1
|
Gebre BA, Zhang C, Li Z, Sui Z, Corke H. Impact of starch chain length distributions on physicochemical properties and digestibility of starches. Food Chem 2024; 435:137641. [PMID: 37804724 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Changing starch structure at different levels is a promising approach to promote desirable metabolic responses. Chain length distribution (CLD) is among the starch structural characteristics having a potential to determine properties of starch-based products. Therefore, the objective of the current review is to summarize recent findings on CLD and its impact on physicochemical properties and digestion. Investigations undertaken to enhance understanding of starch structure have shown clearly that CLD is a significant determining factor in modulating starch digestibility. Enzymatic modifications and processing treatments alter the CLD of starch, which in turn affects the rate of digestion, but the underlying molecular mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. Even though advances have been made in manipulating CLD using different methods and to correlate the changes with various functional properties, in general the area needs further investigations to open new awareness for enhancing healthiness of starchy foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilatu Agza Gebre
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Chuangchuang Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zijun Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhongquan Sui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Harold Corke
- Biotechnology and Food Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, China; Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 320000, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao X, Yu B, Yu J, Mao X, Huang Z, Luo Y, Luo J, Zheng P, Yan H, He J, Chen D. Effects of different starch structures on energy metabolism in pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:105. [PMID: 37553706 PMCID: PMC10411001 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is a major component of carbohydrates and a major energy source for monogastric animals. Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin and has different physiological functions due to its different structure. It has been shown that the energy supply efficiency of amylose is lower than that of amylopectin. However, there are few studies on the effect of starch structure on the available energy of pigs. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of different structures of starch in the diet on the net energy (NE) of pigs using a comparative slaughter method and to establish a prediction equation to estimate the NE of starch with different structures. Fifty-six barrows (initial BW 10.18 ± 0.11 kg) were used, and they were housed and fed individually. Pigs were divided into 7 treatments, with 8 replicates for each treatment and 1 pig for each replicate. One of the treatments was randomly selected as the initial slaughter group (ISG). Pigs in the remaining treatments were assigned to 6 diets, fed with basic diet and semi-pure diets with amylose/amylopectin ratio (AR) of 3.09, 1.47, 0.25, 0.15 and 0.12, respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 d. RESULTS Results showed that compared with the high amylose (AM) groups (AR 3.09 and 1.47), the high amylopectin (AP) group (AR 0.15) significantly increased the final BW, average daily weight gain and average daily feed intake of pigs (P < 0.05), but the F:G of the AM group was lower (P < 0.01). In addition, AR 0.15 and 0.12 groups have higher (P < 0.01) nutrient digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, gross energy and crude ash. Meanwhile, compared with other groups, AR 0.15 group has a higher (P < 0.05) NE intake and energy retention (RE). The regressive equation for predicting with starch structures was established as RE = 1,235.243 - 48.298AM/AP (R2 = 0.657, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, NE intake and RE of pigs augmented with the increase of dietary amylopectin content, indicating that diets high in amylopectin were more conducive to promoting the growth of pigs in the late conservation period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Gao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo C, Chen Y, Yin D, Yuan J. Effects of Different Dietary Starch Sources and Digestible Lysine Levels on Carcass Traits, Serum Metabolites, Liver Lipid and Breast Muscle Protein Metabolism in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2104. [PMID: 37443902 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of digestible lysine (dLys) in different dietary starch sources on liver lipid metabolism and breast muscle protein metabolism in broiler chickens. The experimental design was a 3 × 3 two-factor completely randomized design. A total of 702 one-day-old male Arbor Acres Plus broilers were randomly divided into nine treatments of six replicate cages with thirteen birds each. The treatments consisted of three different starch sources (corn, cassava and waxy corn) with three different dLys levels (1.08%, 1.20% and 1.32%). The trial lasted from 1 to 21 days. Carcass traits, serum metabolites, breast muscle protein and liver lipid metabolism were evaluated. A significant interaction effect (p < 0.05) for dietary starch sources and dLys levels was noted in the percentage of abdominal fat and gene expression related to breast muscle protein metabolism throughout the experimental period. The waxy corn starch diet and a 1.08% dLys level in the diet increased both the percentage of abdominal fat (p < 0.01) and blood total cholesterol (p < 0.05) in the broilers. The waxy corn starch diet significantly upregulated the mRNA expressions of Eif4E, AMPK, FABP1, ACC and CPT1 (p < 0.05). The 1.32% dLys