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Dyson S, Zheng S, Aleman M. Primary phenotypic features associated with caudal neck pathology in warmblood horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2380-2390. [PMID: 38829000 PMCID: PMC11256129 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detailed descriptions of clinical signs associated with radiological findings of the caudal cervical vertebral column are not available. OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESES Describe the clinical features associated with neck pain or stiffness, neck-related thoracic limb lameness, proprioceptive ataxia consistent with a cervicothoracic spinal cord or nerve lesion, and their frequency of occurrence compared with control horses. ANIMALS A total of 223 Warmblood horses. METHODS Case-control study. Controls and cases were recruited prospectively. All horses underwent predetermined lameness and neurologic examinations. The frequency of occurrence of each clinical feature was compared between cases and controls and relative risk (RR) were calculated. RESULTS Ninety-six cases and 127 controls were included. Forty-seven (49%) of the cases were classified as neurologic, 31 (32.3%) had thoracic limb lameness, and 18 (18.7%) had neck stiffness or pain or both. Focal caudal cervical muscle atrophy (46, 47.9%), hypoesthesia (38, 39.6%), patchy sweating (16, 16.7%), hyperesthesia (11, 11.5%), and pain upon firm pressure applied over the caudal cervical articular process joints and transverse processes (58, 60.4%) were only observed in cases (P < .001). Sideways flexion of the neck was restricted in a higher proportion of cases (47/96, 49%) compared with controls (40/127, 31.8%; P = .009, RR 1.5). Hopping-type thoracic limb lameness was only observed in cases, (30, 31.6%). Deterioration in lameness after diagnostic anesthesia occurred in 13/31 (41.9%) cases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Systematic clinical evaluation using the methods described should enable clinical differentiation between horses with caudal cervical lesions and horses with other causes of gait abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shichen Zheng
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Monica Aleman
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Scholler D, Wittenberg J, Zablotski Y, May A. Do tight nosebands have an effect on the upper airways of horses? Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1478. [PMID: 38885311 PMCID: PMC11182419 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The public perception relating to the welfare of horses involved with equestrian sports is associated with training methods used and the presentation of horses at events. In this context, very tight nosebands, which are intended to prevent the horse from opening its mouth, also attract a lot of attention. Various studies have evaluated the impact of tight nosebands on stress parameters, whereas the effect of tight nosebands on upper airway function is unknown. Therefore, the aim of the study was to use overground endoscopy to evaluate changes in pharyngeal and laryngeal function when a tight noseband is fitted. Moreover, the ridden horse pain ethogram (RHpE) was applied to investigate signs of discomfort (Dyson et al., 2018). STUDY DESIGN A randomized, blinded, and prospective study was performed. METHODS Sixteen warmblood horses consisting of twelve mares and four geldings with a mean age of 11.63 ± 3.53 years were ridden on 2 consecutive days with either loose or tight nosebands (two fingers or no space between bridge of the nose and noseband, respectively) and inserted endoscope in a random order. Videos were taken in a riding arena during a standardized exercise protocol involving beginner level tasks for 30 min in all gaits. For video analysis, freeze frames were prepared and analyzed at the beginning of the expiration phase. Pharyngeal diameter was measured using the pharynx-epiglottis ratio. Other findings (swallowing, pharyngeal collapse, soft palate movements, and secretion) were also evaluated. Moreover, the RHpE was applied. Descriptive statistics and generalized linear mixed effects models were used. Results with a p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS While the pharynx-epiglottis ratio did not change significantly in horses ridden with loose versus tight nosebands, there was an increase in mean grade and total counts of parameters assessed in the pharyngeal region, for example, grade of secretion (1.5 [±SD 0.89] vs. 3.13 [±SD 0.96]; p = 0.0001), axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (0.29 [±SD 0.73] vs. 1.33 [±SD 1.44]; p = 0.01), and pharyngeal collapse (0.69 [±SD 0.87] vs. 1.88 [±SD 1.54]; p = 0.005) in horses ridden with tight nosebands. There was no RHpE score above 8 indicating musculoskeletal pain, but the RHpE scores were significantly higher in horses ridden with tight nosebands (p < 0.001). MAIN LIMITATIONS Video quality was limited when horses showed large amounts of secretion. Another limitation was the small number of horses. CONCLUSIONS Results add to the evidence obtained in other studies that tight nosebands do not only cause adverse reactions based on the RHpE score such as head behind the vertical or intense staring but also contribute to changes in the pharyngeal region, such as increased secretion and collapse of pharyngeal structures. This may provide further support for future decisions regarding regulations on nosebands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Scholler
