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Williams ZJ, Pezzanite LM, Chow L, Rockow M, Dow SW. Evaluation of stem-cell therapies in companion animal disease models: a concise review (2015-2023). Stem Cells 2024; 42:677-705. [PMID: 38795363 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Companion animals in veterinary medicine develop multiple naturally occurring diseases analogous to human conditions. We previously reported a comprehensive review on the feasibility, safety, and biologic activity of using novel stem cell therapies to treat a variety of inflammatory conditions in dogs and cats (2008-2015) [Hoffman AM, Dow SW. Concise review: stem cell trials using companion animal disease models. Stem Cells. 2016;34(7):1709-1729. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.2377]. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated summary of current studies in companion animal disease models that have evaluated stem cell therapeutics that are relevant to human disease. Here we have reviewed the literature from 2015 to 2023 for publications on stem cell therapies that have been evaluated in companion animals, including dogs, cats, and horses. The review excluded case reports or studies performed in experimentally induced models of disease, studies involving cancer, or studies in purpose-bred laboratory species such as rodents. We identified 45 manuscripts meeting these criteria, an increase from 19 that were described in the previous review [Hoffman AM, Dow SW. Concise review: stem cell trials using companion animal disease models. Stem Cells. 2016;34(7):1709-1729. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.2377]. The majority of studies were performed in dogs (n = 28), with additional studies in horses (n = 9) and cats (n = 8). Disease models included those related to musculoskeletal disease (osteoarthritis and tendon/ligament injury), neurologic disease (canine cognitive dysfunction, intervertebral disc disease, spinal cord injury) gingival/dental disease (gingivostomatitis), dermatologic disease (atopic dermatitis), chronic multi-drug resistant infections, ophthalmic disease (keratoconjunctivitis sicca, eosinophilic keratitis, immune-mediated keratitis), cardiopulmonary disease (asthma, degenerative valve disease, dilated cardiomyopathy), gastrointestinal disease (inflammatory bowel disease, chronic enteropathy), and renal disease (chronic kidney disease). The majority of studies reported beneficial responses to stem cell treatment, with the exception of those related to more chronic processes such as spinal cord injury and chronic kidney disease. However, it should also be noted that 22 studies were open-label, baseline-controlled trials and only 12 studies were randomized and controlled, making overall study interpretation difficult. As noted in the previous review, improved regulatory oversight and consistency in manufacturing of stem cell therapies are needed. Enhanced understanding of the temporal course of disease processes using advanced-omics approaches may further inform mechanisms of action and help define appropriate timing of interventions. Future directions of stem-cell-based therapies could include use of stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles, or cell conditioning approaches to direct cells to specific pathways that are tailored to individual disease processes and stages of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë J Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Lynn M Pezzanite
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Meagan Rockow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Steven W Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
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Chetboul V, Poissonnier C, Foulex P, Alvarado MP, Trehiou-Sechi É, Saponaro V, Passavin P, Desquilbet L. Volumetric quantification identifies some left atrial dilations undetected by left atrium:aorta ratio measurements: A prospective echocardiographic study in 155 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with and without degenerative mitral valve disease. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300827. [PMID: 38547236 PMCID: PMC10977888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) is the most common canine heart disease with a high predisposition in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs). Mitral regurgitation related to DMVD can lead to left atrial (LA) dilation, which is associated with survival time. Left-atrial-to-aortic (LA:Ao) ratio assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography is commonly used to evaluate LA size. The objectives of this prospective observational study were therefore 1) to compare different echocardiographic methods (i.e., monoplane and biplane Simpson's methods of discs (SMOD) and area-length methods (ALM)) in evaluating LA volume (LAvol) in CKCSs, 2) to assess LA volumes according to DMVD severity and, 3) compare the ability of LAvol and LA:Ao ratio to identify LA enlargement in CKCSs with subclinical DMVD (i.e., American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) stage B). MATERIALS AND METHODS 155 CKCSs, either healthy or affected by DMVD, were recruited. Variability and concordance between volumetric methods were evaluated. Values were analyzed according to 2019 ACVIM stages. RESULTS All Lin's concordance correlation coefficients regarding intra- and inter-observer variability were considered as very good to excellent. Monoplane methods and ALM produced higher values of LAvol than biplane methods and SMOD, respectively. The upper limit of normal end-systolic LAvol/body weight (LASvol/BW) was defined as 0.90 mL/kg. Left atrial volumes significantly increased with ACVIM stages. Additionally, 37% of stage B1 CKCSs demonstrated LA enlargement using LASvol/BW assessment, with significantly lower LASvol/BW values in dogs with regurgitation fraction ≤30% than in others (p<0.01). CONCLUSION In CKCSs, LAvol methods are not interchangeable. In ACVIM stage B CKCSs, LAvol quantification is more effective to detect LA enlargement than LA linear measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
