1
|
Wu J, Ma X, Liao X, Song C, Li S, Zhang L, Lu L. Dietary calcium and nonphosphate phosphorus interaction influences tibiotarsus development and related gene expression of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102851. [PMID: 37356300 PMCID: PMC10404789 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary needs of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are interdependent, thus accurate evaluation of Ca and P requirements of broilers to support skeleton health and optimal growth is critical. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary Ca and nonphytate P (NPP) levels and their interactions on growth performance, tibiotarsus characteristics, tibiotarsus metabolism-related enzyme and proteins, and their gene expression of broilers, so as to provide a rational recommendation for Ca and NPP levels in diet. A total of 540 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly allotted to 1 of 15 treatments with 6 replicate cages of 6 birds per cage for each treatment in a completely randomized design involving a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (5 levels of Ca × 3 levels of NPP). The birds were fed the corn-soybean meal diet containing 0.60%, 0.70%, 0.80%, 0.90%, or 1.00% Ca and 0.35%, 0.40%, or 0.45% NPP for 21 d. Dietary Ca level affected (P < 0.03) the bone mineral density, bone mineral content (BMC), breaking strength, ash percentage and ash Ca contents in tibia, which showed linear (P < 0.006) responses to dietary Ca levels. Dietary NPP level affected (P < 0.05) tibia BMC, ash percentage, and FGF23 mRNA level. Broilers that received 0.40% and 0.45% NPP had higher (P < 0.04) tibia BMC and ash percentage than those that received 0.35% NPP, but no differences (P > 0.05) were found between 0.40% and 0.45% NPP. Broilers that received 0.40% NPP had higher (P = 0.02) tibia FGF23 mRNA level than those that received 0.35% NPP, but no differences (P > 0.05) were detected between 0.40% and 0.45% NPP or 0.45% and 0.35% NPP. The interactions between dietary Ca and NPP affected (P < 0.05) ADG, ALP activity, bone gal protein, FGF23 contents, and the mRNA expression levels ALP and bone gal protein in tibia of broilers. Results from the present study indicate that dietary Ca and NPP interaction influences growth, tibiotarsus development, and related gene expression of broiler chickens. Considering all the criteria, the dietary levels of 0.90% Ca and 0.45% NPP would be optimal for both growth and tibiotarsus development of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 d of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Wu
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Specialty Animal Germplasm Resources Exploration and Innovation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xinyan Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiudong Liao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunling Song
- Beijing TIPLANT Bio-Tech. Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Sufen Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Specialty Animal Germplasm Resources Exploration and Innovation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tian J, Yang F, Bao X, Jiang Q, Li Y, Yao K, Yin Y. Dietary Alpha-Ketoglutarate Supplementation Improves Bone Growth, Phosphorus Digestion, and Growth Performance in Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040569. [PMID: 36830356 PMCID: PMC9951703 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) pollution from modern swine production is a major environmental problem. Dietary interventions to promote bone growth can improve the utilization of dietary P, and thereby reduce its emission. Recent in vitro studies have shown that alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) exerts a pro-osteogenic effect on osteoblast cells. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of AKG supplementation on bone growth, P and Ca digestion, and the gut microbial profile in piglets. Thirty-two piglets were randomly assigned into two dietary groups. The piglets were fed a basic diet containing 10 g/kg AKG or 10 g/kg maize starch (control) for 28 days. On days 21-28, titanium dioxide was used as an indicator to determine the apparent digestibility of P. AKG supplementation improved the bone mineral density, length, weight, and geometrical and strength properties of the femur and tibia. Furthermore, AKG supplementation increased apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of P. Colonic microbiota analysis results showed that AKG supplementation increased α-diversity and beneficial bacteria, including Lactobacillus and Clostridium butyricum, and decreased nitrogen fixation and chemoheterotrophy. Together, AKG supplementation improves bone growth, the utilization of dietary P, and the colonic microbial profile, which may provide a nutritional strategy for diminishing P pollution originating from the pig industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junquan Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Fan Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Xuetai Bao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410000, China
- Correspondence: (Q.J.); (K.Y.)
| | - Yuying Li
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Kang Yao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
- Correspondence: (Q.J.); (K.Y.)