- Equine Clinic of Ludwig Maximilians UniversityOberschleissheimGermany
| | | | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic for RuminantsLudwig Maximilians University MunichOberschleissheimGermany
| | - Anna May
- Equine Clinic of Ludwig Maximilians UniversityOberschleissheimGermany
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Brookes W, Payne R, Lea R. Reporting outcome measures in veterinary physiotherapy with particular reference to the treatment of canine and equine joint cases in the UK. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3900. [PMID: 38469651 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcome measures are extensively used within human physiotherapy, but a widely accepted issue in veterinary physiotherapy is that outcome measures lack sufficient evaluation and standardisation in terms of how they are implemented. This cross-sectional study aimed to provide clarity on (1) the current selection of outcome measures in canine and equine physiotherapy and (2) investigate external influences on outcome measure selection, including comparative literature availability, professional memberships and background. METHODS A structured scoping literature review consolidated current understanding and limitations. This informed a survey of qualified veterinary physiotherapists (n = 40). The statistical analysis comprised descriptive statistics. RESULTS Key observations included (1) a lack of difference in outcome measure application between veterinary physiotherapists with and without a human physiotherapy background, (2) enhanced outcome measure utilisation by registry body members and (3) an overall skew towards subjective, rather than objective, outcome measure use. LIMITATIONS The study was limited by the absence of a defined veterinary physiotherapist population and subsequent convenience sample size. CONCLUSION The apparent skew towards subjective outcome measures highlights objective outcome measure underutilisation and the need for a more extensive evidence base. In conclusion, there is a need to develop comprehensive professional development resources promoting the use of repeatable outcome measures such as goniometers and the Liverpool osteoarthritis scoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Brookes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Richard Payne
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Richard Lea
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
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Fenner K, Wilson BJ, Ermers C, McGreevy PD. Reported Agonistic Behaviours in Domestic Horses Cluster According to Context. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:629. [PMID: 38396597 PMCID: PMC10886179 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Agonistic behaviours are often directed at other animals for self-defence or to increase distance from valued resources, such as food. Examples include aggression and counter-predator behaviours. Contemporary diets may boost the value of food as a resource and create unanticipated associations with the humans who deliver it. At the same time the domestic horse is asked to carry the weight of riders and perform manoeuvres that, ethologically, are out-of-context and may be associated with instances of pain, confusion, or fear. Agonistic responses can endanger personnel and conspecifics. They are traditionally grouped along with so-called vices as being undesirable and worthy of punishment; a response that can often make horses more dangerous. The current study used data from the validated online Equine Behavioural and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ) to explore the agonistic behaviours (as reported by the owners) of 2734 horses. With a focus on ridden horses, the behaviours of interest in the current study ranged from biting and bite threats and kicking and kick threats to tail swishing as an accompaniment to signs of escalating irritation when horses are approached, prepared for ridden work, ridden, and hosed down (e.g., after work). Analysis of the responses according to the context in which they arise included a dendrographic analysis that identified five clusters of agonistic behaviours among certain groups of horses and a principal component analysis that revealed six components, strongly related to the five clusters. Taken together, these results highlight the prospect that the motivation to show these responses differs with context. The clusters with common characteristics were those observed in the context of: locomotion under saddle; saddling; reactions in a familiar environment, inter-specific threats, and intra-specific threats. These findings highlight the potential roles of fear and pain in such unwelcome responses and challenge the simplistic view that the problems lie with the nature of the horses themselves rather than historic or current management practices. Improved understanding of agonistic responses in horses will reduce the inclination of owners to label horses that show such context-specific responses as being generally aggressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Fenner
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
| | - Bethany Jessica Wilson
- School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Colette Ermers
- School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia;
| | - Paul Damien McGreevy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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5
