1
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Liu F. Direct methylthiolation of C-, S-, and P-nucleophiles with sodium S-methyl thiosulfate. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1153-1157. [PMID: 36628986 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02056d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A practical and efficient methylthiolation that employed the typical Bunte salt sodium S-methyl sulfothioate as the sulfur source was described. This reagent could react with a variety of compounds such as alkynes, 1,3-diketones, thiols, selenol and H-phosphine oxides, affording methylthiolated products in moderate to excellent yields. The advantages such as easy preparation, air- and moisture-stability and high tolerance of functional groups demonstrated the potential of this reagent to be widely applied in organic synthesis. Notably, the robustness of this reagent was demonstrated by the late-stage modification of drug molecules of erlotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanmin Liu
- Division of Specialty Chemicals, Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, P. R. China.
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2
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Abourehab MAS, Alqahtani AM, Youssif BGM, Gouda AM. Globally Approved EGFR Inhibitors: Insights into Their Syntheses, Target Kinases, Biological Activities, Receptor Interactions, and Metabolism. Molecules 2021; 26:6677. [PMID: 34771085 PMCID: PMC8587155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting the EGFR with small-molecule inhibitors is a confirmed valid strategy in cancer therapy. Since the FDA approval of the first EGFR-TKI, erlotinib, great efforts have been devoted to the discovery of new potent inhibitors. Until now, fourteen EGFR small-molecule inhibitors have been globally approved for the treatment of different types of cancers. Although these drugs showed high efficacy in cancer therapy, EGFR mutations have emerged as a big challenge for these drugs. In this review, we focus on the EGFR small-molecule inhibitors that have been approved for clinical uses in cancer therapy. These drugs are classified based on their chemical structures, target kinases, and pharmacological uses. The synthetic routes of these drugs are also discussed. The crystal structures of these drugs with their target kinases are also summarized and their bonding modes and interactions are visualized. Based on their binding interactions with the EGFR, these drugs are also classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors. The cytotoxicity of these drugs against different types of cancer cell lines is also summarized. In addition, the proposed metabolic pathways and metabolites of the fourteen drugs are discussed, with a primary focus on the active and reactive metabolites. Taken together, this review highlights the syntheses, target kinases, crystal structures, binding interactions, cytotoxicity, and metabolism of the fourteen globally approved EGFR inhibitors. These data should greatly help in the design of new EGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. S. Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alaa M. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahaa G. M. Youssif
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Gouda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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3
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Abdelgalil AA, Al-Kahtani HM, Al-Jenoobi FI. Erlotinib. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2019; 45:93-117. [PMID: 32164971 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Erlotinib (OSI-774), marketed by Genentech as Tarceva®, is anticancer drug approved by US-FDA for the treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Pancreatic Cancer. Erlotinib inhibited epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that blocks tumor cell division, produces cell cycle arrest, and initiates programmed cell death in EGFR-overexpressing human tumor cells. This study presents a comprehensive profile of erlotinib, including detailed nomenclature, formula, elemental analysis, methods of preparation, physico-chemical characteristics, and methods of analysis (including spectroscopic, electrochemical, and chromatographic methods of analysis). Spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses include UV/vis spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry ((1)H and (13)C NMR), and mass spectrometry. Chromatographic methods of analyses include thin layer chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacology of erlotinib including pharmacodynamics, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions were also presented. An appropriate table and figures were attached to each of the above mentioned sections along with total of 48 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Abdelgalil
- Central Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad M Al-Kahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad I Al-Jenoobi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Moser D, Duan Y, Wang F, Ma Y, O'Neill MJ, Cornella J. Selective Functionalization of Aminoheterocycles by a Pyrylium Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
| | - Yaya Duan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
| | - Feng Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
| | - Yuanhong Ma
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
| | - Matthew J. O'Neill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
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5
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Moser D, Duan Y, Wang F, Ma Y, O'Neill MJ, Cornella J. Selective Functionalization of Aminoheterocycles by a Pyrylium Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11035-11039. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
| | - Yaya Duan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
| | - Feng Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
| | - Yuanhong Ma