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mun J, Lee C, Hosseindoust A, Ha S, Tajudeen H, Kim J. Calcium chloride is a better calcium source rather than calcium carbonate for weanling pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:871-884. [PMID: 36287786 PMCID: PMC9574615 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of calcium (Ca) levels in
weanling pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc). In experiment 1, one
hundred and eighty weanling pigs were randomly allotted to one of the three
treatments. The treatments were low (Ca 0.60% in phase 1 and 0.50% in phase 2),
standard (Ca 0.72% in phase 1 and 0.66% in phase 2), and high (Ca 0.84% in phase
1 and 0.72% in phase 2). In experiment 2, hundred and forty weanling pigs were
randomly assigned to one of four treatments differing in Ca levels (high and
low) and sources (CaCl2 and CaCO3) in a 2 × 2
factorial arrangement. There were 10 pigs per replicate in both experiments,
with 6 replicates in each treatment, and they were conducted in two phases
(phase 1, days 0–14; phase 2, days 15–28). In experiment 1, body
weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and growth to feed ratio (G/F) increased
as the Ca level decreased (p < 0.05). P digestibility
was higher in the low-Ca diet group than in the high-Ca diet group
(p <0.05). In experiment 2, the final BW, ADG, and
G/F increased in the CaCl2 diet group compared with the case in the
CaCO3 diet group (p < 0.05). The
digestibility of crude protein (CP), Ca, and P was higher in the
CaCl2 diet group than in the CaCO3 diet group
(p < 0.05). Cl− levels were higher
in the CaCl2 diet group than in the CaCO3 diet group
(p < 0.05). The bicarbonate
(HCO3−), base excess (BE), and electrolyte
balance (EB) levels were lower in the CaCl2 diet group than in the
CaCO3 diet group (p < 0.05). Hematocrit
increased as the Ca level decreased (p < 0.05). The
HCO3− interacted with the Ca sources and thus,
affected the Ca levels (p < 0.05). Bone ash, Ca, and P
were downregulated in the low-Ca diet group compared with the case in the
high-Ca diet group. Overall, the low dietary Ca supplementation led to greater
growth performance. Furthermore, CaCl2 appeared to be a better Ca
source than CaCO3 because of the greater digestibility of CP, Ca, and
P, and improved EB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JunYoung Mun
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - ChangBeon Lee
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | | | - SangHun Ha
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Habeeb Tajudeen
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - JinSoo Kim
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Corresponding author JinSoo Kim,
Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Korea. Tel: +82-33-250-8614, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lütke-Dörhoff M, Schulz J, Westendarp H, Visscher C, Wilkens MR. Dietary supplementation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol as an alternative to cholecalciferol in swine diets: A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1288-1305. [PMID: 36045590 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3 ) formed via hepatic hydroxylation from vitamin D, cholecalciferol, represents the precursor of the biologically active vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Due to a higher absorption rate and the omission of one hydroxylation, dietary supplementation of 25-OHD3 instead of vitamin D3 is considered to be more efficient as plasma concentrations of 25-OHD3 are increased more pronounced. The present review summarises studies investigating potential beneficial effects on mineral homeostasis, bone metabolism, health status and performance in sows, piglets and fattening pigs. Results are inconsistent. While most studies could not demonstrate any or only a slight impact of partial or total replacement of vitamin D3 by 25-OHD3 , some experiments indicated that 25-OHD3 might alter physiological processes when animals are challenged, for example, by a restricted mineral supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lütke-Dörhoff
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Hochschule Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jochen Schulz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heiner Westendarp
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Hochschule Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mirja R Wilkens
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhai H, Adeola O, Liu J. Phosphorus nutrition of growing pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 9:127-137. [PMID: 35573097 PMCID: PMC9079227 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for diverse biological processes, which aggregate to the animal's requirement for P, and nutritionists strive to meet this requirement accurately. The P demand for a growing pig comprises requirements for maintenance and tissue deposition. The P in feed ingredients, however, must be digested and absorbed before its ultimate partition between the 2 aforementioned requirement components. Phosphorus from various sources could behave differently during digestion and absorption, which results in their disparate bioavailability for pigs. The system of standardized total tract digestibility reflects true total tract digestibility of P and feed ingredient effects on specific endogenous P loss with relative ease of implementation, and this system guarantees satisfactory additivity in digestible P among the ingredients in a diet—the foundation for diet formulation. The basal endogenous P loss, which is much easier to measure than the specific endogenous P loss, is considered as part of the pig's maintenance requirement. With this arrangement, a digestibility framework is established both for measuring the P-providing capacity of various feed ingredients and for describing the pig's P requirement. This framework entails basic understanding of the function, digestion, absorption, excretion, and homeostasis of P as support pillars. Understanding the workings of this framework enables potential integration of factors such as environment conditions and disease status in future P requirement models. The current review discusses dietary sources, digestion, absorption, bioavailability and requirement of P for growing pigs to understand the status quo, revealing the points of consensus as well as those of debate, and to encourage further investigation to provide more clarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengxiao Zhai
- Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- DSM China Animal Nutrition Research Center, Bazhou, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Development of bone mineralization and body composition of replacement gilts fed a calcium and phosphorus depletion and repletion strategy. Animal 2022; 16:100512. [PMID: 35468506 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the ability of replacement gilts to adapt their calcium and phosphorus utilization and their kinetics in bone mineralization to compensate for modified intake of these nutrients by applying a novel Ca and P depletion and repletion strategy. A total of 24 gilts were fed according to a two-phase feeding program. In the first phase, gilts (60-95 kg BW) were fed ad libitum a depletion diet providing either 60% (D60; 1.2 g digestible P/kg) or 100% (D100; 2.1 g digestible P/kg) of the estimated P requirement. In the second phase, gilts (95-140 kg BW) were fed restrictively (aim: 700-750 g/d BW gain) a repletion diet. Half of the gilts from each depletion diet were randomly assigned to either a control diet or a high-P diet (R100 and R160; with 2.1 and 3.5 g digestible P/kg, respectively) according to a 2 × 2 factorial design, resulting in four treatments: D60-R100, D60-R160, D100-R100 and D100-R160. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure whole-body bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD) and lean and fat tissue mass on each gilt at 2-week intervals. The depletion and repletion diets, fed for 5 and 8 weeks, respectively, did not influence growth performance. The D60 gilts had a reduced BMC and BMD from the second week onwards and ended (95 kg BW) with 9% lower values than D100 gilts (P < 0.001). During repletion, D60 gilts completely recovered the deficit in bone mineralization from the second and fourth week onwards, when fed R160 (D60-R160 vs D100-R160) or R100 (D60-R100 vs D100-R100) diets, respectively (treatment × time interaction, P < 0.001); thus, the depletion diets did not affect these values at 140 kg BW. These results illustrate the rapid homeostatic counter-regulation capacity of dietary Ca and P, and they show the high potential to limit dietary digestible P concentration by completely excluding the use of mineral phosphates during the depletion phase, representative of the fattening period, without causing any detrimental effects to gilts at mating. The gilts were able to recover their BMC deficit between their selection at 95 kg BW and first mating at 140 kg BW by increasing their dietary Ca and P efficiency. Finally, excess dietary digestible P, requiring increased amounts of mineral phosphates, further increased the gilts' BMC.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rieger H, Ratert C, Wendt M, Schwennen C, Kamphues J. Comparative study on the chemical composition of different bones/parts of bones in growing pigs differently supplied with inorganic phosphorus and phytase. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105 Suppl 2:106-118. [PMID: 34596919 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
From the veterinarian point of view, the precise assessment of the phosphorus (P) supply of pigs is of great interest, especially in cases of clinical disorders like 'leg weakness' or lameness when bone mineralisation may be disturbed. Thus, the question arises which bone is most suitable for diagnostic purposes and is reflecting changes in dietary P supply most clearly. Thirty-six growing pigs (BHZP db.Viktoria x Piétrain, about eleven weeks old, mean bw: 28.3 ± 3.44 kg) were allotted to three groups differently supplied with P by receiving a diet either supplemented with inorganic P (iP) and phytase (500 FTU/kg; controls/group C), without iP but phytase added (500 FTU/kg; group 1) or containing only endogenous phytase (group 2). The inclusion of iP resulted in total P contents in diets for group C of 4.76 and 4.23 g/kg as fed from 28 to 57 and >57 kg body weight (bw), respectively. In diets for group 1 and 2, the corresponding P contents were 3.08/2.72 g/kg as fed (group 1) and 3.08/2.88 g/kg as fed (group 2). On days 26, 47 and 82 of the dietary treatment, four pigs of each group were euthanised. Furthermore, four additional pigs were euthanised one day before starting the experiment. Standardised samples of the femur (distal part), tibia/fibula (proximal part) and os metatarsale III (MT III, in toto) were taken during dissection and submitted to chemical analysis. At all time points, pigs of group C had significantly higher ash contents in all types of bone samples compared to pigs from group 1 and 2. Relative differences between means of groups (C = 100%) were less for the ash content in MT III (reduction by up to -9.1%) compared to the distal femur and the proximal tibia/fibula (reduction by up to -23.2 resp. -22.7%). Variation coefficient (irrespective of group and time point) was lower for ash content in MT III (4.29%) compared to the distal femur and the proximal tibia/fibula (both: 11.8%). Under the conditions of this study, ash contents of the distal femur and the proximal tibia/fibula reflected the different P supply more pronounced indicating higher sensitivity compared to MT III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Rieger
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christine Ratert
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Michael Wendt
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Schwennen
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Josef Kamphues
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jeon SM, Hosseindoust A, Ha SH, Kim TG, Mun JY, Moturi J, Lee S, Choi YH, Lee SD, Sa SJ, Kim JS. Prediction of calcium and phosphorus requirements for pigs in different bodyweight ranges using a meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:827-840. [PMID: 34447959 PMCID: PMC8367410 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have focused on Ca and P requirements for pigs. These
requirements are estimated from their retention and bone formation. However,
modern pig breeds have different responses to dietary Ca and P than traditional
breeds, and their requirements are expected to change on an annual basis.