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Kawahisa-Piquini G, Bass LD, Pezzanite LM, Moorman VJ. Effect of age at training initiation on hoof morphology and lameness in juvenile American Quarter Horses. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:765-776. [PMID: 36572927 PMCID: PMC10291006 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lameness, discipline, training intensity, environmental variability, and shoeing are all factors demonstrated to affect hoof loading and therefore act as adaptive stimuli to alter hoof morphology. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of age at training initiation on hoof morphology and lameness incidence and determine if specific hoof morphology measurements correlate with lameness in juvenile American Quarter Horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS American Quarter Horses (n = 42; 29 two-year-olds, 13 three-year-olds) entering training were monitored for hoof morphology and lameness over 6 months (months 0, 2, 4, and 6). Hoof measurements (palmar/plantar angles, frog base width/length, toe length/angle, heel length/angle, heel and foot width, wall height/angle) from radiographs and photographs were recorded. Lameness was graded subjectively and objectively (Lameness locator®). Statistical analyses were performed with Fisher's exact test and repeated measures ANOVA with p < 0.05. RESULTS 25/42 horses developed subclinical lameness (16/42 forelimb, 19/42 hindlimb), with 3-year-olds developing lameness more frequently compared to 2-year-olds overall (p = 0.04; 84.6 vs. 48.3%) and in forelimbs (p = 0.05; 61.5% vs. 27.6%); no difference was noted between 2- versus 3-year-olds in hindlimbs (p = 0.2; 61.5% vs. 37.9%). In lame versus sound forelimbs, 3-year-olds had decreased foot width (p = 0.03; 11.48 cm [CI 10.68-12.28] vs. 12.21 cm [CI 11.99-12.42]), decreased toe length (p = 0.03; 6.02 cm [CI 5.69-6.36] vs. 6.45 cm [CI 6.32-6.58]), shorter lateral wall height (p = 0.03; 4.64 cm [CI 4.31-4.96] vs. 5.11 cm [CI 5.03-5.2]), and shorter medial wall height (p = 0.02; 4.58 cm [CI 4.06-5.10] vs. 5.15 cm [CI 4.99-5.30]). In lame versus sound hindlimbs, horses overall (p = 0.05; 3.74, CI 3.53-3.96 vs. 3.55, CI 3.48-3.61) and 3-year-olds had longer heels p = 0.01; 3.90 cm (CI 3.5-4.3) vs. 3.50 cm (CI 3.39-3.61). MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample size, lack of control group not entering training. CONCLUSIONS Three-year-old American Quarter Horses entering training were more likely to develop forelimb lameness than 2-year-olds. This subclinical lameness was associated with specific hoof morphology characteristics (decreased foot width, toe length, heel length, and lateral/medial wall height; greater toe angle).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Kawahisa-Piquini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Luke D Bass
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lynn M Pezzanite
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Valerie J Moorman
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Scholler D, Zablotski Y, May A. Evaluation of Substance P as a New Stress Parameter in Horses in a Stress Model Involving Four Different Stress Levels. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071142. [PMID: 37048398 PMCID: PMC10093602 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress has a significant impact on equine welfare. There are some studies on the stress response in horses ridden with tight nosebands, but little is known about other stress parameters than cortisol, which potentially could address an emotional component. In this study, blood samples of a total of 74 warmblood horses were used to establish reference values for plasma substance P (SP) concentrations. Moreover, 16 of these warmblood horses were included in a stress model. Four different stress levels (level 1: horses ridden with loose noseband, level 2: tight noseband, level 3: loose noseband and overground endoscope, level 4: tight noseband and overground endoscope) were applied to evaluate SP as a potential stress parameter in horses. Blood samples were taken at rest (t0) and directly after inducing stress (noseband tightening, insertion of endoscope; t1), as well as after 20 min of riding at all gaits (t2). A ridden horse ethogram was applied and showed that horses in the tight noseband group resorted to other stress-related behavioral issues than horses with loose nosebands. Serum cortisol showed a linear increase concurrent with the increase in stress levels with a significant difference between level 1 and level 4 (p = 0.043), proving that stress factors were adequate to evaluate the stress response, whereas SP did not show a correlation with the stress levels. Furthermore, concentrations of SP differed widely between horses but stayed within more narrow limits in the individual horse. As a conclusion, SP might not be a reliable stress parameter in horses in the applied minor stress model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Scholler
- Equine Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Anna May
