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Earnest R, Hahn AM, Feriancek NM, Brandt M, Filler RB, Zhao Z, Breban MI, Vogels CBF, Chen NFG, Koch RT, Porzucek AJ, Sodeinde A, Garbiel A, Keanna C, Litwak H, Stuber HR, Cantoni JL, Pitzer VE, Olarte Castillo XA, Goodman LB, Wilen CB, Linske MA, Williams SC, Grubaugh ND. Survey of white-footed mice in Connecticut, USA reveals low SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and infection with divergent betacoronaviruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.22.559030. [PMID: 37808797 PMCID: PMC10557615 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.22.559030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Diverse mammalian species display susceptibility to and infection with SARS-CoV-2. Potential SARS-CoV-2 spillback into rodents is understudied despite their host role for numerous zoonoses and human proximity. We assessed exposure and infection among white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in Connecticut, USA. We observed 1% (6/540) wild-type neutralizing antibody seroprevalence among 2020-2022 residential mice with no cross-neutralization of variants. We detected no SARS-CoV-2 infections via RT-qPCR, but identified non-SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus infections via pan-coronavirus PCR among 1% (5/468) of residential mice. Sequencing revealed two divergent betacoronaviruses, preliminarily named Peromyscus coronavirus-1 and -2. Both belong to the Betacoronavirus 1 species and are ~90% identical to the closest known relative, Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus. Low SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence suggests white-footed mice may not be sufficiently susceptible or exposed to SARS-CoV-2 to present a long-term human health risk. However, the discovery of divergent, non-SARS-CoV-2 betacoronaviruses expands the diversity of known rodent coronaviruses and further investigation is required to understand their transmission extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Earnest
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Anne M Hahn
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nicole M Feriancek
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Matthew Brandt
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Renata B Filler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mallery I Breban
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nicholas F G Chen
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Robert T Koch
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Abbey J Porzucek
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Afeez Sodeinde
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Alexa Garbiel
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Claire Keanna
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Hannah Litwak
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Heidi R Stuber
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jamie L Cantoni
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ximena A Olarte Castillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Department of Public & Ecosystem Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Megan A Linske
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Scott C Williams
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Poché DM, Smith Z, Poché RM. Efficacy of a federally approved flea bait, orally administered to white-footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus), against blood feeding Ixodes scapularis larvae under simulated field conditions. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 21:33-42. [PMID: 37124670 PMCID: PMC10139977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A promising alternative approach to conventional vector control practices is the use of systemic insecticides/acaricides orally administered to relevant mammalian host species to control blood feeding disease vectors. In the United States, Lyme disease continues to be the most prevalent vector-borne disease with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimating approximately 500,000 Lyme disease infections each year. Previous research has demonstrated the potential usefulness of a low dose fipronil bait in controlling Ixodes scapularis larvae feeding on white-footed mice. However, no such acaricide-only product is approved for use in treating white-footed mice to control I. scapularis. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the use of a federally approved fipronil flea control bait (Grain Bait) in controlling I. scapularis parasitizing white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). A simulated field trial was conducted in which Grain Bait was presented to grouped white-footed mice alongside an alternative diet for 168 h. Mice were fitted with capsules and manually parasitized with I. scapularis larvae. Replete larvae detaching from each mouse were collected and monitored for molting to nymphs. The inside of each capsule was observed to evaluate tick attachment. Blood was collected from all Treatment group mice via cardiac puncture to determine the fipronil sulfone concentration in plasma (CP) for each animal. Results indicated that Grain Bait would be consumed in the presence of an alternative diet and that bait acceptance was greater for males, relative to females. Treatment with Grain Bait prevented 100% larvae from feeding to repletion at Day 7 post-exposure and prevented 80% of larvae from feeding to repletion and 84% from molting at Day 21 post-exposure, relative to Control groups. Molted nymphs were not recovered from mice that had CP detectable ≥18.4 ng/ml. The results suggest that this federally approved flea product could be utilized for tick control and that other medically important vector-host relationships should be considered.
