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Hiwa HMH, Khulod KIH. Optimization and validation of high-performance liquid chromatography using modified QuEChERS to determine anthelmintic drugs in mutton. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5814. [PMID: 38148637 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to rapidly determine the presence of anthelmintic drugs in sheep meat using the optimized high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) method with modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) technology. Fifty fresh sheep meat samples from different slaughterhouses were collected. A double extraction procedure (QuEChERS/HPLC-UV technology) was used to extract the target analytes. A multilevel calibration curve from 1 to 1000 g/kg was used to establish instrument linearity for rafoxanide, albendazole, and closantel, whereas 0.1-100 μg/kg was used for ivermectin, levamisole, and oxyclozanide to find the lowest concentration, maximum residue limit (MRL), and occupied range for targeted analytes. The concentration levels were used to investigate the linearity, whereas several certified reference materials were applied to determine accuracy. The process was linear for all combinations, from the limit of quantification (LOQ) to the maximum concentration. The LOQ was established at 0.5 μg/kg for ivermectin, levamisole, and oxyclozanide and 10 μg/kg for rafoxanide, albendazole, and closantel. Recovery values were 70%-120%, and repeatability/reproducibility stated in relative standard deviation was obtained at less than 20%. QuEChERS method revealed that most meat samples contained anthelmintic drug residues, of which the majority exceeded the MRLs. Thus, the drugs should be used correctly in animals to avoid residues in food for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwa Muhammad Husein Hiwa
- Sulaimaniyah New Slaughterhouse, Sulaimaniyah Directorate of Veterinary Medicine, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Old Campus, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Khulod Ibraheem Hassan Khulod
- Department of Food Science and Quality Control, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Awall Street, Bakrajo, Bakrajo Campus, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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Tonanon P, Jalando-On Agpoon K, Webster RD. A comparison of the detection and quantification of praziquantel via electrochemical and gas chromatography methods in freshwater and saltwater samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1323-1329. [PMID: 38189186 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01905e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Two new techniques for analyzing praziquantel (PZQ), an effective antiparasitic drug used in fresh and saltwater aquariums, were optimized and compared. One method was based on voltammetry and the other method used gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), although both procedures utilized the same sample pretreatment strategy which involved the PZQ being quantitatively transferred into acetonitrile using solid phase extraction. GC-MS analysis led to lower limits of detection (0.32 μM, 0.10 ppm) and quantification (0.72 μM, 0.22 ppm) compared to voltammetry, although both methods gave acceptable quantification for levels of PZQ > 25 μM (7.8 ppm). GC-MS is preferred for the most accurate determination, but voltammetry may provide a cost-effective alternative for detecting PZQ where on site testing is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyawut Tonanon
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Katherine Jalando-On Agpoon
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Richard D Webster
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore
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Zuskova E, Velisek J. In-feed Praziquantel treatment of grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) infected with eye flukes. VET MED-CZECH 2024; 69:1-7. [PMID: 38465001 PMCID: PMC10919099 DOI: 10.17221/97/2023-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is a drug effective against several parasitic diseases of fish caused by Platyhelminthes. The study assesses the efficacy of selected in-feed PZQ doses in eliminating metacercariae Diplostomum pseudospathaceum in grass carp. The fish were infected with D. pseudospathaceum in laboratory conditions and subsequently treated with PZQ at daily doses of 30 (PZQ1), 50 (PZQ2), and 100 (PZQ3) mg/kg bw for seven days. The treatment trial was followed by a 23-day observation period during which the fish were parasitologically examined on days 0, 2, 8 and 23. Smaller fish were infected with a significantly higher (P < 0.05) number of metacercariae than bigger fish among three weight groups as follows: up to 7 g > 7 to 12 g > 12 g. The in-feed PZQ at doses of 30, 50 and 100 mg/kg bw for seven days was 47%, 84% and 88% effective against metacercariae D. pseudospathaceum, respectively. A significant decrease (P < 0.01) in moving and an increase (P < 0.01) in the immotile metacercariae in the eye's lens were recorded in all the trial groups on each sampling day. An increasing proportion of motile metacercariae in the post-treatment observation period was seen in PZQ2 and PZQ3, indicating a decreasing trend in the actual efficacy in an environment with no reinfection possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Zuskova
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Velisek