- Equine Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Potier JFN, Louzier V. Evaluation of stress markers in horses during hippotherapy sessions in comparison to being ridden by beginners. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e10. [PMID: 38487430 PMCID: PMC10936384 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hippotherapy has been used for decades and its benefits to human patients have largely been proven, whether being applied to those with physical or mental disabilities. There have been a plethora of animal welfare studies recently, pertaining especially to ridden horses. This study aimed to investigate stress markers in horses during hippotherapy sessions to address the ethical considerations raised by using horses for therapy. A ridden stress ethogram was established and validated specifically for this study via subjective observation and video recording of a ridden session involving intermediate-level riders. The experiment entailed eight healthy horses undergoing two ridden sessions on separate days, one with disabled riders and one with beginners. Several parameters associated with physiological responses to stress were evaluated at rest, such as heart rate, plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH], serum and salivary cortisol. These parameters as well as the behavioural stress score from the ethogram scale were measured during both sessions. No significant differences were found between heart rate, plasma ACTH, and stress scores. Serum and salivary cortisol were significantly lower during the hippotherapy session than during the session with beginners. The current study found no evidence of compromised welfare when horses were used as a therapeutic aid during hippotherapy sessions compared to their usual ridden activity. Although these results indicate that hippotherapy may be ethically justified as it benefits humans without causing harm to the horses, the present study was small, and the results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Louzier
- APCSe Agressions Pulmonaires et Circulatoires dans le Sepsis, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy-l’Étoile, France
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Berger J, Bondi A, Dyson S, Ellis A, Lindegaard C, Martin C, Mullard J, Pollard D, Quiney L, Routh J, Thomson K. Commentary on Ladewig et al.: The uses, values, and limitations of the Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Feuser AK, Gesell-May S, Müller T, May A. Artificial Intelligence for Lameness Detection in Horses-A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2804. [PMID: 36290189 PMCID: PMC9597839 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lameness in horses is a long-known issue influencing the welfare, as well as the use, of a horse. Nevertheless, the detection and classification of lameness mainly occurs on a subjective basis by the owner and the veterinarian. The aim of this study was the development of a lameness detection system based on pose estimation, which permits non-invasive and easily applicable gait analysis. The use of 58 reference points on easily detectable anatomical landmarks offers various possibilities for gait evaluation using a simple setup. For this study, three groups of horses were used: one training group, one analysis group of fore and hindlimb lame horses and a control group of sound horses. The first group was used to train the network; afterwards, horses with and without lameness were evaluated. The results show that forelimb lameness can be detected by visualising the trajectories of the reference points on the head and both forelimbs. In hindlimb lameness, the stifle showed promising results as a reference point, whereas the tuber coxae were deemed unsuitable as a reference point. The study presents a feasible application of pose estimation for lameness detection, but further development using a larger dataset is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Gesell-May
- Anirec GmbH, Artificial Intelligence Solutions in Veterinary Medicine, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Anirec GmbH, Artificial Intelligence Solutions in Veterinary Medicine, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna May
- Equine Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Douglas J, Owers R, Campbell MLH. Social Licence to Operate: What Can Equestrian Sports Learn from Other Industries? Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151987. [PMID: 35953977 PMCID: PMC9367437 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Most societies regulate human activities using laws that state clearly what is, and is not, legally permissible. However, there is a second layer of permission that is granted—or revoked—by the public. This second layer is known as a ‘social licence to operate’ (SLO), and it represents an intangible, implicit agreement between the public and an industry or group. The public may approve of an activity, in which case it can proceed with minimal formalised restrictions, or it may disapprove, and this may herald legal restrictions, or even an outright ban. This review discusses the concept of SLO in relation to equestrianism. Experience from other industries suggests that, to maintain its SLO, equestrianism should take an ethics-based, proactive, progressive, and holistic approach to the protection of equine welfare, and should establish the trust of all stakeholders, including the public. Trust will only ensue if society is confident that equestrianism operates transparently, that its leaders and practitioners are credible, legitimate, and competent, and that its practice reflects society’s values. Earning and maintaining this status will undoubtedly require substantial effort and funding—inputs that should be regarded as an investment in the future of the sport. Abstract The concept of ‘social licence to operate’ (SLO) is