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Wang H, Zhan J, Jia H, Jiang H, Pan Y, Zhong X, Zhao S, Huo J. Relationship between Rumen Microbial Differences and Phenotype Traits among Hu Sheep and Crossbred Offspring Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1509. [PMID: 38791726 PMCID: PMC11117386 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three-way hybrid sheep and Hu sheep on serum indicators, rumen fermentation, rumen enzyme activity, and microorganisms in sheep. Healthy and similar birth weights from three groups (Hu, n = 11; Charolais × Australian White × Hu, CAH, n = 11; Charolais × Dorper × Hu, CDH, n = 11) were selected to be fed by the ewes until 45 days of age. Subsequently, they were weaned intensively and underwent short-term fattening for 3 months along with selected male lambs fed intensively. During this period, they were fed and watered ad libitum. Blood and rumen fluid were collected and analyzed for serum indicators and rumen fluid microorganisms, enzyme activity, and VFA, respectively, at the end of the fattening period. Compared with Hu lamb, the offspring of the three-way hybrid lamb showed significant improvements in body weight, serum lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine content. However, there was no significant effect on serum immunity and antioxidant indices. In addition, the rumen fluid volatile fatty acid (VFA) molar concentration and microcrystalline cellulose and lipase content were significantly lower in the three-way hybrid lamb compared to Hu lamb, but β-glucosidase, amylase, pepsin, and VFA molar ratio were not significantly affected. Subsequently, 16S rRNA sequencing diversity analysis revealed that three-way hybrid lamb significantly increased rumen microbial ACE and Chao1 indices compared to Hu lamb. Meanwhile, the abundance of Verrucomicrobiota and Synergistota significantly increased at the phylum level. Correlation analysis showed that Prevotella had the highest proportion, while Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group correlated most closely with others genus. The microbial communities isovaleric acid molar concentration and proportion were strongly correlated. In addition, there were significant differences in correlations between microbial communities and isobutyric acid, butyric acid and valeric acid content, and their molar proportion, but they were not significantly correlated with digestive enzymes. From the functional enrichment analysis, it was found that hybrid progeny were mainly enriched in the pyruvate metabolism, microbial metabolism in diverse environments, carbon metabolism, and quorum sensing pathways. In contrast, the Hu sheep were primarily enriched in the cysteine and methionine, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolite pathways. These results suggest that hybridization can play a role in regulating organismal metabolism and improve animal production performance by influencing the structure and characteristics of microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang 330200, China; (J.Z.); (H.J.); (H.J.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jinshun Zhan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang 330200, China; (J.Z.); (H.J.); (H.J.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.)
| | - Haobin Jia
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang 330200, China; (J.Z.); (H.J.); (H.J.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.)
| | - Haoyun Jiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang 330200, China; (J.Z.); (H.J.); (H.J.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yue Pan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang 330200, China; (J.Z.); (H.J.); (H.J.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.)
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhong
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang 330200, China; (J.Z.); (H.J.); (H.J.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.)
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Junhong Huo
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang 330200, China; (J.Z.); (H.J.); (H.J.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.)