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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de Freitas LVP, Alponti ALB, Damaceno MA, Campanharo SC, da Silva AFB, Sasanya JJ, Rath S, Paschoal JAR. Levamisole incorporation in fish feed - Ensuring the medication dose and avoidance of leaching into the water. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1551-1567. [PMID: 37988113 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2283769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Levamisole, an anthelmintic and immunostimulant drug, has been studied as a promising alternative for aquaculture use. While oral administration through feeding is the main route of administration in fish farming, no studies evaluating methods of levamisole incorporation into the feed have been reported so far. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate potential procedures for levamisole incorporation in extruded fish feed using ethyl cellulose, gelatin, or vegetable oil, to avoid drug leaching to the water during the animal's medication. A suitable LC-MS/MS method was optimized (full factorial design), validated, and applied to evaluate the efficiency of the process, the homogeneity of the drug concentration, and the leaching rate. The method has been demonstrated to be selective, precise (RSD < 4.9%), accurate (recovery > 98.4%), and linear (r > 0.99, 125-750 mg kg-1). The incorporation procedures using the three coating agents showed high incorporation efficiency (70%) and a homogeneous drug concentration among the extruded feed pellets. A low levamisole leaching rate was verified in the feed prepared using the ethyl cellulose coating procedure (4.3% after 15 min of immersion in the water). On the other hand, fish feed coated with gelatin and oil resulted in a high leaching rate (30-35% after 15 min). Thus, this study shows that coating ethyl cellulose may be a promising procedure for levamisole incorporation in fish feed and with the potential to enhance its use in animal production while reducing environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Victor Pereira de Freitas
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Luísa Bigliassi Alponti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Alves Damaceno
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Chagas Campanharo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo Fernando Baldo da Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Susanne Rath
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonas Augusto Rizzato Paschoal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Freitas LVP, da Mota Júnior CAA, Damaceno MA, Silveira JGF, Portela ACV, Campanharo SC, da Silva AFB, Assane IM, Pilarski F, Sasanya JJ, Paschoal JAR. Residue Depletion Profile and Estimation of Withdrawal Period for Sulfadimethoxine and Ormetoprim in Edible Tissues of Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis sp.) on Medicated Feed. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2499. [PMID: 37570313 PMCID: PMC10417122 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and ormetoprim (OMP) are antimicrobials used in combination to treat bacterial infections in fish farming. The use of this drug combination is not yet regulated in some countries, such as Brazil. Due to the lack of regulated drugs for aquaculture in Brazil, this study investigated the residue depletion profile of SDM and OMP in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) after oral administration. Fish were treated with medicated feed containing a 5:1 ratio of SDM:OMP at the dose of 50 mg kg BW-1 for five consecutive days with an average water temperature of 28 °C. The drugs were incorporated into the feed by using a gelatin coating process which promoted homogeneity in drug concentration and prevented the drug leaching into the water during medication. The SDM and OMP determination in fish fillets (muscle plus skin in natural proportions) was performed using the QuEChERS approach followed by LC-MS/MS quantification. The analytical method was validated according to Brazilian and selected international guidelines. A withdrawal period of 9 days (or 252 °C days) was estimated for the sum of SDM and OMP residues at concentration levels below the maximum residue level of 100 µg kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Victor Pereira de Freitas
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Alvarenga da Mota Júnior
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Alves Damaceno
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Grell Fernandes Silveira
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Vellosa Portela
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Sarah Chagas Campanharo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo Fernando Baldo da Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Inácio Mateus Assane
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Pilarski
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jonas Augusto Rizzato Paschoal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
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Ding TY, Shu XG, Xiong RP, Qiu JL, Li L, He LM. Simultaneous determination of praziquantel and its main metabolites in the tissues of black goats and their residue depletion. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:666-677. [PMID: 35394409 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2032380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is a pyrazino-isoquinoline compound with broad spectrum of activity against parasitic trematodes and cestodes, and a key veterinary drug in the parasitic disease control field. However, PZQ residues caused by non-conforming or excessive use in food-producing animals may pose a serious threat to human health. Herein, a simple, sensitive and reproducible LC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of praziquantel and trans- and cis-4-hydroxypraziquantel in black goat tissues to guide the reasonable use of PZQ. The mean recoveries for three target analytes were 71.2 ∼ 117.6%, and the limits of quantification were 1.0 μg/kg. Twenty-five healthy black goats were administered a single dose of praziquantel tablets at a dose of 35 mg/kg of body weight for residue elimination study, The results revealed that praziquantel and 4-hydroxypraziquantel were rapidly depleted in goat tissues and the elimination half-lives did not exceed 1 day in all tissues except for muscle and lung. It provides guidance for the establishment of maximum residue limit of praziquantel in goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yan Ding
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Gui Shu
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-Ping Xiong
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Li Qiu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Min He
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
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