relevant to all animal-use activities. An SLO is an intangible, implicit agreement between the public and an industry/group. Its existence allows that industry/group to pursue its activities with minimal formalised restrictions because such activities have widespread societal approval. In contrast, the imposition of legal restrictions—or even an outright ban—reflect qualified or lack of public support for an activity. This review discusses current threats to equestrianism’s SLO and suggests actions that those across the equine sector need to take to justify the continuation of the SLO. The most important of these is earning the trust of all stakeholders, including the public. Trust requires transparency of operations, establishment and communication of shared values, and demonstration of competence. These attributes can only be gained by taking an ethics-based, proactive, progressive, and holistic approach to the protection of equine welfare. Animal-use activities that have faced challenges to their SLO have achieved variable success in re-establishing the approval of society, and equestrianism can learn from the experience of these groups as it maps its future. The associated effort and cost should be regarded as an investment in the future of the sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Douglas
- World Horse Welfare, Anne Colvin House, Snetterton, Norwich NR16 2LR, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Roly Owers
- World Horse Welfare, Anne Colvin House, Snetterton, Norwich NR16 2LR, UK
| | - Madeleine L. H. Campbell
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
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Wrangberg T, Kendall A. Who Is Healthy? A Review of How Equine Control Groups Are Defined in Clinical Orthopaedic Research 1999-2021. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2022; 35:213-219. [PMID: 35512819 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1745756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proper identification of healthy subjects is essential in case-control studies. However, standardized definitions of healthy controls are lacking in equine orthopaedic research. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to define the non-invasive methods used for selecting healthy control horses in osteoarthritis (OA), desmitis and tendinitis research. METHODS Systematic review. Case-control studies with a healthy control group and longitudinal studies where horses had to be healthy at the start were included. Studies where joints were visualized by arthroscopy or post-mortem examination were excluded. RESULTS From 2,472 OA papers and 2,746 desmitis/tendinitis papers, 127 and 84 papers met the inclusion criteria respectively. For OA, 11 methods were identified for defining healthy subjects with a median of three methods used per paper. Dynamic examination, radiographic evaluation and clinical examination were the most frequent. Eight different methods were identified in the desmitis/tendinitis papers with a median of three methods per paper; ultrasonography, clinical- and dynamic examination were the most frequent. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the OA and desmitis/tendinitis studies used similar methods for defining subjects as healthy, but the way the examinations were performed and interpreted was inconsistent. In several studies, healthy controls were not examined for lameness. The most common methods have limitations for detecting horses with early OA, which may have implications for interpretation of results. Standardized use of more sensitive and objective methods could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Kendall
- Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Dyson S, Thomson K. The recognition of pain and learned behaviour in horses which buck. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Application of the Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram to Horses Competing in British Eventing 90, 100 and Novice One-Day Events and Comparison with Performance. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050590. [PMID: 35268159 PMCID: PMC8909886 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram (RHpE) was applied to 1010 competition starts at British Eventing (BE) 90, 100 and Novice one-day events and compared with performance. The overall median RHpE score was 4/24 (IQR 2,6; range 0,12). There were moderate positive correlations between RHpE scores and dressage penalties (Spearman’s rho = 0.508, 0.468, 0.491, all p < 0.001 for BE 90, 100 and Novice, respectively). There were weak positive correlations between RHpE scores and final placings (Spearman’s rho = 0.157, p = 0.033, BE90; rho = 0.263, p < 0.001, BE 100; rho = 0.123, p = 0.035, Novice). In showjumping, 1.7% of starters were eliminated or retired, compared with 9.8% of cross-country starters. Horse or rider falls occurred in 2.6% of cross-country starts. Horses placed first, second or third had lower median RHpE scores (2/24, IQR 1,4; range 0,8) than other horses that finished (p < 0.001), those that were eliminated or retired (p < 0.001) or were withdrawn (p < 0.001). The RHpE score was ≥8/24 for 9.3% of starters; horses with a RHpE score ≥8/24 had higher total penalty scores (p < 0.001) than horses with a RHpE score <8/24. The overall low median RHpE score supports the social licence to compete, but 9% of starters had a RHpE score ≥8/24. Investigation and treatment of these horses may improve both welfare and performance.