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Li D, Liu Z, Duan X, Wang C, Chen Z, Zhang M, Li X, Ma Y. Rumen Development of Tianhua Mutton Sheep Was Better than That of Gansu Alpine Fine Wool Sheep under Grazing Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1259. [PMID: 38731263 PMCID: PMC11083190 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the differences in rumen tissue morphology, volatile fatty acid content, and rumen microflora between Tianhua mutton sheep and Gansu alpine fine wool sheep under the same grazing conditions. Twelve 30-day-old lambs were randomly selected from two different flocks in Duolong Village and grazed together for a period of 150 days. The rumen tissue was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and brought back to the laboratory for H&E staining, the volatile fatty acid content of the rumen contents was detected by gas chromatography, and the rumen flora structure was sequenced by full-length sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene using the PacBio sequencing platform. The acetic acid and total acid contents of the rumen contents of Tianhua mutton sheep were significantly higher than those of Gansu alpine fine wool sheep (p < 0.05). The rumen papillae height of Tianhua mutton sheep was significantly higher than that of Gansu alpine fine wool sheep (p < 0.05). The diversity and richness of the rumen flora of Tianhua mutton sheep were higher than those of Gansu alpine fine wool sheep, and Beta analysis showed that the microflora structure of the two fine wool sheep was significantly different. At the phylum level, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes dominated the rumen flora of Tianhua mutton sheep and Gansu alpine fine wool sheep. At the genus level, the dominant strains were Christensenellaceae_R_7_group and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group. LEfSe analysis showed that Prevotella was a highly abundant differential species in Tianhua mutton sheep and lachnospiraccac was a highly abundant differential species in Gansu alpine fine wool sheep. Finally, both the KEGG and COG databases showed that the enrichment of biometabolic pathways, such as replication and repair and translation, were significantly higher in Tianhua mutton sheep than in Gansu alpine fine wool sheep (p < 0.05). In general, there were some similarities between Tianhua mutton sheep and Gansu alpine fine wool sheep in the rumen tissue morphology, rumen fermentation ability, and rumen flora structure. However, Tianhua mutton sheep had a better performance in the rumen acetic acid content, rumen papillae height, and beneficial bacteria content. These differences may be one of the reasons why Tianhua mutton sheep are more suitable for growing in alpine pastoral areas than Gansu alpine fine wool sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengpan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.Z.); (X.L.)
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhanjing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.Z.); (X.L.)
- Tianzhu County Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Wuwei 733200, China
| | - Xinming Duan
- NongfaYuan Zhejiang Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313000, China;
| | - Chunhui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.Z.); (X.L.)
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zengping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.Z.); (X.L.)
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Muyang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.Z.); (X.L.)
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xujie Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.Z.); (X.L.)
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Youji Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.Z.); (X.L.)
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Cheng J, Zhang X, Xu D, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Song Q, Li X, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Li W, Wang J, Zhou B, Lin C, Yang X, Zhai R, Cui P, Zeng X, Huang Y, Ma Z, Liu J, Wang W. Relationship between rumen microbial differences and traits among Hu sheep, Tan sheep, and Dorper sheep. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac261. [PMID: 35953151 PMCID: PMC9492252 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rumen microbes play an important role in the growth and development of ruminants. Differences in variety will affect the rumen community structure. The three excellent sheep breeds were selected for this study (Hu sheep, Tan sheep, and Dorper sheep) have different uses and origins. The sheep were raised on the same diet to 180 d of age in a consistent environment. 16S rDNA V3 to V4 region sequencing was used to assess the rumen microbes of 180 individuals (60 per breed). There were differences in microbial diversity among different sheep breeds (P < 0.05). Principal coordinate analysis showed that the three varieties were separated, but also partially overlapped. Linear discriminant analysis effect size identified a total of 19 biomarkers in three breeds. Of these biomarkers, five in Hu sheep were significantly negatively correlated with average feed conversion rate (P < 0.05). Six biomarkers were identified in the rumen of Dorper sheep, among which Ruminococcus was significantly positively correlated with body weight at 80 d (P < 0.05). In Tan sheep, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group was significantly positively correlated with meat fat, and significantly positively correlated with volatile fatty acids (VFAs), such as butyric acid and isobutyric acid (P < 0.05). The Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group may regulate Tan mutton fat deposition by affecting the concentration of VFAs. Functional prediction revealed enrichment differences of functional pathways among different sheep breeds were small. All were enriched in functions, such as fermentation and chemoheterotrophy. The results show that there are differences in the rumen microorganisms of the different sheep breeds, and that the microorganisms influence the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Dan Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Deyin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
| | - Qizhi Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Wenxin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Jianghui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Bubo Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Changchun Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Rui Zhai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Panpan Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xiwen Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Yongliang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Zongwu Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