level significantly upregulated the mRNA expressions of mTOR, S6K1, Eif4E, AMPK and PPARα (p < 0.05) and significantly downregulated the mRNA expressions of MuRF and Atrogin-1 (p < 0.05). In summary, the waxy corn starch diet resulted in significantly higher expression levels of fat-synthesis-related genes than lipolysis-related genes, leading to abdominal fat deposition in broilers. Increasing the level of dLys in the diet increased the protein content in muscle by promoting protein synthesis and inhibiting protein degradation and also promoted the expression of lipolysis-related genes, thereby degrading the generation of abdominal fat in broilers. Our findings signify that increasing the dLys level to 1.32% when using the waxy corn starch diet could improve carcass traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dafei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu C, Yang Z, Yang Z, He X, Zhang C, Yang H, Rose S, Wang Z. Effects of different dietary starch sources on growth and glucose metabolism of geese. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102362. [PMID: 36566658 PMCID: PMC9803937 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment investigated the effects of different dietary starch sources on the growth and glucose metabolism of geese. A total of 240 healthy 35-day-old male geese were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups, with 6 replicates per group and 10 geese per replicate. Four types of diets were prepared, with glutinous rice (rapidly-digestible starch), corn, indica rice and high amylose as their starch sources, and fed for 28 d. Results showed that after consuming different feeds, the blood glucose of geese first increased and then decreased, reaching its maximum value 0.5 h after feeding, and there were significant differences between the groups (P < 0.05). The body weight of the corn and indica rice group geese at 63 d was higher than that of the high amylose group (P < 0.05). The serum total cholesterol (TCHO) content in the glutinous rice and corn groups was higher than in the high amylose group (P < 0.05). The serum insulin content in the glutinous rice group was lower than in the corn and high amylose groups (P < 0.05), while the glucagon content was higher (P < 0.05). The α-amylase activities of the pancreas, jejunal chyme, and jejunal mucosa in the glutinous rice group were higher than in the indica rice and high amylose groups (P < 0.05). The liver glycogen content in the glutinous rice group was higher than the other groups (P < 0.05). The liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) content in the glutinous rice group was higher than the high amylose group's (P < 0.05), but the glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK-3β) content was lower (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the corn and indica rice diets had a positive effect on the growth performance of the geese, while the high amylose diet had a negative effect. The glutinous rice diet leads to rapid release of glucose, strengthening glucose metabolism pathways such as glycogen synthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, and further influencing lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Z. Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China,Corresponding author:
| | - Z.F. Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - X.X. He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - C.Y. Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - H.M. Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - S.P. Rose
- The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - Z.Y. Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang N, Song X, Dong W, Liu L, Cui Z, Ma Y. Nutritional evaluation of fish protein hydrolysate and its application in piglet production. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skab369. [PMID: 34928369 PMCID: PMC8903131 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA) of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH), and to evaluate the effects of FPH on the performance of piglets. In Exp. 1, the available energy content of FPH was determined by difference methods: 12 barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 40.0 ± 2.1 kg were randomly assigned into two dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment, the treatments contained a corn basal diet and an experimental diet in which 20% corn was replaced by FPH. The experiment lasted for 12 d, with 7 d adaptation period followed by 5 d total collection of feces and urine. In Exp. 2, the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in FPH by the N-free method was determined, 12 barrows (initial BW of 35.3 ± 1.8 kg) with ileal T-cannulas were randomly allotted into two treatments with six replicates per treatment, and the dietary treatments consisted of an experimental diet and a N-free diet. The experiment was lasted for 7 d, with 5 d adaptation period followed by 2 d collection of ileal digesta. In Exp. 3, the effect of FPH on the performance of piglets was conducted. One hundred ninety-two piglets (initial BW of 8.10 ± 1.8 kg) were randomly allotted into four treatments with six replicates per treatment. The treatments were a control diet with fish meal (FM) and part or all FM was replaced by FPH, receiving diets containing 2%, 3%, or 5% FPH. The experiment lasted for 28 d. Results showed that in Exp. 1, the DE and ME of FPH were 21.12 and 20.28 MJ/kg. In Exp. 2, the SID of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp was 79.99%, 87.17%, 68.29%, and 71.53%, respectively. In Exp. 3, addition of 3% FPH increased nutrient digestibility and volatile fatty acid content in feces. Addition of 5% FPH increased the average daily feed intake (ADFI), significantly increased (P < 0.05) the activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and immunoglobulin A (IgA), while significantly decreased (P<0.05) the average daily gain (ADG). In conclusion, FPH had a high value of digestible energy and ileal digestible essential amino acids, and could improve nutrient digestibility, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of piglets, while adverse to nitrogen deposition in piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenxuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiying Cui
