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Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang J, Liu D, Bai G. Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and product application of Platycodon grandiflorum: A review. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2024; 16:327-343. [PMID: 39072195 PMCID: PMC11283231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng in Chinese) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used for both medicinal and culinary purposes. Its historical use as an antitussive and expectorant has been extensively documented. Researchers, to date, have identified 219 chemical constituents in Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC, encompassing 89 saponins, 11 flavonoids, 21 polysaccharides, 14 phenolic acids, six polyacetylenes, five sterols, 34 fatty acids, 17 amino acids, and 22 trace elements. Jiegeng exhibits diverse pharmacological effects, including antitussive and anti-phlegm properties, anti-cancer activity, anti-inflammatory effects, immune regulation, antioxidant properties, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic effects. Additionally, Jiegeng shows potential in protecting the heart and liver. Beyond its medicinal benefits, Jiegeng is highly esteemed in culinary applications, and its global demand is on the rise. Its utilization has expanded beyond medicine and food to encompass daily necessities, cosmetics, agricultural supplies, and other fields. Currently, there are 18 272 patents related to P. grandiflorum. This comprehensive review summarizes the latest research published over the past 20 years, providing a robust foundation for further exploration of the medicinal and health benefits of P. grandiflorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Jingze Zhang
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Dailin Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Gang Bai
- Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
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Kim J, Kang SH, Park SG, Yang TJ, Lee Y, Kim OT, Chung O, Lee J, Choi JP, Kwon SJ, Lee K, Ahn BO, Lee DJ, Yoo SI, Shin IG, Um Y, Lee DY, Kim GS, Hong CP, Bhak J, Kim CK. Whole-genome, transcriptome, and methylome analyses provide insights into the evolution of platycoside biosynthesis in Platycodon grandiflorus, a medicinal plant. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:112. [PMID: 32637140 PMCID: PMC7327020 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins (TSs) are common plant defense phytochemicals with potential pharmaceutical properties. Platycodon grandiflorus (Campanulaceae) has been traditionally used to treat bronchitis and asthma in East Asia. The oleanane-type TSs, platycosides, are a major component of the P. grandiflorus root extract. Recent studies show that platycosides exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, anticancer, antiviral, and antiallergy properties. However, the evolutionary history of platycoside biosynthesis genes remains unknown. In this study, we sequenced the genome of P. grandiflorus and investigated the genes involved in platycoside biosynthesis. The draft genome of P. grandiflorus is 680.1 Mb long and contains 40,017 protein-coding genes. Genomic analysis revealed that the CYP716 family genes play a major role in platycoside oxidation. The CYP716 gene family of P. grandiflorus was much larger than that of other Asterid species. Orthologous gene annotation also revealed the expansion of β-amyrin synthases (bASs) in P. grandiflorus, which was confirmed by tissue-specific gene expression. In these expanded gene families, we identified key genes showing preferential expression in roots and association with platycoside biosynthesis. In addition, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing showed that CYP716 and bAS genes are hypomethylated in P. grandiflorus, suggesting that epigenetic modification of these two gene families affects platycoside biosynthesis. Thus whole-genome, transcriptome, and methylome data of P. grandiflorus provide novel insights into the regulation of platycoside biosynthesis by CYP716 and bAS gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Kim
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Osong, 28160 Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Kang
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju, 54874 Korea
| | - Sin-Gi Park
- Theragen Etex Bio Institute, Suwon, 16229 Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Yang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Yi Lee
- Department of Industrial Plant Science & Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644 Korea
| | - Ok Tae Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, 27709 Korea
| | | | - Jungho Lee
- Green Plant Institute, Yongin, 16954 Korea
| | - Jae-Pil Choi
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Osong, 28160 Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kwon
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju, 54874 Korea
| | - Keunpyo Lee
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju, 54874 Korea
| | - Byoung-Ohg Ahn
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju, 54874 Korea
| | | | | | | | - Yurry Um
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, 27709 Korea
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, 27709 Korea
| | - Geum-Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, 27709 Korea
| | | | - Jong Bhak
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Osong, 28160 Korea
- Clinomics Inc, Ulsan, 44919 Korea
- Korean Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Korea
| | - Chang-Kug Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju, 54874 Korea