Besides individual Ca and P needs, the Ca to P ratio (Ca/P) is an important
factor in determining requirements. This study aimed to implement a linear and
quadratic regression analysis to estimate Ca and P requirements based on average
daily gain (ADG), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca (ATTD-Ca),
ATTD of P (ATTD-P), and crude protein (CP) digestibility. Results show that Ca/P
had linear and quadratic effects on ADG in the phytase-supplemented (PS) group
in both the 6–11 kg and 11–25 kg categories. In the latter
category, the CP digestibility was linearly increased in response to increasing
Ca/P in the without-phytase (WP) group. In the 25–50 kg category, there
was a linear response of ADG and linear and quadratic responses of CP
digestibility to Ca/P in the PS group, while a linear and quadratic increase in
CP digestibility and a quadratic effect on ATTD-Ca were observed in the WP
group. In the 50–75 kg category, Ca/P had significant quadratic effects
on ADG in the PS and WP groups, along with significant linear and quadratic
effects on ATTD-Ca. In addition, Ca/P had significant quadratic effects on
ATTD-P and led to a significant linear and quadratic increase in the CP
digestibility in the WP group. In the 75–100 kg category, analysis showed
a significant decrease in ATTD-Ca and ATTD-P in the PS and WP groups; in the
latter, ATTD-P and ATTD-Ca were linearly decreased by increasing Ca/P. In
conclusion, our equations predicted a higher Ca/P in the 6–25 kg
bodyweight categories and a lower Ca/P in the 50-100 kg category than that
recommended in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se Min Jeon
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Abdolreza Hosseindoust
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sang Hun Ha
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Kim
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jun Yong Mun
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Joseph Moturi
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - SuHyup Lee
- Department of Swine Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Yo Han Choi
- Swine Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Sang Deok Lee
- Division of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Sa
- Department of Swine Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kim
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kasper C, Schlegel P, Ruiz-Ascacibar I, Stoll P, Bee G. Accuracy of predicting chemical body composition of growing pigs using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Animal 2021; 15:100307. [PMID: 34273875 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in animal science assessing nutrient and energy efficiency or determining nutrient requirements benefit from gathering exact measurements of body composition or body nutrient contents. Those are acquired by standardized dissection or by grinding the body followed by wet chemical analysis, respectively. The two methods do not result in the same type of information, but both are destructive. Harnessing human medical imaging techniques for animal science can enable repeated measurements of individuals over time and reduce the number of individuals required for research. Among imaging techniques, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is particularly promising. However, the measurements obtained with DXA do not perfectly match dissections or chemical analyses, requiring the adjustment of the DXA via calibration equations. Several calibration regressions have been published, but comparative studies of those regression equations and whether they are applicable to different data sets are pending. Thus, it is currently not clear whether existing regression equations can be directly used to convert DXA measurements into chemical values or whether each individual DXA device will require its own calibration. Our study builds prediction equations that relate body composition to the content of single nutrients in growing entire male pigs (BW range 20-100 kg) as determined by both DXA and chemical analyses, with R2 ranging between 0.89 for ash and 0.99 for water and CP. Moreover, we show that the chemical composition of the empty body can be satisfactorily determined by DXA scans of carcasses, with the prediction error ranging between 4.3% for CP and 12.6% for ash. Finally, we compare existing prediction equations for pigs of a similar range of BWs with the equations derived from our DXA measurements and evaluate their fit with our chemical analysis data. We found that existing equations for absolute contents that were built using the same DXA beam technology predicted our data more precisely than equations based on different technologies and percentages of fat and lean mass. This indicates that the creation of generic regression equations that yield reliable estimates of body composition in pigs of different growth stages, sexes and genetic breeds could be achievable in the near future. DXA may be a promising tool for high-throughput phenotyping for genetic studies, because it efficiently measures body composition in a large number and wide array of animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Kasper
- Agroscope, Swine Research Unit, Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland; Agroscope, Animal Genophenomics Group, Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland.
