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Correlation of Ruminal Fermentation Parameters and Rumen Bacterial Community by Comparing Those of the Goat, Sheep, and Cow In Vitro. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8090427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to establish the correlation between ruminal fermentation parameters and the bacterial community by comparing those of the goat, sheep, and cow, thus illustrating the main bacteria causing the difference in rumen fermentation among goats, sheep, and cows and providing a new idea for improving the feed digestibility of ruminants. Rumen fluid from goats (Taihang White cashmere goat, n = 6), sheep (Hu sheep, n = 6), and cows (Holstein cow, n = 6) was collected using oral intubation and immediately brought back to the laboratory for a fermentation test with the same total mixed ration (TMR) feed in vitro. The rumen bacterial composition was measured by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in the MiSeq platform, the gas production (GP) was recorded after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h of fermentation, and the feed nutrient digestibility and the rumen fluid parameters were determined after 48 h of fermentation. The results showed that the 48 h GP of the sheep group was higher than that of the cow group (p < 0.05), and the theoretical maximum GP was higher than that of the goat and cow groups (p < 0.05). The organic matter digestibility (OMD), dry matter digestibility (DMD), crude protein digestibility (CPD), and gross energy digestibility (GED) of the sheep group were higher than those of the goat and cow groups (p < 0.05). The ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), microbial protein (MCP), and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentrations of the sheep group were higher than those of the other groups (p < 0.05), and the pH of the sheep group was lower than those of the other groups (p < 0.05). The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that bacterial composition also differed in the rumens of the sheep, goat, and cow groups (ANOSIM, p < 0.05). We then used a random forest machine learning algorithm to establish models to predict the fermentation parameters by rumen bacterial composition, and the results showed that rumen bacterial composition could explain most of the ruminal fermentation parameter variation (66.56%, 56.13%, 65.75%, 80.85%, 61.30%, 4.59%, 1.41%, −3.13%, 34.76%, −25.62%, 2.73%, 60.74%, 76.23%, 47.48%, −13.2%, 80.16%, 4.15%, 69.03%, 32.29%, and 89.96% for 48 h GP, a (GP of quickly degraded part), b (GP of slowly degraded part), c (GP rate), a + b (theoretical maximum GP), DMD, OMD, GED, CPD, NDFD, ANDF, pH, NH3-N, MCP, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, TVFA, and A:P (acetic acid–propionic acid ratio), respectively). A correlation analysis revealed that Lactobacillus, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Selenomonas, Peptostreptococcus, and Olsenella significantly correlated with most in vitro fermentation parameters (p < 0.05). A comprehensive analysis showed that rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial composition differed in goats, sheep, and cows. The ruminal fermentation parameters of GP, a, b, c, a + b, pH, NH3-N, propionic acid, valeric acid, and A:P could be accurately predicted by rumen bacteria (explanation > 55% of variation), and the Lactobacillus, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Olsenella, Selenomonas, and Peptostreptococcus were the main bacteria that affected the in vitro fermentation parameters of goats, sheep, and cows.
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Regulation of Dietary Protein Solubility Improves Ruminal Nitrogen Metabolism In Vitro: Role of Bacteria-Protozoa Interactions. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142972. [PMID: 35889928 PMCID: PMC9325197 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision dietary interventions (e.g., altering proportions of dietary protein fractions) has significant implications for the efficiency of nutrient use in ruminants, as well as lowering their environmental footprint, specifically nitrogen (N) emissions. Soluble protein (SP) is defined as the protein fraction that is rapidly degraded in the rumen (e.g., non-protein N and true protein), and our previous study found that regulating SP levels could improve N efficiency in Hu sheep. Thus, the present study was conducted to explore in vitro how protein fractions with different SP levels modulate the rumen microbial community and its association with N metabolism. Four dietary treatments with different SP proportions and similar crude protein (CP) content (~14%) were formulated (% of CP): 20 (S20), 30 (S30), 40 (S40) and 50 (S50). Results showed that NH3-N content increased with increasing SP levels at 4, 12 and 24 h; TVFA, acetate, propionate and valerate were higher in S30 and S40 (p < 0.05) and had quadratic effects (p < 0.05). Moreover, dry matter digestibility (DMD) and N digestibility (ND) were all decreased with S20 and S50 (p < 0.05). The S30 and S40 treatments increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Prevotella (Prevotella_ruminicola) but decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria (p < 0.05). Bacterial pathways related to amino acid and fatty acid metabolism also were enriched with S30 and S40. The abundance of Entodinium was increased with S30 and S40 and had a positive correlation with Prevotella, and these two genera also played an important role in N metabolism and VFA synthesis of this study. In conclusion, bacterial and protozoal communities were altered by the level of SP (% of CP), with higher SP levels (~50% of CP) increasing the microbial diversity but being detrimental to rumen N metabolism.