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Miettinen K, Pollier J, Buyst D, Arendt P, Csuk R, Sommerwerk S, Moses T, Mertens J, Sonawane PD, Pauwels L, Aharoni A, Martins J, Nelson DR, Goossens A. The ancient CYP716 family is a major contributor to the diversification of eudicot triterpenoid biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14153. [PMID: 28165039 PMCID: PMC5303825 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are widespread bioactive plant defence compounds with potential use as pharmaceuticals, pesticides and other high-value products. Enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 family have an essential role in creating the immense structural diversity of triterpenoids across the plant kingdom. However, for many triterpenoid oxidation reactions, the corresponding enzyme remains unknown. Here we characterize CYP716 enzymes from different medicinal plant species by heterologous expression in engineered yeasts and report ten hitherto unreported triterpenoid oxidation activities, including a cyclization reaction, leading to a triterpenoid lactone. Kingdom-wide phylogenetic analysis of over 400 CYP716s from over 200 plant species reveals details of their evolution and suggests that in eudicots the CYP716s evolved specifically towards triterpenoid biosynthesis. Our findings underscore the great potential of CYP716s as a source for generating triterpenoid structural diversity and expand the toolbox available for synthetic biology programmes for sustainable production of bioactive plant triterpenoids. Cytochrome P450 family enzymes have an essential role in the creation of triterpenoid diversity in plants. Here, the authors describe triterpenoid synthesis as mediated by CYP716 enzymes in medicinal plant species, and perform phylogenetic analysis to describe CYP716 molecular evolution in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Miettinen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Buyst
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philipp Arendt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - René Csuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sven Sommerwerk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tessa Moses
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Mertens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Prashant D Sonawane
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - José Martins
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Kim HJ, Jung J, Kim MS, Lee JM, Choi D, Yeam I. Molecular marker development and genetic diversity exploration by RNA-seq in Platycodon grandiflorum. Genome 2015; 58:441-51. [PMID: 26501479 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum, generally known as the bellflower or balloon flower, is the only species in the genus Platycodon of the family Campanulaceae. Platycodon plants have been traditionally used as a medicinal crop in East Asia for their antiphlogistic, antitussive, and expectorant properties. Despite these practical uses, marker-assisted selection and molecular breeding in platycodons have lagged due to the lack of genetic information on this genus. In this study, we performed RNA-seq analysis of three platycodon accessions to develop molecular markers and explore genetic diversity. First, genic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were retrieved and compared; dinucleotide motifs were the most abundant repeats (39%-40%) followed by trinucleotide (25%-31%), tetranucleotide (1.5%-1.9%), and pentanucleotide (0.3%-1.0%) repeats. The result of in silico SSR analysis, three SSR markers were detected and showed possibility to distinguish three platycodon accessions. After several filtering procedures, 180 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to design 40 cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers. Twelve of these PCR-based markers were validated as highly polymorphic and utilized to investigate genetic diversity in 21 platycodon accessions collected from various regions of South Korea. Collectively, the 12 markers yielded 35 alleles, with an average of 3 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.087 to 0.693, averaging 0.373 per locus. Since platycodon genetics have not been actively studied, the sequence information and the DNA markers generated from our research have the potential to contribute to further genetic improvements, genomic studies, and gene discovery in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- a Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong, Gyeongsangbukdo, 760-749, Republic of Korea.,b Department of Eco-Friendly Horticulture, Cheonan Yonam College, Cheonan, Chungcheongnamdo, 331-709, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsu Jung
- a Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong, Gyeongsangbukdo, 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Kim
- c Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Min Lee
- d Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- c Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhwa Yeam
- a Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong, Gyeongsangbukdo, 760-749, Republic of Korea.,e Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Andong National University, Andongsi, Gyeongsangbukdo, 760-749, Republic of Korea
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Yang D, Zhang C, Zhang N, Li M, Liu Y. Platycodon grandiflorus - an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 164:147-61. [PMID: 25666431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC., the sole species in genus Platycodon A. DC. (Campanulaceae) has a long history of use as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatments of cough, phlegm, sore throat, lung abscess, chest pain, dysuria, and dysentery. As a legal medicine and dietary supplement, it is also frequently used as an ingredient in health foods and vegetable dishes. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information on the botanical characterization and distribution, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus based on literature published in recent years. It will build a foundation for further study of the mechanism of action and the development of better therapeutic agents and healthy products from Platycodon grandiflorus. MATERIAL AND METHODS All of the available information on Platycodon grandiflorus was collected via electronic search (using PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, CNKI, TPL (www.theplantlist.org), Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science). RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of the literature obtained through the above-mentioned sources confirmed that ethno-medical uses of Platycodon grandiflorus have been recorded in China, Japan, Mongolia, and Korea for thousands of years. A phytochemical investigation revealed that this product contains steroidal saponins, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, sterols, phenolics, and other bioactive compounds. Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from Platycodon grandiflorus exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory effects. They also showed valuable bioactive effects, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular system effects, among others. CONCLUSIONS In light of its long traditional use and the modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies summarized here, Platycodon grandiflorus has been demonstrated to show a strong potential for therapeutic and health-maintaining uses. Both the extracts and chemical components isolated from the plant showed a wide range of biological activities. Thus, more studies on the pharmacological mechanisms of its main active compounds (e.g., platycodin D, D2) need to be conducted. In addition, as one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines, clinical studies of the main therapeutic aspects, toxicity and adverse effects of Platycodon grandiflorus will also undoubtedly be the focus of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China.
| | - Yanze Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100193, China.
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Nyakudya E, Jeong JH, Lee NK, Jeong YS. Platycosides from the Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum and Their Health Benefits. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 19:59-68. [PMID: 25054103 PMCID: PMC4103729 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2014.19.2.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracts and pure saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) are reported to have a wide range of health benefits. Platycosides (saponins) from the roots of PG are characterized by a structure containing a triterpenoid aglycone and two sugar chains. Saponins are of commercial significance, and their applications are increasing with increasing evidence of their health benefits. The biological effects of saponins include cytotoxic effects against cancer cells, neuroprotective activity, antiviral activity, and cholesterol lowering effects. Saponins with commercial value range from crude plant extracts, which can be used for their foaming properties, to high purity saponins such as platycodin D, which can be used for its health applications (e.g., as a vaccine adjuvant). This review reveals that platycosides have many health benefits and have the potential to be used as a remedy against many of the major health hazards (e.g., cancer, obesity, alzheimer's) faced by populations around the world. Methods of platycoside purification and analysis are also covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Nyakudya
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea ; Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Jeong
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Nam Keun Lee
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Yong-Seob Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
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Sun H, Chen L, Wang J, Wang K, Zhou J. Structure–function relationship of the saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum for hemolytic and adjuvant activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:2047-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ding Y, Huang Z, Yin J, Lai Y, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Fang L, Peng S, Zhang Y. DDQ-promoted dehydrogenation from natural rigid polycyclic acids or flexible alkyl acids to generate lactones by a radical ion mechanism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9495-7. [PMID: 21766102 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11633a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel and facile DDQ-mediated dehydrogenation from natural rigid polycyclic acids or flexible alkyl acids to generate lactones is described. The formation of lactones proceeds by a radical ion mechanism, which has been established by DPPH˙-mediated chemical identification, ESR spectroscopy and an enol intermediate trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ding
- Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Ouyang K, Chen L, Sun H, Du J, Shi M. Screening and appraisal for immunological adjuvant-active fractions fromPlatycodon grandiflorumtotal saponins. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 34:126-34. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.586704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Platycoside O, a new triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. Molecules 2011; 16:4371-8. [PMID: 21617591 PMCID: PMC6264764 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16064371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new unusual minor triterpenoid saponin, platycoside O (1), was isolated from the 75% EtOH extract obtained from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, together with four known saponins: platycoside M-3 (2), platycoside J (3), platycoside F (4) and platycoside B (5). The structure of 1 was determined as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2β,3β,16α,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-24-methoxyl, 24-oxo-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidence.
