Overview of Algorithms for Using Particle Morphology in Pre-Detonation Nuclear Forensics

Analysis of solid uranium particulates on cotton swipes with an automated microextraction-ICP-MS system

An automated microextraction method coupled to an inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was developed for the direct analysis of solid uranium particulates on the surface of cotton swipes. The microextraction probe extracts particulates from the sample surface, in a flowing solvent, and directs the removed analyte to an ICP-MS for isotopic determination. The automated system utilizes a mechanical XY stage that is software controlled with the capability of saving and returning to specific locations and a camera focused to the swipe surface for optimal viewing of the extracted locations (i.e., material present). Here, particulates (n = 135) were extracted and measured by ICP-MS, including 35 depleted uranyl nitrate hexahydrate (UN) (used for mass bias corrections), 50 uranyl fluoride (UO₂F₂), and 50 uranyl acetate (UAc) particulates. Blank extractions were performed on the cotton swipes between triplicate sample analyses. Between each swipe extraction, the probe was sent between two wells containing 10% and 5% HNO₃ to clean the probe head and to eliminate any analyte carryover between particulates. The measured ²³⁵U/²³⁸U and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U isotope ratios for the UO₂F₂ particulates were 0.00725(8) and 0.000054(4), a percent relative difference (% RD) of -0.041% and -1.7% from the reference isotope ratios determined in-lab through multi-collector ICP-MS analysis of dissolved aliquots of the U material. The UAc samples had a measured ²³⁵U/²³⁸U isotope ratio of 0.00206(7), a -0.96% relative difference from the reference value of 0.00208(1). The ²³⁴U/²³⁸U and ²³⁶U/²³⁸U isotope ratios were 0.000008(1) and 0.000031(4), -5.1% RD and -4.3% RD, respectively. The automated sample stage enabled seamless and rapid particle analysis, leading to a significant increase in throughput versus what was previously possible. Additionally, the saved location capability reduced user sampling error as sampling locations were easily stored and recalled. Analysis of U particles on the swipe surface - including blanks, mass bias, and triplicate extractions - was completed in less than an hour without any sample preparation necessary.

Special Issue “2021 Selected Papers from Algorithms’ Editorial Board Members”

This is the second edition of a special issue of Algorithms that is of a rather different nature compared to other Special Issues in the journal, which are usually dedicated to a particular subject in the area of algorithms [...]