- Xipu Biotechnology Company Limited, Guangzhou 510897, China
| | - Yongxi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dietary amylose:amylopectin ratio influences the expression of amino acid transporters and enzyme activities for amino acid metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract of goats. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:1121-1131. [PMID: 34121640 PMCID: PMC8980728 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521002087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary starch structure on muscle protein synthesis and gastrointestinal amino acid (AA) transport and metabolism of goats. Twenty-seven Xiangdong black female goats (average body weight = 9·00 ± 1·12 kg) were randomly assigned to three treatments, i.e., fed a T1 (normal maize 100 %, high amylose maize 0 %), T2 (normal maize 50 %, high amylose maize 50 %) and T3 (normal maize 0 %, high amylose maize 100 %) diet for 35 d. All AA in the ileal mucosa were decreased linearly as amylose:amylopectin increased in diets (P < 0·05). The plasma valine (linear, P = 0·03), leucine (linear, P = 0·04) and total AA content (linear, P = 0·03) increased linearly with the increase in the ratio of amylose in the diet. The relative mRNA levels of solute carrier family 38 member 1 (linear, P = 0·01), solute carrier family 3 member 2 (linear, P = 0·02) and solute carrier family 38 member 9 (linear, P = 0·02) in the ileum increased linearly with the increase in the ratio of amylose in the diet. With the increase in the ratio of amylose:amylopectin in the diet, the mRNA levels of acetyl-CoA dehydrogenase B (linear, P = 0·04), branched-chain amino acid transferase 1 (linear, P = 0·02) and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex B (linear, P = 0·01) in the ileum decreased linearly. Our results revealed that the protein abundances of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) (P < 0·001), phosphorylated 4E-binding protein 1 (P < 0·001) and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinases 1 (P < 0·001) of T2 and T3 were significantly higher than that of T1. In general, a diet with a high amylose ratio could reduce the consumption of AA in the intestine, allowing more AA to enter the blood to maintain higher muscle protein synthesis through the mTOR pathway.
Collapse
|
7
|
Han X, Lei X, Yang X, Shen J, Zheng L, Jin C, Cao Y, Yao J. A Metagenomic Insight Into the Hindgut Microbiota and Their Metabolites for Dairy Goats Fed Different Rumen Degradable Starch. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:651631. [PMID: 34163442 PMCID: PMC8216219 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.651631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High starch diets have been proven to increase the risk of hindgut acidosis in high-yielding dairy animals. As an effective measurement of dietary carbohydrate for ruminants, studies on rumen degradable starch (RDS) and the effects on the gut microbiota diversity of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Orthology functional categories are helpful to understand the mechanisms between gut microbiota and carbohydrate metabolism in dairy goats. A total of 18 lactating goats (45.8 ± 1.54 kg) were randomly divided equally into three dietary treatments with low dietary RDS concentrations of 20.52% (LRDS), medium RDS of 22.15% (MRDS), and high RDS of 24.88% (HRDS) on a DM basis for 5 weeks. Compared with the LRDS and MRDS groups, HRDS increased acetate molar proportion in the cecum. For the HRDS group, the abundance of family Ruminococcaceae and genus Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 were significantly increased in the cecum. For the LRDS group, the butyrate molar proportion and the abundance of butyrate producer family Bacteroidale_S24-7, family Lachnospiraceae, and genus Bacteroidale_S24-7_group were significantly increased in the cecum. Based on the BugBase phenotypic prediction, the microbial oxidative stress tolerant and decreased potentially pathogenic in the LRDS group were increased in the cecum compared with the HRDS group. A metagenomic study on cecal bacteria revealed that dietary RDS level could affect carbohydrate metabolism by increasing the glycoside hydrolase 95 (GH95) family and cellulase enzyme (EC 3.2.1.4) in the HRDS group; increasing the GH13_20 family and isoamylase enzyme (EC 3.2.1.68) in the LRDS group. PROBIO probiotics database showed the relative gene abundance of cecal probiotics significantly decreased in the HRDS group. Furthermore, goats fed the HRDS diet had a lower protein expression of Muc2, and greater expression RNA of interleukin-1β and secretory immunoglobulin A in cecal mucosa than did goats fed the LRDS diet. Combined with the information from previous results from rumen, dietary RDS level altered the degradation position of carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and increased the relative abundance of gene encoded enzymes degrading cellulose in the HRDS group in the cecum of dairy goats. This study revealed that the HRDS diet could bring disturbances to the microbial communities network containing taxa of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae and damage the mucus layer and inflammation in the cecum of dairy goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Han