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Long Term Oral Administration of Oregano Essence Effectively Relieves Polycystic Ovarian Rats through Endocrine and Inflammatory Balance. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5303583. [PMID: 36159582 PMCID: PMC9507723 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5303583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is alarmingly rising and sustainable therapy/prevention is needed. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of oregano or Origanum vulgare (O. vulgare) essence (OE) on the PCOS rat model system. Vaginal smears monitored the estrous cycle of 40 virgin adult rats, and they received 2 mg estradiol valerate (EV)/0.2 ml corn oil intramuscularly to induce PCOS. At 60 days post-EV injection, all rats were evaluated for follicular development/cysts. The EV-induced PCOS rats were orally administered 250 and 500 mg/kgBW/day of OE for 30 days. OE was also further assessed for its predominant components along with hormonal, histological, and inflammatory-related gene expressions in the ovaries. The main components of the OE were predominantly pulegone (36.3), L-menthone (31.3%), far less piperitone (7.8%), isopiperitone (6.4%), isomenthol (3.6%), humulene epoxide II (2.2%), α-pinene (1.7%), and thymol (1.5%). Hormonal, histological, and inflammatory-related gene expression results showed >4-fold and 1.5-fold increase in FSH and progesterone; ∼50%, 85%, 45%, 55%, and 30% decreased in LH, estradiol, estrogen, testosterone, and AMH; and dose-dependently decreased in mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-1α, NF-kB, TNF-α, and IL-1β by 25–65%, 55–75%, 15–40%, 30–55%, and 35–55%, respectively, and thus decreased the severity of PCOS, boosted endocrine balance, restored functional follicles and corpus luteum, and thus ovulation in PCOS rats. Overall, in the disrupted PCOS rats, OE oral treatment effectively relieved estradiol-induced PCOS rats via: (1) its endocrine balancing on GnRH, FSH, and LH and (2) its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties on ovary caused by OE's useful compounds like pulegone, thymol, and L-menthone. Though many aspects of the effects remain to be tested, such an underlying mechanistic reproductive regulatory effect observed in OE-administered rats further proves its sensible pharmaceutical applications in reproductive medicine and more specifically, PCOS.
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Nauclea orientalis (L.) Bark Extract Protects Rat Cardiomyocytes from Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis, and DNA Fragmentation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1714841. [PMID: 35198093 PMCID: PMC8860544 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1714841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of anthracycline antibiotic, doxorubicin (Dox), is hampered due to the dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. The objective of the study was to explore the counteraction of aqueous bark extract of Nauclea orientalis in Dox-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats. The acute and subchronic toxicity study performed with 2.0 g/kg of the plant extract revealed biochemical and haematological parameters to be within the physiological range, and no histological alterations were observed in any organs isolated. Screening of plant extract for the protection of the myocardium from Dox-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis was performed on five groups of rats: control, plant extract control, Dox control (distilled water (D.H2O) 2 weeks + on the 11th day single injection of Dox, 18 mg/kg), plant + Dox (2.0 g/kg plant extract 2 weeks + on the 11th day Dox, 18 mg/kg), and positive control, dexrazoxane. A significant increase in cardiac biomarkers and lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001) and a significant decrease in antioxidant parameters (p < 0.001) were observed in the Dox control group. All these parameters were reversed significantly (p < 0.05) in the plant-pretreated group. The histopathological assessment of myocardial damage provided supportive evidence for the biochemical results obtained. Inflammatory markers, myeloperoxidase, expression of TNFα and caspase-3, and DNA fragmentation (TUNEL positive nuclei) were significantly elevated (p < 0.05), and expression of Bcl-2 was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the Dox control; however, all these parameters were significantly reversed in the plant extract-treated group. In conclusion, the aqueous bark extract of Nauclea orientalis (2.0 g/kg) has the ability to attenuate the Dox-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and DNA fragmentation in Wistar rats.
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Komane PP, Kumar P, Choonara YE. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Antibody-Functionalised, PEGylated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Targeted Ischemic Stroke Intervention. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091357. [PMID: 34575433 PMCID: PMC8471373 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the major causes of disability and the second major cause of death around the globe. There is a dire need for an ultrasensitive detection tool and an effective and efficient therapeutic system for both detection and treatment of stroke at its infancy stage. Carbon nanotubes are promising nanomaterials for tackling these challenges. The loading of dexamethasone and decoration of PEGylated multiwalled carbon nanotube with atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) antibody and fluorescein isothiocyanate for targeting ischemic site in the rat stroke model is presented here. Functionalisation of carbon nanotubes with dexamethasone (DEX), polyethylene glycol (PEG), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and ANP antibody caused a 63-fold increase in the D band intensity as illustrated by Raman. The characteristic band intensity increase was observed at 1636 nm following functionalisation of carbon nanotubes with polyethylene glycol and dexamethasone as confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared. These findings have demonstrated the coupling capability of atrial natriuretic peptide antibody to DEX-PEG-CNTs. The baseline plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels were ranging from 118 to 135.70 pg/mL prior to surgery and from 522.09 to 552.37 following common carotid artery occlusion. A decrease in atrial natriuretic peptide levels to 307.77 was observed when the rats were treated with FITC-DEX-PEG-ANP-CNTs, PEG-CNTs and DEX with a significant drop in the FITC-DEX-PEG-ANP-CNTs treated group. Fluorescence was detected in FITC-DEX-PEG-CNTs and FITC-DEX-PEG-ANP-CNTs treated ischemic stroke rats. The highest fluorescence intensity was reported in plasma (2179) followed by the kidney (1563) and liver (1507). These findings suggest a beneficial role that is played by the FITC-DEX-PEG-ANP-CNTs in the reduction of inflammation in the ischemic stroke induced rats that could induce a successful treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P. Komane
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (P.P.K.); (P.K.)
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, 27 Nind Street, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (P.P.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Yahya E. Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (P.P.K.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence:
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