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
| | - Matthew J. O'Neill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
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6
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Pethő B, Vangel D, Csenki JT, Zwillinger M, Novák Z. Palladium catalyzed chloroethoxylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic chlorides: an orthogonal functionalization of a chloroethoxy linker. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:4895-4899. [PMID: 29938279 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01146j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel disconnection based on cross-coupling chemistry was designed to access pharmaceutically relevant aryl-aminoethyl ethers. The developed palladium-catalyzed functionalization of aryl- and heteroaryl chlorides with a sodium tetrakis-(2-chloroethoxy) borate salt is orthogonal to the simple nucleophilic replacement of the chloro function of the ethylene linker. The transformation enables efficient 2-chloroethoxylation in the absence of an additional external base. Subsequent amine substitution of the alkyl halide affords 2-aminoethoxy arenes. The applicability of this method was demonstrated through the synthesis of various aryl- and heteroaryl-alkyl ethers, including the intermediates of marketed drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Pethő
- ELTE "Lendület" Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Science, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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7
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Shi H, Lai B, Chen S, Zhou X, Nie J, Ma JA. Facile Synthesis of Novel Perfluorocarbon-Modulated 4-Anilinoquinazoline Analogues. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Bonan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Shizhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan Hubei 430071 China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan Hubei 430071 China
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 China
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8
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Bysting F, Bugge S, Sundby E, Hoff BH. Investigation of Heck coupling on 6-bromo[2,3-d]thienopyrimidines for construction of new EGFR inhibitor lead structures. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01961k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of identifying new lead structures for EGFR inhibition, a study of palladium catalysed Heck coupling between (R)-6-bromo-N-(1-phenylethyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine and various acrylates was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bysting
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
- NO-7491 Trondheim
- Norway
| | - S. Bugge
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
- NO-7491 Trondheim
- Norway
| | - E. Sundby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
- NO-7491 Trondheim
- Norway
| | - B. H. Hoff
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
- NO-7491 Trondheim
- Norway
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9
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Zhang Y, Yang CR, Tang X, Cao SL, Ren TT, Gao M, Liao J, Xu X. Synthesis and antitumor activity evaluation of quinazoline derivatives bearing piperazine-1-carbodithioate moiety at C4-position. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4666-4670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Li F, Lu L, Liu P. Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling of o-Aminobenzamides with the Activation of Methanol as a C1 Source for the Construction of Quinazolinones. Org Lett 2016; 18:2580-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lei Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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11
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Zhang R, Chen S, Zhang X, Yu R, Wan S, Geng M, Jiang T. Synthesis and evaluation of novel non-covalent binding quinazoline glycoside derivatives targeting the L858R and T790M variants of EGFR. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06818a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel quinazoline glycoside derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibition activities against EGFR-WT, EGFR/L858R/T790M, and skin epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A431).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- The Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- The Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- The Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Shengbiao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- The Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Meiyu Geng
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- The Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
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12
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Min D, Han MH, Lee S, Jung M. First Synthesis of Novel Aminophenyl Pyridinium-5-(hydroxybenzoyl)-hydrazonomethyl-2-oxothiazol-3-ide Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Anticancer Activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 63:843-7. [PMID: 26235251 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis for large-scale production and anticancer activity of novel aminophenylpyridinium-5-(hydroxybenzoyl)hydrazonomethyl-2-oxothiazol-3-ide (PBHT) (1) and its derivatives are reported. The chemical structure of PBHT was unambiguously determined by utilization of the two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) technique. The anticancer activity against human colon adenocarcinoma (HCT15) cells of all synthesized compounds was approximately four-fold greater than that of 5-fluorouracil, with IC50 values ranging from 10.1 to 14.2 µM. The three structural determinants of hydroxybenzoyl, hydrazinylidene, and pyridinium oxothiazole in the synthesized compounds could be indispensable for exhibiting anticancer activity.