- Country College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinjian Lei
- Country College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xuexin Yang
- Country College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Country College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Country College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chunjia Jin
- Country College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yangchun Cao
- Country College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junhu Yao
- Country College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou H, Yu B, Chen H, Chen D. Carbohydrates effects on nutrition and health functions in pigs. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13557. [PMID: 33899995 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The greatest improvement in carbohydrates studies on pig nutrition and health is that carbohydrates are classified more clearly, which is based not only on their chemical structure but also on their physiological characteristics. Besides its primary energy source, different types and structures of carbohydrates are a benefit for nutrition and health functions in pigs, which are involved in promoting growth performance and intestinal functions, regulating the community of gut microbiota, and modulating the lipids and glucose metabolism. The underlying mechanism of carbohydrates regulates the lipids and glucose metabolism through their metabolites (short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs]) and mainly via the SCFAs-GPR43/41-PYY/GLP1, SCFAs-AMP/ATP-AMPK, and SCFAs-AMPK-G6Pase/PEPCK pathways. Emerging research had evaluated an optimal combination in different types and structures of carbohydrates, which could enhance growth performance and nutrient digestibility, promote intestinal functions, and increase the abundances of butyrate-producing bacteria in pigs. Overall, compelling evidence supports the notion that carbohydrates play important roles in both nutrition and health functions in pigs. Moreover, identifying the carbohydrates combinations will be of both theoretical and practical values for developing the technology of carbohydrates balance in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou H, Yu B, He J, Mao X, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, Luo Y, Yan H, Chen D. The Optimal Combination of Dietary Starch, Non-Starch Polysaccharides, and Mannan-Oligosaccharide Increases the Growth Performance and Improves Butyrate-Producing Bacteria of Weaned Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101745. [PMID: 32992960 PMCID: PMC7600330 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Information about the optimal carbohydrate combination for pigs is scarce. This present study explored the effects of different combinations of starch, non-starch polysaccharides, and mannan-oligosaccharide on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and microbial communities in weaned pigs, which contributed a novel way of evaluating the carbohydrate quality of the diet for pigs. Abstract The present experiment was conducted to dissect the effects of different carbohydrate combinations on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and microbial communities in weaned pigs. The combination was optimized by constructing L9(34) orthogonal design. Three factors include starch (amylose to amylopectin (AM/AP) ratio 2:1, 1:1, 1:2), non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) (1%, 2%, 3%, a mixture of inulin with cellulose by 1:1), and mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) (400, 800, 1200 mg/kg) were investigated and nine combinations were implemented under different levels of these factors. One hundred and sixty-two weaned pigs were randomly assigned to nine dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment and three pigs per replicate. Results exhibited that different combinations of starch, NSP, and MOS affected the gain to feed (G:F) (p < 0.05), diarrhea incidence (p < 0.10), nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05), microbial communities, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations (p < 0.05). In the present study, taking into account three-way ANOVA, range, and direct analysis, we found that the optimal carbohydrate combination was starch AM/AP 1:1, NSP 3%, MOS 400 mg/kg for weaned pigs. Moreover, feeding this combination diet could promote the growth performance and nutrient digestibility, increase the butyrate-producing bacteria, and to some extent improve lipid metabolism. This study provided a novel way to evaluate the carbohydrate quality in swine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (X.M.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (X.M.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (X.M.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (X.M.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (X.M.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (X.M.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (X.M.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (X.M.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (X.M.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (X.M.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-835-288-2088
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gao X, Yu B, Yu J, Mao X, Huang Z, Luo Y, Luo J, Zheng P, He J, Chen D. Influences of dietary starch structure on intestinal morphology, barrier functions, and epithelium apoptosis in weaned pigs. Food Funct 2020; 11:4446-4455. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02652e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary starch structure on intestinal health of weaned pigs by determining the intestinal morphology, barrier functions, epithelium apoptosis and digestive enzymes.
Collapse
|