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Platycoside N: a new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. Molecules 2010; 15:8702-8. [PMID: 21119565 PMCID: PMC6259122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15128702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin, named platycoside N (1), together with six known saponins, was isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, comprehensive spectroscopic data analyses and comparison with the spectral data of the known compounds, its structure was elucidated as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2β,3β,16α,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside. The six known compounds were platycodin D (2), deapioplatycodin D (3), platycodin D3 (4), deapio- platycodin D3 (5), platycoside E (6) and deapioplatycoside E (7).
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Choi YH, Yoo DS, Cha MR, Choi CW, Kim YS, Choi SU, Lee KR, Ryu SY. Antiproliferative effects of saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum on cultured human tumor cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1863-1867. [PMID: 20939516 DOI: 10.1021/np100496p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Three new triterpenoid saponins, platyconic acid B lactone (1), deapio-platyconic acid B lactone (2), and deapio-platycodin D(2) (3), together with 17 known triterpenoid saponins, were isolated from a root extract of Platycodon grandiflorum. The structures of 1-3 were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation and chemical transformation. Saponins with a platycodigenin or polygalacic acid unit as a sapogenin demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation of a small panel of cultured human tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Taejeon 305-343, Korea
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids including squalene derivatives, protostanes, lanostanes, holostanes, cycloartanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, lupanes, oleananes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, isomalabaricanes and saponins; 574 references are cited.
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Contribution of the glycidic moieties to the haemolytic and adjuvant activity of platycodigenin-type saponins from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. Vaccine 2008; 26:3452-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Xie Y, Pan H, Sun H, Li D. A promising balanced Th1 and Th2 directing immunological adjuvant, saponins from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. Vaccine 2008; 26:3937-45. [PMID: 18547688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The haemolytic activities and adjuvant potentials of Platycodon grandiflorum saponin (PGS) and its fractions on the cellular and humoral immune responses of ICR mice against ovalbumin (OVA) were evaluated. PGS was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford four fractions, and two fractions PGSC and PGSD selected for testing for activities because of containing dominant saponin peaks. PGS, PGSC, and PGSD showed a slight haemolytic effect, with their HD50 value being 37.91+/-2.24, 21.30+/-1.22, 37.58+/-1.86 microg/ml against 0.5% rabbit red blood cell, respectively. ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with OVA 100 microg alone or with OVA 100 microg dissolved in saline containing Alum (200 microg), Quil A (10 microg), PGS (50, 100 or 200 microg), PGSC, or PGSD (25, 50 or 100 microg) on days 1 and 15. Two weeks later (day 28), concanavalin A (Con A)-, pokeweed (PWM)-, and OVA-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and OVA-specific antibodies in serum were measured. PGS and PGSC significantly enhanced the Con A-, PWM-, and OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation in OVA-immunized mice at three doses (P<0.01 or P<0.001). However, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed among the OVA group, OVA/Alum group and OVA/PGSD group. OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody levels in serum were significantly enhanced by PGS, PGSC, and PGSD compared with OVA control group (P<0.05, P<0.01, or P<0.001). Moreover, the adjuvant effects of PGSC (50 or 100 microg) on the OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody responses to OVA in mice were more significant than those of Alum. In conclusion, PGS seem to be a promising balanced Th1 and Th2 directing immunological adjuvants which can enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xie
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310029, People's Republic of China
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