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13
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A Convenient and Easy Purification Approach to High-Yield Synthesis of Gefitinib as an Anticancer Agent from Isovaniline. Pharm Chem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-014-1141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Chernyak D, Ponomaryov Y, Varacheva LL, Lebedev А, Chernobroviy А. Employment of the TiCl4–Anisole–Pyridine System in the Condensation of Amides with Aromatic Amines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-014-1599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Optimization of gefitinib analogues with potent anticancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5247-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Wang M, Gao M, Zheng QH. The first radiosynthesis of [ 11 C]AZD8931 as a new potential PET agent for imaging of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 signaling. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4455-4459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Rahman AFMM, Korashy HM, Kassem MG. Gefitinib. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2014; 39:239-264. [PMID: 24794908 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800173-8.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gefitinib (Iressa®) is a selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor, a growth factor that plays a pivotal role in the control of cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Gefitinib is clinically used for the treatment of chemoresistant non-small cell lung cancer patients. Gefitinib is freely soluble in dimethylsulphoxide but slightly soluble in methanol and ethanol. Several methods of gefitinib synthesis are included in this review. UV spectroscopy of gefitinib showed a λmax of approximately 331nm, whereas IR spectroscopy principal peaks were observed at 3400cm(-1) (NH), 2956cm(-1) (CH2, CH, alkyl), 1625cm(-1) (CC, CN), 1500cm(-1) (HCCH, aryl), 1110cm(-1) (CO), 1028cm(-1) (CF). In addition, different analytical methods for determination of gefitinib are also described in this review. Pharmacokinetically, after oral administration, gefitinib is slowly absorbed with bioavailability of approximately 60% in human. Gefitinib is metabolized extensively in the liver into five metabolites by cytochrome P450s, primarily by CYP3A4 and to a lesser extent by CYP3A5 and CYP2D6. Gefitinib is eliminated mainly hepatically with total plasma clearance of 595mL/min after intravenous administration. Most of the adverse effects associated with gefitinib therapy are mild to moderate in severity and are usually reversible and manageable with appropriate intervention, such as diarrhea, dry skin, rash, nausea, and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F M Motiur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham M Korashy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Gabr Kassem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Karunakara AC, Aparna U, Kush A, Reddy GC. DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF INTERMEDIATES FORMED DURING THE SYNTHESIS OF ERLOTINIB VIA QUINAZOLINE-THIONE ROUTE USING HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.723089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Karunakara
- a Vittal Mallya Scientific Research Foundation (VMSRF) , Bengaluru , India
| | - U. Aparna
- a Vittal Mallya Scientific Research Foundation (VMSRF) , Bengaluru , India
| | - Anil Kush
- a Vittal Mallya Scientific Research Foundation (VMSRF) , Bengaluru , India
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19
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. An overview of the synthetic routes to the best selling drugs containing 6-membered heterocycles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.265 pmid: 24204439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review which is the second in this series summarises the most common synthetic routes as applied to the preparation of many modern pharmaceutical compounds categorised as containing a six-membered heterocyclic ring. The reported examples are based on the top retailing drug molecules combining synthetic information from both scientific journals and the wider patent literature. It is hoped that this compilation, in combination with the previously published review on five-membered rings, will form a comprehensive foundation and reference source for individuals interested in medicinal, synthetic and preparative chemistry.
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20
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. An overview of the synthetic routes to the best selling drugs containing 6-membered heterocycles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2265-319. [PMID: 24204439 PMCID: PMC3817479 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review which is the second in this series summarises the most common synthetic routes as applied to the preparation of many modern pharmaceutical compounds categorised as containing a six-membered heterocyclic ring. The reported examples are based on the top retailing drug molecules combining synthetic information from both scientific journals and the wider patent literature. It is hoped that this compilation, in combination with the previously published review on five-membered rings, will form a comprehensive foundation and reference source for individuals interested in medicinal, synthetic and preparative chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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21
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Li S, Wang X, He Y, Zhao M, Chen Y, Xu J, Feng M, Chang J, Ning H, Qi C. Design and synthesis of novel quinazoline nitrogen mustard derivatives as potential therapeutic agents for cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:293-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Design and synthesis of novel 4-benzothiazole amino quinazolines Dasatinib derivatives as potential anti-tumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:702-12. [PMID: 23567960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Three series of novel 4-benzothiazole amino quinazolines Dasatinib derivatives have been designed and synthesized. The entire target compounds were investigated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity by the MTT-based assay against 6 human cancer cell lines. Compared with the parental Dasatinib, most of the new compounds, especially 2, 4, 6-trimethylaniline series (3), demonstrated significant inhibitory activities against six cell lines. Furthermore, the target compounds were screened for Src and Abl kinase inhibitory activity. Among them, 1a, 1f and 3a-3f are more potential dual Src/Abl kinase inhibitors. Thus they may be promising lead compounds to be developed as an alternative for current Dasatinib therapy or for Imatinib-resistant patients, potentially via simultaneously blocking multiple RTK signaling pathways.
