters, posttransplant outcomes, or cell-free DNA and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentrations. However, CD103 + TRL release positively correlated with the release of sE-cadherin, the ligand for the CD103 integrin. CONCLUSIONS Human donor kidneys release TRLs during both HMP and NMP. The release of CD103 + TRLs was associated with the loss of their ligand sE-cadherin but not with general transplant injury biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne M. Hullegie-Peelen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis A. Hesselink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Dieterich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Minnee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Hepato-pancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin J. Hoogduijn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carla C. Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Minor T, Malkus L, Zlatev H, Lüer B, von Horn C. Noninvasive measurement of 13Carbon turnover for evaluation of porcine renal grafts during ex vivo machine perfusion. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:192. [PMID: 38129586 PMCID: PMC10739878 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation suffers from a shortage of donor organs. Despite this, a lot of grafts are discarded due to inadequate quality. As many kidneys are afflicted by transient filtration failure early after preservation, classical renal function tests are not applicable to differentiate between prospective recovery or continuing deficit of renal function. METHODS Using normothermic machine perfusion as a platform for pre-implantation evaluation of the graft, we present a novel evaluative approach based on the metabolic turnover of 13C-acetate during isolated perfusion. After injection of the tracer, 13CO2 as a metabolic end-product can be quantified by high-precision laser-based spectroscopy in the gas outflow of the oxygenator. Three groups of porcine kidneys with graduated ischemic injury were investigated. RESULTS This quantitative approach is able to discriminate acceptable quality kidneys, most likely to recover within days from poor kidney grafts that are unlikely to regain notable glomerular function with high discriminatory power (area under the ROC curve 0.91; P < 0.001 By contrast, conventional renal function tests are rather ineffective under these circumstances. CONCLUSIONS This assessment method offers the potential to quantitatively assess donor kidney quality using a measurable output, salvaging donors that would otherwise have been discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Minor
- Surgical Research Department, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Laura Malkus
- Surgical Research Department, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Hristo Zlatev
- Surgical Research Department, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Bastian Lüer
- Surgical Research Department, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Charlotte von Horn
- Surgical Research Department, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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Mulvey JF, Shaheed SU, Charles PD, Snashall C, Lo Faro ML, Sutton CW, Jochmans I, Pirenne J, van Kooten C, Leuvenink HGD, Kaisar M, Ploeg RJ. Perfusate Proteomes Provide Biological Insight Into Oxygenated Versus Standard Hypothermic Machine Perfusion in Kidney Transplantation. Ann Surg 2023; 278:676-682. [PMID: 37503631 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000006046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide mechanistic insight into key biological alterations in donation after circulatory death kidneys during continuous pefusion we performed mass spectrometry profiling of perfusate samples collected during a phase 3 randomized double-blind paired clinical trial of hypothermic machine perfusion with and without oxygen (COMPARE). BACKGROUND Despite the clinical benefits of novel perfusion technologies aiming to better preserve donor organs, biological processes that may be altered during perfusion have remained largely unexplored. The collection of serial perfusate samples during the COMPARE clinical trial provided a unique resource to study perfusate proteomic profiles, with the hypothesis that in-depth profiling may reveal biologically meaningful information on how donor kidneys benefit from this intervention. METHODS Multiplexed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to obtain a proteome profile of 210 perfusate samples. Partial least squares discriminant analysis and multivariate analysis involving clinical and perfusion parameters were used to identify associations between profiles and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Identification and quantitation of 1716 proteins indicated that proteins released during perfusion originate from the kidney tissue and blood, with blood-based proteins being the majority. Data show that the overall hypothermic machine perfusion duration is associated with increasing levels of a subgroup of proteins. Notably, high-density lipoprotein and complement cascade proteins are associated with 12-month outcomes, and blood-derived proteins are enriched in the perfusate of kidneys that developed acute rejection. CONCLUSIONS Perfusate profiling by mass spectrometry was informative and revealed proteomic changes that are biologically meaningful and, in part, explain the clinical observations of the COMPARE trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Mulvey
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, and Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sadr Ul Shaheed
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, and Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip D Charles
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Corinna Snashall
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, and Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Letizia Lo Faro
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, and Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ina Jochmans
- Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Lab of Abdominal Transplantation, Transplantation Research Group, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacques Pirenne
- Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Lab of Abdominal Transplantation, Transplantation Research Group, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Department of Internal Medicine Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Transplant Center, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henri G D Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Kaisar
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, and Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Research and Development, NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford & Bristol, UK
| | - Rutger J Ploeg
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, and Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Transplant Center, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Research and Development, NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford & Bristol, UK
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Meertens P, Mellati A, Dumbill R, Lo Faro ML, Rozenberg K, Mulvey J, Fliri H, Ploeg R, Hunter J. CC-4066 therapy delivered to kidneys during cold storage and assessed with normothermic reperfusion is feasible and safe. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 2:1166661. [PMID: 39055309 PMCID: PMC11270626 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1166661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Currently there is an urgent need to translate interventions that may be beneficial to marginal donor kidneys prior to transplant, to improve their quality from bench to bedside. This project investigated the effects of CC-4066, a potent dual inhibitor of cyclophilin proteins A and D, treatment during static cold storage (SCS) in a porcine model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) using Normothermic Reperfusion (NR). Materials and methods Porcine kidneys and autologous blood were retrieved in pairs from a local abattoir (n = 7). One kidney from each pair was randomly allocated to treatment and one allocated to control and flushed with preservation solution containing CC-4066 or vehicle. After 7 h of SCS kidneys underwent 3 h Normothermic Reperfusion (NR) with autologous whole blood while perfusion characteristics and samples were collected. Results Perfusion and metabolic parameters showed similar trends and no statistical differences were observed between the groups. IL-6 showed a significant increase over time but no significant difference between groups (p-value 0.009 and 0.14 respectively, two-way ANOVA). Oxygen consumption and lactate levels were similar between groups but there was increased vacuolation on histology in the control group. Conclusions The addition of CC-4066 during SCS of kidneys is safe and feasible and has no adverse or detrimental effects on perfusion during assessment on NR. There was no difference in cytokine levels although there was a trend towards less vacuolation on histology in the treatment group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pommelien Meertens
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdoms
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Azita Mellati
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdoms
| | - Richard Dumbill
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdoms
- Oxford University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M. Letizia Lo Faro
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdoms
| | - Kaithlyn Rozenberg
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdoms
| | - John Mulvey
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdoms
| | - Hans Fliri
- Cypralis Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rutger Ploeg
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdoms
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Oxford University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Hunter
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdoms
- University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
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