| | - P Schlegel
- Agroscope, Swine Research Unit, Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - I Ruiz-Ascacibar
- Agroscope, Swine Research Unit, Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - P Stoll
- Agroscope, Swine Research Unit, Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - G Bee
- Agroscope, Swine Research Unit, Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee SA, Lagos LV, Bedford MR, Stein HH. Quantities of ash, Ca, and P in metacarpals, metatarsals, and tibia are better correlated with total body bone ash in growing pigs than ash, Ca, and P in other bones. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6271124. [PMID: 33959745 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine correlations between individual bones and total body bone ash to identify the bone that is most representative of total body bone ash in growing pigs. Twenty growing pigs were allotted to 1 of 2 diets that were formulated to contain 60% or 100% of the requirement for standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P. Both diets had an STTD Ca to STTD P ratio of 1.90:1. Growth performance and carcass weights were determined. Metacarpals, metatarsals, femur, tibia, fibula, 3rd and 4th ribs, and 10th and 11th ribs, and all other bones from the left half of the carcass were collected separately. Each bone was defatted and ashed. Pigs fed the diet containing 100% of required Ca and P had greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain, gain to feed, and ash concentration (%) in total and all individual bones except femur and fibula compared with pigs fed the diet containing 60% of required Ca and P. Calcium and P concentrations in bone ash were not affected by dietary treatments. Weights (g) of bone ash, bone Ca, and bone P were greater (P < 0.05) or tended to be greater (P < 0.10) for pigs fed the diet containing 100% of required Ca and P. Correlation coefficients between the weight of ashed metacarpals, metatarsals, and tibia and the weight of total bone ash were >0.95. In conclusion, metacarpals, metatarsals, and tibia were more representative of total body bone ash compared with other bones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su A Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
| | - L Vanessa Lagos
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
| | | | - Hans H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Becker SL, Gould SA, Petry AL, Kellesvig LM, Patience JF. Adverse effects on growth performance and bone development in nursery pigs fed diets marginally deficient in phosphorus with increasing calcium to available phosphorus ratios. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:5917806. [PMID: 33011771 PMCID: PMC7751169 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the growth performance and bone mineral content (BMC) of nursery pigs in response to increasing total calcium (Ca) to available phosphorus (aP) ratios in diets containing phytase (250 FTU/kg; Natuphos E, BASF, Florham Park, NJ). A total of 480 nursery pigs (body weight (BW) = 5.7 ± 0.6 kg) with 10 pigs per pen and 7 pens per treatment (6 pens fed 2.75:1 diet) were allotted to seven treatments consisting of increasing ratios of calcium to available phosphorus (Ca:aP): 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.25, 2.50, and 2.75. From day −7 to 0, pigs were fed a common diet. They were then fed the treatment diets during two experimental phases from day 1 to 14 and 15 to 28, respectively. Available P was formulated to 0.33% and 0.27% (approximately 90% of requirement) in dietary phases 1 and 2, respectively. BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) were determined. BMC of the femur was measured on day 28 on one pig per pen using dual x-ray absorptiometry. Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model using PROC MIXED (SAS, 9.3). Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing the Ca:aP. Over the 28-d experimental period, increasing Ca:aP resulted in a linear decrease in ADG (353, 338, 328, 304, 317, 291, and 280 g/d; P < 0.01), ADFI (539, 528, 528, 500, 533, 512, and 489 g/d; P < 0.05), and G:F (0.68, 0.66, 0.64, 0.62, 0.61, 0.59, and 0.58; P < 0.01). Increasing Ca:aP also resulted in decreased BW on days 14 and 28 (P < 0.01). The BMC of the femur decreased with increasing Ca:aP (6.2, 6.3, 5.7, 5.9, 5.5, 5.6, and 5.3 g; P < 0.05). Regression analysis explained the impact of Ca:aP as follows on ADG (ADG [g/d] = 339 − 36x; r2 = 0.81), G:F (G:F = 0.61 – 0.03x; r2 = 0.72), and BMC (BMC [g] = 6.4 – 0.27x; r2 = 0.43), where x is the Ca:aP. In conclusion, all outcomes indicated that any level of calcium above the minimum used in this experiment impaired growth performance and skeletal development. Further research using even lower levels of dietary Ca is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacie A Gould
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Amy L Petry