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23
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Deadman BJ, Hopkin MD, Baxendale IR, Ley SV. The synthesis of Bcr-Abl inhibiting anticancer pharmaceutical agents imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1766-800. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob27003j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and QSAR study of a series of substituted quinazolines as antimicrobial agents. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Chen S, Li X, Wan S, Jiang T. Synthesis of Novel Benzoxazinone Compounds as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2011.573169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Zhang G, Zha L. Isolation of highly pure erlotinib hydrochloride by recrystallization after nucleophilic substitution of an impurity with piperazine. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chen Y, Feng M, Li S, Xu J, Ning H, He Y, Wang X, Ding R, Qi C. Synthesis and evaluation of novel F-18 labeled 4-aminoquinazoline derivatives: Potential PET imaging agents for tumor detection. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4745-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel salicylanilides as inhibitors of EGFR protein tyrosine kinases. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Disclosure of erlotinib as a multikinase inhibitor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Neoplasia 2012; 13:1026-34. [PMID: 22131878 DOI: 10.1593/neo.111016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A placebo-controlled phase 3 trial demonstrated that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine was especially efficient in a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) subgroup of patients developing skin toxicity. However, EGFR expression was not predictive for response, and markers to characterize an erlotinib-responding PDAC group are currently missing. In this work, we observed high erlotinib IC50 values in a panel of human and murine PDAC cell lines. Using EGFR small interfering RNA, we detected that the erlotinib response was marginally influenced by EGFR. To find novel EGFR targets, we used an unbiased chemical proteomics approach for target identification and quality-controlled target affinity determination combined with quantitative mass spectrometry based on stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture. In contrast to gefitinib, we observed a broad target profile of erlotinib in PDAC cells by quantitative proteomics. Six protein kinases bind to erlotinib with similar or higher affinity (K(d) = 0.09-0.358 µM) than the EGFR (K(d) 0.434 µM). We provide evidence that one of the novel erlotinib targets, ARG, contributes in part to the erlotinib response in a PDAC cell line. Our data show that erlotinib is a multikinase inhibitor, which can act independent of EGFR in PDAC. These findings may help to monitor future erlotinib trials in the clinic.
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Chen S, Zhang X, Wang J, Wan S, Geng M, Jiang T. Design and synthesis of a series of novel bisquinazoline glycosides as epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:1006-13. [PMID: 21824331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new series of potential epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors possessing bisquinazoline and saccharide moieties were designed and synthesized. The biological results demonstrated that the synthetic derivatives significantly inhibited epidermal growth factor receptor enzymatic activity in vitro. Of them, compound 14b showed the highest inhibitory rate toward epidermal growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinase (81.36%) at a concentration of 1 μM. Further molecular simulation predicted that 14b offered its saccharide moieties hydrogen bonding to ATP-binding pocket.
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Kim C, Shah BP, Subramaniam P, Lee KB. Synergistic induction of apoptosis in brain cancer cells by targeted codelivery of siRNA and anticancer drugs. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1955-61. [PMID: 21793576 DOI: 10.1021/mp100460h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple dysregulated pathways in tumors necessitate targeting multiple oncogenic elements by combining orthogonal therapeutic moieties like short-interfering RNAs (siRNA) and drug molecules in order to achieve a synergistic therapeutic effect. In this manuscript, we describe the synthesis of cyclodextrin-modified dendritic polyamines (DexAMs) and their application as a multicomponent delivery vehicle for translocating siRNA and anticancer drugs. The presence of β-cyclodextrins in our DexAMs facilitated complexation and intracellular uptake of hydrophobic anticancer drugs, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and erlotinib, whereas the cationic polyamine backbone allowed for electrostatic interaction with the negatively charged siRNA. The DexAM complexes were found to have minimal cytotoxicity over a wide range of concentrations and were found to efficiently deliver siRNA, thereby silencing the expression of targeted genes. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated that upon appropriate modification with targeting ligands, we were able to simultaneously deliver multiple payloads--siRNA against oncogenic receptor, EGFRvIII and anticancer drugs (SAHA or erlotinib)--efficiently and selectively to glioblastoma cells. Codelivery of siRNA-EGFRvIII and SAHA/erlotinib in glioblastoma cells was found to significantly inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis, as compared to the individual treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheoljin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Asgari D, Aghanejad A, Mojarrad JS. An Improved Convergent Approach for Synthesis of Erlotinib, a Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, via a Ring Closure Reaction of Phenyl Benzamidine Intermediate. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.3.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Klüter S, Simard JR, Rode HB, Grütter C, Pawar V, Raaijmakers HCA, Barf TA, Rabiller M, van Otterlo WAL, Rauh D. Characterization of Irreversible Kinase Inhibitors by Directly Detecting Covalent Bond Formation: A Tool for Dissecting Kinase Drug Resistance. Chembiochem 2010; 11:2557-66. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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35
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Shan Y, Li N, Ma W, He L. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of novel taspine derivatives as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2798-805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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36
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Zheng Y, Wu X, Xue B, Li M, Ji M. Design, synthesis, docking and antitumor activity of quinazolino [3, 4-a] thieno [3, 2-d] pyrimidin-8-one derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 76:285-90. [PMID: 20604799 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.01008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several novel quinazolino [3, 4-a] thieno [3, 2-d] pyrimidin-8-one derivatives were synthesized. All of the compounds were determined against MiaPaCa2 and DU145 cells in vitro, and the crystal structures of analog 8 and 20 in the active site of the EGFR complexes were presented. The entire compounds had been identified by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, IR, MS and EA.