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Sellon DC, Sanz M, Kopper JJ, Mattei D. Pain severity scores for common equine disorders as provided by horse owners and equine veterinarians. Equine Vet J 2022; 54:1094-1102. [PMID: 35034381 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding factors influencing assessment of pain in horses will facilitate communication between veterinarians and horse owners. OBJECTIVES To compare estimates of pain experienced by horses as provided by veterinarians and horse owners and to determine factors associated with individuals who perceive horses to be experiencing extreme pain or minimal pain. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Internet-based questionnaires for horse owners and veterinarians included items related to recognition of pain in horses, estimated degree of pain experienced by horses, and demographic information. Variables associated with perception of a high or low degree of pain were investigated using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Final data sets included responses from 553 horse owners and 263 veterinarians. Pain scores varied widely and differences in median scores from horse owners and veterinarians were small. Horse owners providing high pain ratings were more likely to have < 10 horses (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1 - 3.5) and to not have a college degree (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0-2.2). Those providing low pain ratings were less likely to own < 10 horses (OR = 0.6, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.4 - 0.9). Veterinarians providing high pain ratings were more likely to be employed in a mixed animal practice (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.3 - 5.9) and to lack board-certification in a veterinary specialty (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.1 - 4.2). Veterinarians providing low pain ratings were more likely to be male (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.3 - 4.2). MAIN LIMITATIONS The respondent population may be biased because of the method of questionnaire distribution and associated sampling bias. Respondents were primarily from the United States. CONCLUSIONS Assessments of the degree of pain horses are experiencing vary widely among horse owners and equine veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra C Sellon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Macarena Sanz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Jamie J Kopper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,Iowa State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Debora Mattei
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,Hamad Bin Khalifa University Equine Veterinary Medical Center, member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN COMMONLY USED APPARATUS AND CONFLICT BEHAVIORS REPORTED IN THE RIDDEN HORSE IN AUSTRALIA. J Vet Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Dyson S, Pollard D. Application of the Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram to Horses Competing at the Hickstead-Rotterdam Grand Prix Challenge and the British Dressage Grand Prix National Championship 2020 and Comparison with World Cup Grand Prix Competitions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1820. [PMID: 34207251 PMCID: PMC8235099 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram (RHpE) comprising 24 behaviours was developed to facilitate the identification of musculoskeletal discomfort, with scores of ≥8/24 indicating the presence of pain. The median RHpE score for 147 competitors at World Cup Grand Prix events from 2018 to 2020 was three (interquartile range [IQR] 1-4; range 0-7). The aim of the current study was to apply the RHpE to 38 competitors at the Hickstead-Rotterdam Grand Prix Challenge and 26 competitors at the British Dressage Grand Prix National Championship in 2020. The median RHpE scores were four (IQR 3-6; range 0-8) and six (IQR 4-7; range 1-9), respectively, which were both higher (p = 0.0011 and p = 0.0000) than the World Cup competitors' scores. Ears back ≥ 5 s (p = 0.005), intense stare ≥ 5 s (p = 0.000), repeated tail swishing (p = 0.000), hindlimb toe drag (p = 0.000), repeated tongue-out (p = 0.003) and crooked tail-carriage (p = 0.000) occurred more frequently. These were associated with a higher frequency of lameness, abnormalities of canter, and errors in rein-back, passage and piaffe, canter flying-changes and canter pirouettes compared with World Cup competitors. There was a moderate negative correlation between the dressage judges' scores and the RHpE scores (Spearman's rho -0.66, p = 0.0002) at the British Championship. Performance and welfare may be improved by recognition and appropriate treatment of underlying problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Dyson
- The Cottage, Church Road, Market Weston, Diss IP22 2NX, UK
| | - Danica Pollard
- The Rodhams, Rodham Road, Christchurch, Wisbech PE14 9NU, UK;
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17
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Andersen PH, Broomé S, Rashid M, Lundblad J, Ask K, Li Z, Hernlund E, Rhodin M, Kjellström H. Towards Machine Recognition of Facial Expressions of Pain in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1643. [PMID: 34206077 PMCID: PMC8229776 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Automated recognition of human facial expressions of pain and emotions is to a certain degree a solved problem, using approaches based on computer vision and machine learning. However, the application of such methods to horses has proven difficult. Major barriers are the lack of sufficiently large, annotated databases for horses and difficulties in obtaining correct classifications of pain because horses are non-verbal. This review describes our work to overcome these barriers, using two different approaches. One involves the use of a manual, but relatively objective, classification system for facial activity (Facial Action Coding System), where data are analyzed for pain expressions after coding using machine learning principles. We have devised tools that can aid manual labeling by identifying the faces and facial keypoints of horses. This approach provides promising results in the automated recognition of facial action units from images. The second approach, recurrent neural network end-to-end learning, requires less extraction of features and representations from the video but instead depends on large volumes of video data with ground truth. Our preliminary results suggest clearly that dynamics are important for pain recognition and show that combinations of recurrent neural networks can classify experimental pain in a small number of horses better than human raters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Haubro Andersen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.L.); (K.A.); (E.H.); (M.R.)