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Zhang Z, Shahzad K, Shen S, Dai R, Lu Y, Lu Z, Li C, Chen Y, Qi R, Gao P, Yang Q, Wang M. Altering Dietary Soluble Protein Levels With Decreasing Crude Protein May Be a Potential Strategy to Improve Nitrogen Efficiency in Hu Sheep Based on Rumen Microbiome and Metabolomics. Front Nutr 2022; 8:815358. [PMID: 35118112 PMCID: PMC8804502 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.815358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruminants account for a relatively large share of global nitrogen (N) emissions. It has been reported that nutrition control and precise feeding can improve the N efficiency of ruminants. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of soluble protein (SP) levels in low-protein diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen microbiota, and metabolites, as well as their associations of N metabolism in fattening Hu sheep. Approximately 6-month-old, 32 healthy fattening male Hu sheep with similar genetic merit and an initial body weight of 40.37 ± 1.18 kg were selected, and divided into four groups (n = 8) using the following completely randomized design: the control diet (CON) with a 16.7% crude protein (CP) content was prepared to meet the nutritional requirements of fattening sheep [body weight (BW): 40 kg, average daily gain (ADG): 200–250 g/d] according to the NRC recommendations; other three include low protein diets (LPA, LPB, and LPC) of CP decreased by ~10%, with SP proportion (%CP) of 21.2, 25.9, and 29.4 respectively. The feeding trial lasted for 5 weeks including the first week of adaptation. The results showed no difference in the growth performance (P > 0.05); DM and CP digestibility were higher in LPB and LPC, with maximum organic matter digestibility in LPB (P < 0.05). Low-protein diets decreased serum urea-N whereas urinary urea-N was lower in LPB and LPC (P < 0.05), while N retention and the biological value of N were higher in LPB and LPC (P < 0.05). Ruminal NH3-N concentration in LPA and LPB was low than CON (P < 0.05), while total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), acetate, propionate, and butanoate were all lowest in LPA (P < 0.05). In the rumen microbiome, LPB increased the community richness in Prevotellaceae and Prevotella_1 (P < 0.05); Metabolomics analysis revealed low-protein diets downregulated the amino acid metabolism pathways, while the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids along with vitamin B6 metabolism were upregulated with increased SP. These findings could help us understand the role of different SP levels in the regulation of rumen microbial metabolism and N efficiency. Overall, low-protein diets (CP decreased by ~10%) can reduce serum urea-N and ruminal NH3-N without affecting the growth performance of fattening Hu sheep. Additionally higher N efficiency was obtained with an SP proportion of ~25–30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Khuram Shahzad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sijun Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Rong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Yue Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqi Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Yifei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruxin Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qingyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
- *Correspondence: Mengzhi Wang
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Ouyang J, Wang M, Bu D, Ma L, Liu F, Xue C, Du C, Aboragah A, Loor JJ. Ruminal Microbes Exhibit a Robust Circadian Rhythm and Are Sensitive to Melatonin. Front Nutr 2021; 8:760578. [PMID: 34760910 PMCID: PMC8573100 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.760578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut hormones are not only able to regulate digestive, absorptive, and immune mechanisms of the intestine through biological rhythms, but impact the host through their interactions with intestinal microorganisms. Whether hormones in ruminal fluid have an association with the ruminal ecology is unknown. Objectives of the study were to examine relationships between the diurnal change in ruminal hormones and microbiota in lactating cows, and their associations in vivo and in vitro. For the in vivo study, six cows of similar weight (566.8 ± 19.6 kg), parity (3.0 ± 0.0), and milk performance (8,398.7 ± 1,392.9 kg/y) were used. They were adapted to natural light for 2 weeks before sampling and fed twice daily at 07:00 a.m. and 14:00 p.m. Serum, saliva, and ruminal fluid samples were collected at 02:00, 10:00, and 18:00 on the first day and 06:00, 14:00, and 22:00 on the second day of the experimental period. The concentrations of melatonin (MLT), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) were measured via radioimmunoassay, whereas amplicon sequencing data were used to analyze relative abundance of microbiota in ruminal fluid. JTK_CYCLE analysis was performed to analyze circadian rhythms of hormone concentrations as well as the relative abundance of microbiota. For the in vitro study, exogenous MLT (9 ng) was added into ruminal fluid incubations to investigate the impacts of MLT on ruminal microbiota. The results not only showed that rumen fluid contains MLT, but the diurnal variation of MLT and the relative abundance of 9% of total rumen bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) follow a circadian rhythm. Although GH and PRL were also detected in ruminal fluid, there was no obvious circadian rhythm in their concentrations. Ruminal MLT was closely associated with Muribaculaceae, Succinivibrionaceae, Veillonellaceae, and Prevotellaceae families in vivo. In vitro, these families were significantly influenced by melatonin treatment, as melatonin treatment increased the relative abundance of families Prevotellaceae, Muribaculaceae while it reduced the relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae, Veillonellaceae. Collectively, ruminal microbes appear to maintain a circadian rhythm that is associated with the profiles of melatonin. As such, data suggest that secretion of melatonin into the rumen could play a role in host-microbe interactions in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
- Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dengpan Bu
- Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-World Agroforestry Centre (CAAS-ICRAF) Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry Center, East and Central Asia, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Fuyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Chun Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chao Du
- Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ahmad Aboragah
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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Ma Y, Khan MZ, Liu Y, Xiao J, Chen X, Ji S, Cao Z, Li S. Analysis of Nutrient Composition, Rumen Degradation Characteristics, and Feeding Value of Chinese Rye Grass, Barley Grass, and Naked Oat Straw. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2486. [PMID: 34573452 PMCID: PMC8471469 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate the chemical composition, rumen degradation characteristics, and feeding value of three roughages commonly used in Asia as ruminant feed, including Chinese rye grass (CRG), barley grass (BG), and naked oat straw (NO). Four Holstein Friesian cows equipped with permanent rumen fistulas were chosen for experimental trials in the current study. The nylon bag method was carried out to measure the crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Our analysis revealed that the contents of CP in the CRG (9.0%) and BG (8.9%) were higher than in the NO (5.94%). The contents of NDF in the CRG (64.97%) and NO (63.83%) were lower than in the BG (67.33%), and the content of ADF in the CRG (37.03%) was lower than in the BG (37.93%) and NO (38.28%). The ED values of DM in the NO and CRG were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in the BG. The effective degradability (ED) values of NDF were the highest in the CRG and lowest in the NO (p < 0.001). In addition, the ED values of ADF were the highest in the CRG and lowest in the BG (p < 0.001). The ED value of CP in the CRG was significantly higher than that in the BG and NO (p < 0.001). The estimated total digestible nutrients (TDN) (54.56%) and DM degradation rate (DDM) (60.06%) of the CRG were higher than those of BG and NO. In addition, the expected DM intake (DMI), estimated relative feed value (RFV), and estimated relative feed quality (RFQ) of the BG were lower than those of the CRG and NO. Altogether, based on our findings, we concluded that the nutritional quality, feeding value and effective rumen degradation rate of CRG were better than of BG and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (M.Z.K.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (X.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (M.Z.K.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (X.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Yanfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (M.Z.K.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (X.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (M.Z.K.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (X.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (M.Z.K.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (X.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Shoukun Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (M.Z.K.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (X.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (M.Z.K.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (X.C.); (Z.C.)
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Zazharskyi VV, Davydenko PО, Kulishenko OМ, Borovik IV, Brygadyrenko VV. Antibacterial and fungicidal activities of ethanol extracts from Cotinus coggygria, Rhus typhina, R. trilobata, Toxicodendron orientale, Hedera helix, Aralia elata, Leptopus chinensis and Mahonia aquifolium. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for promising plants with bactericidal and fungicidal activity is of great interest for practical and veterinary medicine, This article reveals the high antibacterial effect of the use of ethanol extracts from 8 species of plants of the families Anacardiaceae (Cotinus coggygria Scop., Rhus typhina L., Rhus trilobata Nutt. and Toxicodendron orientale Greene), Araliaceae (Hedera helix Linnaeus and Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem.), Phyllanthaceae (Leptopus chinensis (Bunge) Pojark.), Berberidaceae (Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.) against 23 strains of bacteria and one strain of fungi. The in vitro experiment revealed the zone of inhibition of growth of colonies exceeding 8 mm during the application of ethanol extracts of C. coggygria against twelve species of microorganisms (Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria ivanovi, Corynebacterium xerosis, Rhodococcus equi, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Serratia marcescens and Candida albicans), Rhus typhina – against twelve species (E. faecalis, E. coli, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, L. ivanovi, C. xerosis, Rh. equi, P. vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, S. adobraco, S. marcescens and C. albicans), Rhus trilobata – against fourteen (E. faecalis, E. сoli, S. аureus, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, B. cereus, L. ivanovi, C. xerosis, Rh. equi, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Рseudomonas аeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica and C. albicans), Toxicodendron orientale – against eleven (E. faecalis, S. аureus, L. іnnocua, C. xerosis, Campylobacter jejuni, Rh. equi, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Р. аeruginosa and C. albicans), Hedera helix – against seven (S. аureus, S. epidermidis, L. monocytogenes, C. jejuni, Rh. equi, P. vulgaris and C. albicans), Aralia elata – against nine (E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus, C. xerosis, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, S. typhimurium, S. marcescens and C. albicans), Leptopus chinensis – only against four (E. coli, S. epidermidis, B. cereus and P. mirabilis) and Mahonia aquifolium – against only three species (S. epidermidis, C. jejuni and P. vulgaris). As a result of the research, the most promising for studying in future regarding in vivo antibacterial activity were determined to be C. coggygria, Rhus typhina, R. trilobata, Toxicodendron orientale and Aralia elata.
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