- INSERM, IMRB, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Camille Poissonnier
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pierre Foulex
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maria Paz Alvarado
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Émilie Trehiou-Sechi
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Vittorio Saponaro
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Peggy Passavin
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d’Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Loïc Desquilbet
- INSERM, IMRB, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
- Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Mead SE, Beijerink NJ, O’Brien M, Wade CM. Genetic Variants at the Nebulette Locus Are Associated with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease Severity in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122292. [PMID: 36553559 PMCID: PMC9778376 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common cardiovascular disease in domestic dogs is myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), accounting for 75% of all cardiac disease. An increase in age is generally associated with increased incidence of the disease, but Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) exhibit an unusually high prevalence of early-onset MMVD, and thus, potentially greater cardiac morbidity and mortality compared to other breeds. Previous research has suggested that selected candidate risk alleles for MMVD are fixed in CKCSs, including six locations within the Nebulette (NEBL) gene on CFA2. The current study analysed genotypes of 180 Australian CKCSs at the identified risk loci. Of these, 178 were phenotyped for severity of disease by echocardiographic measurements of left atrium to aortic root ratio (LA:Ao) and weight normalised left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVIDdN). Genotyping array markers correctly predicted the genotype at the risk-variant loci in the CKCS population, and the NEBL1, NEBL2 and NEBL3 variants were observed to be in perfect linkage disequilibrium in this cohort. The CKCS cohort included 6/178 dogs being heterozygous for the protective/wild-type alleles at the NEBL locus. The mean LA:Ao and LVIDdN scores of these dogs heterozygous at NEBL1-3 variants were significantly smaller, and with significantly lower variance compared to age-matched CKCSs that were homozygous for risk alleles. The lower cardiac measurements in the heterozygous dogs indicate a significantly reduced risk of severe MMVD disease. Our analysis suggests that despite relative fixation of the NEBL risk alleles, healthy reference alleles at NEBL1-3 exist in low frequency in the CKCS breed and can be used to reduce MMVD severity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Mead
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences Camperdown, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Niek J. Beijerink
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences Camperdown, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Veterinaire Specialisten Vught, Reutsedijk 8a, 5264 Vught, The Netherlands
| | - Mitchell O’Brien
- Transformational Bioinformatics, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Claire M. Wade
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences Camperdown, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Reimann MJ, Fredholm M, Cremer SE, Christiansen LB, Meurs KM, Møller JE, Häggström J, Lykkesfeldt J, Olsen LH. Polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene and circulating concentrations of neurotransmitters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2596-2606. [PMID: 34599615 PMCID: PMC8692205 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neurotransmitter serotonin (5‐HT) affects valvular degeneration and dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) exhibit alterations in 5‐HT signaling. In Maltese dogs, 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5‐HT transporter (SERT) gene are suggested to associate with MMVD. Hypothesis/Objectives Determine the association of SERT polymorphisms on MMVD severity and serum 5‐HT concentration in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS). Additionally, investigate the association between selected clinical and hematologic variables and serum 5‐HT and assess the correlation between HPLC and ELISA measurements of serum 5‐HT. Animals Seventy‐one CKCS (42 females and 29 males; 7.8 [4.7;9.9] years (median [Q1;Q3])) in different MMVD stages. Methods This prospective study used TaqMan genotyping assays to assess SERT gene polymorphisms. Neurotransmitter concentrations were assessed by HPLC and ELISA. Results TaqMan analyses identified none of the selected SERT polymorphisms in any of the CKCS examined. Serum 5‐HT was associated with platelet count (P < .001) but not MMVD severity, age or medical therapy and did not correlate with serum concentration of the 5‐HT metabolite, 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The ELISA serum 5‐HT correlated with HPLC measurements (ρ = .87; P < .0001) but was lower (mean difference = −22 ng/mL; P = .02) independent of serum 5‐HT concentration (P = .2). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Selected SERT SNPs associated with MMVD in Maltese dogs were not found in CKCS and only platelet count influenced serum 5‐HT concentration. These SNPs are unlikely to be associated with MMVD pathophysiology or serum 5‐HT concentration in CKCS. HPLC and ELISA serum 5‐HT demonstrated good correlation but ELISA systematically underestimated 5‐HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Reimann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Signe E Cremer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Kathryn M Meurs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacob E Møller
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth H Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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