| | - Sofia Broomé
- Division of Robotics, Perception and Learning, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE 100044 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.B.); (Z.L.)
| | - Maheen Rashid
- Department of Computer Science, University of California at Davis, California, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Johan Lundblad
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.L.); (K.A.); (E.H.); (M.R.)
| | - Katrina Ask
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.L.); (K.A.); (E.H.); (M.R.)
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Division of Robotics, Perception and Learning, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE 100044 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.B.); (Z.L.)
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, New York, NY 11794, USA
| | - Elin Hernlund
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.L.); (K.A.); (E.H.); (M.R.)
| | - Marie Rhodin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.L.); (K.A.); (E.H.); (M.R.)
| | - Hedvig Kjellström
- Division of Robotics, Perception and Learning, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE 100044 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.B.); (Z.L.)
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18
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Sapone M, Martin P, Ben Mansour K, Chateau H, Marin F. The Protraction and Retraction Angles of Horse Limbs: An Estimation during Trotting Using Inertial Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21113792. [PMID: 34070859 PMCID: PMC8199102 DOI: 10.3390/s21113792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The protraction and retraction angles of horse limbs are important in the analysis of horse locomotion. This study explored two methods from an IMU positioned on the canon bone of eight horses to estimate these angles. Each method was based on a hypothesis in order to define the moment corresponding with the verticality of the canon bone: (i) the canon bone is in a vertical position at 50% of the stance phase or (ii) the verticality of the canon bone corresponds with the moment when the horse’s withers reach their lowest point. The measurements were carried out on a treadmill at a trot and compared with a standard gold method based on motion capture. For the measurement of the maximum protraction and retraction angles, method (i) had average biases (0.7° and 1.7°) less than method (ii) (−1.3° and 3.7°). For the measurement of the protraction and retraction angles during the stance phase, method (i) had average biases (4.1° and −3.3°) higher to method (ii) (2.1° and −1.3°). This study investigated the pros and cons of a generic method (i) vs. a specific method (ii) to determine the protraction and retraction angles of horse limbs by a single IMU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Sapone
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7338 BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Alliance Sorbonne Université, 60200 Compiègne, France; (K.B.M.); (F.M.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, USC INRAE-ENVA 957 BPLC, CWD-VetLab, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (P.M.); (H.C.)
- LIM France, Chemin Fontaine de Fanny, 24300 Nontron, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Pauline Martin
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, USC INRAE-ENVA 957 BPLC, CWD-VetLab, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (P.M.); (H.C.)
- LIM France, Chemin Fontaine de Fanny, 24300 Nontron, France
| | - Khalil Ben Mansour
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7338 BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Alliance Sorbonne Université, 60200 Compiègne, France; (K.B.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Henry Chateau
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, USC INRAE-ENVA 957 BPLC, CWD-VetLab, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (P.M.); (H.C.)
| | - Frédéric Marin
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7338 BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Alliance Sorbonne Université, 60200 Compiègne, France; (K.B.M.); (F.M.)