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A novel approach to quinazolin-4(3H)-one via quinazoline oxidation: an improved synthesis of 4-anilinoquinazolines. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Abstract
A new synthesis of the anticancer drug gefitinib is described starting from methyl 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate. The sequence involves alkylation of the starting material, followed by nitration, reduction, cyclisation, chlorination and amination reactions. This new method has six steps, uses a much cheaper starting material and has higher yields than other methods. It is suitable for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youguang Zheng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Mingdong Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Shaoning Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
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Zhang M, Lu RZ, Han LN, Wei WB, Wang HB. N-(4-Isopropoxyphenyl)acetamide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o1017. [PMID: 21583839 PMCID: PMC2977703 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809012665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the molecule of the title compound, C11H15NO2, the planar acetamide unit [maximum deviation of 0.0014 (6) Å] is oriented at a dihedral angle of 19.68 (4)° with respect to the aromatic ring. An intramolecular C—H⋯O interaction results in the formation of a six-membered ring. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains along the a axis
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40
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Zhang M, Lu RZ, Han LN, Wei WB, Wang HB. Methyl 2-amino-4-(3-chloropropoxy)-5-methoxybenzoate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o942. [PMID: 21583986 PMCID: PMC2977643 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809011374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C12H16ClNO4, contains two crystallographically independent molecules. The benzene rings of the two independent molecules are oriented at a dihedral angle of 88.50 (3)°. Intramolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the methoxybenzoate carbonyl group in each molecule result in the formation of two planar, six-membered rings, oriented at dihedral angles of 1.39 (3) and 0.68 (3)° with respect to the adjacent benzene rings. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains along the a axis.
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Zhang M, Lu RZ, Han LN, Wei WB, Wang HB. Methyl 4-(3-chloropropoxy)-5-methoxy-2-nitrobenzoate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o781. [PMID: 21582506 PMCID: PMC2969097 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809009076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C12H14ClNO6, contains two crystallographically independent molecules, in which the benzene rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 9.12 (3)°. In the crystal structure, weak intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into a three-dimensional network.
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42
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Harris CS, Hennequin LF, Willerval O. Three-point variation of a gefinitib quinazoline core. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Zhang M, Lu RZ, Han LN, Wei WB, Wang HB. Methyl 5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-[3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy]benzoate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o558. [PMID: 21582216 PMCID: PMC2968430 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809005418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the molecule of the title compound, C17H24N2O6, the dihedral angle between the four coplanar atoms of the piperidine ring and the benzene ring is 39.2 (1)°.
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Zhang M, Lu RZ, Han LN, Wang B, Wang HB. Methyl 4-(3-chloropropoxy)-3-methoxybenzoate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o231. [PMID: 21581848 PMCID: PMC2968407 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808043274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Zhang M, Lu RZ, Han LN, Wei WB, Wang HB. Methyl 4-but-oxy-3-methoxy-benzoate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o434. [PMID: 21582019 PMCID: PMC2968182 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809003080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C(13)H(18)O(4), is an inter-mediate product in the synthesis of quinazoline derivatives. Crystal structure analysis shows that the benzene-butoxy C(ar)-O-C-C torsion angle is 175.3 (2)° and that the benzene-methoxycarbonyl C(ar)-C-O-C torsion angle is 175.2 (2)°. Torsion angles close to 180° indicate that the molecule is almost planar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Xinmofan Road No. 5 Nanjing, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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46
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Chandregowda V, Rao GV, Reddy GC. Improved Synthesis of Gefitinib and Erlotinib Hydrochloride‐ Anticancer Agents. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910701483761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Chandregowda V, Venkateswara Rao G, Chandrasekara Reddy G. Convergent Approach for Commercial Synthesis of Gefitinib and Erlotinib. Org Process Res Dev 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/op700054p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Li MD, Zheng YG, Ji M. Synthesis of gefitinib from methyl 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzoate. Molecules 2007; 12:673-8. [PMID: 17851420 PMCID: PMC6149427 DOI: 10.3390/12030673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a novel synthesis of gefitinib starting from methyl 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate. The process starts with alkylation of the starting material, followed by nitration, reduction, cyclization, chlorination and two successive amination reactions. The intermediates and target molecule were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS and the purities of all these compounds were determined by HPLC. This novel synthetic route produced overall yields as high as 37.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Dong Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, PR China.
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Chandrasekara Reddy G, Chandregowda V, Venkateswara Rao G. One-Pot Conversion of 2-Nitrobenzonitriles to Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones and Synthesis of Gefitinib and Erlotinib Hydrochloride. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-06-10884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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