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de Sousa BL, Chaves SN, Albuquerque E, Rodrigues J, Coimbra V, Miranda S, Caldas AL, Leite M, Dos Santos MP, Côrrea Filho RAC, Santos ADFD, Maximino C, Siqueira-Silva D. Gametogenesis and seminatural reproduction of the Amazon twospot astyanax Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) cultivated in an enriched environment. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 267:107522. [PMID: 38901082 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment is used to provide well-being to the animals, such as fish, in captive conditions, mimicking their natural habitat. It may influence fish behavior, physiology, and survival. In terms of reproduction, however, the relationship between environment enrichment and successful reproduction in captivity is still poorly explored in fish species. Aiming to understand any possible benefits of structural enrichment on fish reproduction, 10-days-hatched larvae of the twospot astyanax Astyanax bimaculatus were raised for 18 weeks in tanks with different elements of structural environmental enrichment (PVC pipes, stones, and artificial plants). In the 5th month of life, those animals were hormonally induced to reproduce to assess gamete formation and offspring quality. Animals raised in a sterile-reared environment (non-enriched) showed earlier spawning than the enriched one, presenting significant quantities of Postovulatory follicle complexes (POCs) and cells in atresia in female ovaries, indicating possible reproductive dysfunction or stress, as well as a greater quantity of empty testicular lumen in males, indicating great release of sperm. On the contrary, animals cultivated in enriched environments showed gonads filled with semen in males and vitellogenic oocytes in females. Furthermore, offspring from the sterile-reared group presented significant rates of larval abnormality compared to the enriched group. In conclusion, the results of this study show that environmental enrichment can interfere with the reproduction of fish in captivity, mainly by preventing early maturation of gametes, which can result in low-quality offspring and, consequently, low production of fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Lima de Sousa
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil
| | - Suianny Nayara Chaves
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil; Graduate Program in Animal Reproduction in the Amazon (ReproAmazon) of the Federal Rural University of the Amazon (Ufra) and Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, Nº 2501, Terra Firme, Belém, PA 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Albuquerque
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil
| | - Jeane Rodrigues
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Coimbra
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil
| | - Saynara Miranda
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil; Graduate Program in Animal Reproduction in the Amazon (ReproAmazon) of the Federal Rural University of the Amazon (Ufra) and Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, Nº 2501, Terra Firme, Belém, PA 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Caldas
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil
| | - Marissol Leite
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil
| | - Matheus Pereira Dos Santos
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Animal Science Graduate Programme, Km 7, Zona Rural, BR-465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Adam Dreyton Ferreira Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Sistemas de Informação, Instituto de Geociências e Engenharias (IGE), Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará (Unifesspa), Campus II, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Caio Maximino
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil
| | - Diogenes Siqueira-Silva
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil; Graduate Program in Animal Reproduction in the Amazon (ReproAmazon) of the Federal Rural University of the Amazon (Ufra) and Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, Nº 2501, Terra Firme, Belém, PA 66077-830, Brazil.
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Schmitt O, Finnegan E, Trevarthen A, Wongsaengchan C, Paul ES, Mendl M, Fureix C. Exploring the similarities between risk factors triggering depression in humans and elevated in-cage "inactive but awake" behavior in laboratory mice. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1348928. [PMID: 38605924 PMCID: PMC11008528 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1348928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Depression is a human mental disorder that can also be inferred in non-human animals. This study explored whether time spent inactive but awake ("IBA") in the home-cage in mice was further triggered by risk factors similar to those increasing vulnerability to depression in humans (early life stress, genetic predispositions, adulthood stress). Methods Eighteen DBA/2 J and 18 C57BL/6 J females were tested, of which half underwent as pups a daily maternal separation on post-natal days 2-14 (early-life stress "ELS") (other half left undisturbed). To assess the effect of the procedure, the time the dams from which the 18 subjects were born spent active in the nest (proxy for maternal behavior) was recorded on post-natal days 2, 6, 10 and 14 for 1 h before separation and following reunion (matched times for controls), using live instantaneous scan sampling (total: 96 scans/dam). For each ELS condition, about half of the pups were housed post-weaning (i.e., from 27 days old on average) in either barren (triggering IBA and depression-like symptoms) or larger, highly enriched cages (n = 4-5 per group). Time mice spent IBA post-weaning was observed blind to ELS treatment using live instantaneous scan sampling in two daily 90-min blocks, two days/week, for 6 weeks (total: 192 scans/mouse). Data were analyzed in R using generalized linear mixed models. Results The dams were significantly more active in the nest over time (p = 0.016), however with no significant difference between strains (p = 0.18), ELS conditions (p = 0.20) and before/after separation (p = 0.83). As predicted, post-weaning barren cages triggered significantly more time spent IBA in mice than enriched cages (p < 0.0001). However, neither ELS (p = 0.4) nor strain (p = 0.84) significantly influenced time mice spent IBA, with no significant interaction with environmental condition (ELS × environment: p = 0.2861; strain × environment: p = 0.5713). Discussion Our results therefore only partly support the hypothesis that greater time spent IBA in mice is triggered by risk factors for human depression. We discuss possible explanations for this and further research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carole Fureix
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Fureix C, Trevarthen AC, Finnegan EM, Bučková K, Paul ES, Mendl MT. Do greater levels of in-cage waking inactivity in laboratory mice reflect a spontaneous depression-like symptom? A pharmacological investigation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 212:173311. [PMID: 34863797 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified in laboratory mice an inactive state [being awake with eyes open motionless within the home cage; inactive but awake, 'IBA'] sharing etiological factors and symptoms with human clinical depression. We further test the hypothesis that greater time spent displaying IBA indicates a depression-like state in mice by investigating whether the antidepressant Venlafaxine, environmental enrichment, and their combination, alleviate IBA. Seventy-two C57BL/6J and 72 DBA/2J female mice were pseudo-randomly housed post-weaning in mixed strain-pairs in non-enriched (NE; 48 pairs) or in environmentally enriched (EE; 24 pairs) cages. After 34 days, half of the mice housed in NE cages were either relocated to EE cages or left in NE cages. For each of these conditions, half of the mice drank either a placebo or the antidepressant Venlafaxine (10 mg/kg). The 48 mice housed in EE cages were all relocated to NE cages and allocated to either the placebo (n = 24) or Venlafaxine (n = 24). IBA data were collected prior to and after environmental adjustment by trained observers blind to the pharmacological and environmental adjustment treatments. Data were analyzed using GLM models. NE cages triggered more IBA than EE cages (Likelihood-Ratio-Test Chi23 = 53.501, p < 0.0001). Venlafaxine and environmental enrichment appeared equally effective at reducing IBA (LRT Chi23 = 18.262, p < 0.001), and combining these approaches did not magnify their effects. Enrichment removal triggered IBA increase (LRT Chi21 = 23.050, p < 0.001), but Venlafaxine did not overcome the increase in IBA resulting from enrichment loss (LTR Chi21 = 0.081, p = 0.775). Theoretical implications for putative depression-like states in mice, and further research directions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Fureix
- University of Bristol, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford House, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna C Trevarthen
- University of Bristol, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford House, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
| | - Emily M Finnegan
- University of Bristol, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford House, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
| | - Katarína Bučková
- University of Bristol, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford House, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth S Paul
- University of Bristol, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford House, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael T Mendl
- University of Bristol, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford House, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
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