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Dyson S, Pollard D. Application of the Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram to Elite Dressage Horses Competing in World Cup Grand Prix Competitions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051187. [PMID: 33919208 PMCID: PMC8143096 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram (RHpE) was developed comprising 24 behaviours; a score of ≥8/24 is likely to reflect the presence of musculoskeletal pain. The aim of the study was to apply the RHpE to elite dressage horses, competing at World Cup Grand Prix qualifying competitions or finals. It was hypothesised that this should be a group of horses with a low incidence of musculoskeletal pain; thus, RHpE scores would be consistently <8. Additional aims were to compare RHpE scores with judges’ scores and to compare these and other observations concerning gait with the guidelines for judging Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) dressage. The RHpE was applied by a trained assessor to video recordings of 147 competitors at nine venues. Freehand notes described additional observations. The median RHpE score for all competitors was 3/24 (range 0, 7). There was a moderate negative correlation between the RHpE score and the judges’ score. There was a high frequency of occurrence of head behind vertical ≥10° ≥10 s, mouth open with separation of the teeth ≥10 s and repeated tail swishing, behaviours that should be penalised according to FEI rules. It was nonetheless concluded that most horses appeared to work comfortably for the majority of the test. Abstract There is considerable debate about the social license to compete with horses and controversy about training methods for dressage horses. The objectives were to: 1. apply the Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram (RHpE) to dressage horses competing at elite Grand Prix level; 2. compare RHpE and judges’ scores; and 3. document deviations in gaits from Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) guidelines. Video recordings of 147 competitors from nine World Cup competitions were assessed. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient tested the correlation between RHpE and judges’ scores. The median RHpE score was 3 (IQR 1, 4; range 0, 7). There was a moderate negative correlation (Spearman rho −0.40, p < 0.001) between the RHpE scores and the judges’ scores. Mouth open with separation of the teeth for ≥10 s (68%), head behind vertical ≥10° ≥10 s (67%), an intense stare for ≥5 s (30%) and repeated tail swishing (29%) were the most frequent RHpE behaviours. Deviations from FEI guidelines were most frequent in passage, piaffe, canter flying-changes, canter pirouettes and “halt-immobility-rein back five steps-collected trot”. In conclusion, most horses appeared to work comfortably for the majority of the test. Further investigation of the influence of a double bridle compared with a snaffle bridle on head position and mouth opening is merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Dyson
- The Cottage, Church Road, Market Weston, Diss IP22 2NX, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)7860-826028
| | - Danica Pollard
- The Rodhams, Rodham Road, Christchurch, Wisbech PE14 9NU, UK;
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Dyson S, Bondi A, Routh J, Pollard D, Preston T, McConnell C, Kydd J. Do owners recognise abnormal equine behaviour when tacking‐up and mounting? A comparison between responses to a questionnaire and real‐time observations. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Kentford, Newmarket, SuffolkUK
| | - A. Bondi
- The Old Barns Firbeck House Steetley, DerbyshireUK
| | - J. Routh
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Kentford, Newmarket, SuffolkUK
| | | | - T. Preston
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Loughborough UK
| | - C. McConnell
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Loughborough UK
| | - J. Kydd
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Loughborough UK
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Dyson
- The Cottage Market Weston, Diss UK
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22
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Dyson S, Bondi A, Routh J, Pollard D. An investigation into the relationship between equine behaviour when tacked‐up and mounted and epaxial muscle hypertonicity or pain, girth region hypersensitivity, saddle‐fit, rider position and balance, and lameness. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. Routh
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health TrustSuffolk
- University of Surrey School of Veterinary MedicineGuildfordUK
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Dyson S, Bondi A, Routh J, Pollard D, Preston T, McConnell C, Kydd JH. An investigation of behaviour during tacking‐up and mounting in ridden sports and leisure horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket UK
| | | | - J. Routh
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket UK
| | | | - T. Preston
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Loughborough UK
| | - C. McConnell
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Loughborough UK
| | - J. H. Kydd
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Loughborough UK
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Dyson S, Martin C, Bondi A, Ellis AD. The influence of rider skill on ridden horse behaviour, assessed using the Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram, and gait quality. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Martin
- Writtle University College ChelmsfordUK
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Dyson S, Routh J, Bondi A, Pollard D. Gait abnormalities and ridden horse behaviour in a convenience sample of the United Kingdom ridden sports horse and leisure horse population. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dyson
- The Cottage Market Weston, Diss UK
| | - J. Routh
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket, Suffolk UK
| | - A. Bondi
- Firbeck House Worksop, Derbyshire UK
| | - D. Pollard
- Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Department Centre for Preventive Medicine Animal Health Trust Newmarket, Suffolk UK
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