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Phenotyping of the Visceral Adipose Tissue Using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071165. [PMID: 32660013 PMCID: PMC7401593 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to phenotype visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in pigs. In this context, the ability to detect VAT by using the DXA CoreScan mode within the enCORE software, version 17 (GE Healthcare) was evaluated in comparison with MRI measurements (Siemens Magnetom C!) of the same body region. A number of 120 crossbred pigs of the F1 and F2 generation, with the parental breeds Large White, Landrace, Piétrain, and Duroc, were examined at an age of 150 days. A whole-body scan in two different modes ("thick", "standard") was carried out by a GE Lunar iDXA scanner. Very strong relationships (R2 = 0.95, RMSE = 175cm3) were found for VAT between the two DXA modes. The comparison of VAT measured by MRI and DXA shows high linear relationships ("thick": R2 = 0.76, RMSE = 399.25cm3/"standard": R2 = 0.71, RMSE = 443.42cm3), but is biased, according to the Bland-Altman analysis. A variance analysis of VAT shows significant differences for both DXA modes and for MRI between male and female pigs, as well as between F1 and F2. In conclusion, DXA "CoreScan" has the ability to estimate VAT in pigs with a close relationship to MRI but needs bias correction.
Collapse
|
13
|
Grela ER, Muszyński S, Czech A, Donaldson J, Stanisławski P, Kapica M, Brezvyn O, Muzyka V, Kotsyumbas I, Tomaszewska E. Influence of Phytase Supplementation at Increasing Doses from 0 to 1500 FTU/kg on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Bone Status in Grower-Finisher Pigs Fed Phosphorus-Deficient Diets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050847. [PMID: 32422997 PMCID: PMC7278453 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current study investigates the growth performance and bone status of grower–finisher pigs supplemented with phytase, an enzyme which increases the bioavailability of phosphorus in animal feeds. The study results provide new information with regards to the positive role phytase supplementation to livestock feed plays in the achievement of the maximum effectiveness of the feed, as well as numerous positive effects on bone characteristics (geometry, mineralization, and mechanical strength) in grower–finisher pigs. Abstract The objective of the current study is to assess the effects of the inclusion of 6-n phytase to a phosphorous-deficient diet on the growth performance (feed intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio), apparent digestibility of calcium and phosphorus, and bone characteristics of grower–finisher pigs. The experimental diets included a phosphorus-deficient diet containing 0 (negative control), 250, 500, 1000, or 1500 FTU/kg of 6-phytase, and a diet formulated to meet the phosphorus nutrient requirements of pigs (positive control). Pigs were fed the experimental diets from the time they were ~35 kg body weight until they reached slaughter weight of ~110 kg. Bone status of the metacarpal (ash, mineral content) and femur (mineralization, geometry, and mechanical strength) bones were assessed. There was no effect of dietary treatment on feed intake. Feed conversion ratio was improved following inclusion of phytase at a dose of 500 FTU/kg or higher. Phytase inclusion at a dose of 1000 FTU/kg increased the average daily weight gain of grower–finisher pigs. Phytase inclusion at a dose of 500 FTU/kg was sufficient to increase metacarpal phosphorus content. Femur mid-diaphysis ash percentage was significantly increased even after the inclusion of the lowest dose of phytase. Analysis of structural parameters of femur mechanical strength (Young’s modulus, yield stress, yield strain, ultimate stress, ultimate strain) showed that the inclusion of a phytase dose of 500 FTU/kg in growing/finishing diets was sufficient to significantly improve bone status of grower–finisher pigs at slaughter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugeniusz R. Grela
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Czech
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Janine Donaldson
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
| | - Piotr Stanisławski
- DSM Nutritional Products Sp. z o.o., Tarczyńska 113, 96-320 Mszczonów, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Kapica
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Oksana Brezvyn
- State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Feed Additives, Donetska St. 11, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine; (O.B.); (V.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Viktor Muzyka
- State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Feed Additives, Donetska St. 11, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine; (O.B.); (V.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Ihor Kotsyumbas
- State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Feed Additives, Donetska St. 11, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine; (O.B.); (V.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|