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Szeligowska N, Cholewińska P, Smoliński J, Wojnarowski K, Pokorny P, Czyż K, Pogoda-Sewerniak K. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cortisol levels vs. microbiology of the digestive system of sheep during lambing. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:107. [PMID: 35303874 PMCID: PMC8932050 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During parturition, animals exhibit variation in hormone levels, homeostasis disturbance and dysfunction of the immune system as a result of stress. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is responsible for the occurrence of oxidative stress in the cells. Cortisol is known as the stress hormone, but it is also involved in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and metabolism processes led by adipose tissue. The aim of the this study was to determine how the levels of GST and cortisol change depending on the parity. Additionally, the influence of lambing on the microbiological composition of the digestive system and placenta in Olkuska sheep was investigated. Methods Eighteen ewes were selected for the experiment - primiparas (n = 9) and multiparas (n = 9), they were kept in the same environmental conditions, had the same diet and did not show any disease symptoms. Fecal samples were collected individually from each ewe (n = 18) and then bacterial DNA isolation was made, then qPCR analysis for Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria phyla and Lactobacillaceae family bacteria levels was performed. These samples were also used to analyze cortisol levels by ELISA test. In addition, placenta fragments were collected during delivery, and then the GST level from the tissue was tested. Results The analysis of the results showed a higher level of cortisol in primiparous sheep than in multiparous ones, as in the case of glutathione transferase. There were differences between both studied groups in the microbiological composition of the digestive system. In primiparous sheep, the levels of the tested microorganisms were significantly lower than in multiparous ones. A similar relationship occurred in the study of the placental microbiome. Conclusion The results show that sheep microbiome, cortisol and GST levels are different in primiparas and multiparas. The study conducted may constitute an introduction to further analyzes that would help positively affect the welfare and homeostasis of the female organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Szeligowska
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Enviromental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38C, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Paulina Cholewińska
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Enviromental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38C, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Smoliński
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Enviromental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38C, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Konrad Wojnarowski
- Chair for Fish Diseases and Fisheries Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Przemysław Pokorny
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Enviromental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38C, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Czyż
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Enviromental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38C, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pogoda-Sewerniak
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Enviromental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38E, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
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Cholewińska P, Wołoszyńska M, Michalak M, Czyż K, Rant W, Smoliński J, Wyrostek A, Wojnarowski K. Influence of selected factors on the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes phyla and the Lactobacillaceae family in the digestive tract of sheep. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23801. [PMID: 34893656 PMCID: PMC8664831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used 10 healthy sheep, which gave birth to healthy twins. Stool samples were collected from mothers and their offspring 3 times during the study (0, 28 and 56 day postpartum). Milk samples were taken from the mothers at the same time. RT PCR analysis of faeces and milk was performed in order to assess the level of bacteria from the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla including the family Lactobacillaceae (phylum Firmicutes). The composition of mother's milk was also analyzed and their BCS. The data were compiled statistically. The obtained results showed that the level of the studied groups of bacteria may change due to the change of diet. Additionally, there were significant differences between lambs and mothers in the levels of the studied groups of bacteria. Analysis also shown that in the digestive system of mothers was a smaller disproportion in the level of the studied bacterial phyla than in lambs. The results also indicated the occurrence of differences in the bacterial composition at the individual level, both in ewes and their offspring. Additionally, in the conducted experiment, there were differences in the level of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes groups depending on the sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Cholewińska
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Wołoszyńska
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Department of Genetics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Michalak
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Czyż
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Witold Rant
- grid.13276.310000 0001 1955 7966Institute of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Smoliński
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wyrostek
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Konrad Wojnarowski
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
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Szeligowska N, Cholewińska P, Czyż K, Wojnarowski K, Janczak M. Inter and intraspecies comparison of the level of selected bacterial phyla in in cattle and sheep based on feces. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:224. [PMID: 34172061 PMCID: PMC8235250 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02922-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microbiome of the digestive tract of ruminants contains microbial ecosystem that is affected by both environmental and genetic factors. The subject of this study concerns the influence of selected genetic factors, such as species of animals and “host” individual differences on the digestive tract microbiome composition. The results show the core microbiological composition (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) of ruminants digestive tract (based on feces) depending on breed and “host”. The Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla are the most abundant in ruminants digestive tract. The aim of the study was to determine the differences prevalence level of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla in feces of Charolaise cattle and Polish Olkuska Sheep with respect to intra- and inter-species variability. Results The research group in the experiment consisted of animals at the age of 3 months kept in the same environmental conditions – rams of Polish Olkuska Sheep (n = 10) and Charolaise bulls (n = 10). Feces were collected individually from each animal (animals without disease symptoms were selected), living on the same environmental conditions. The analysis of the results in terms of species showed differences in the Firmicutes phylum level and Lactobacillaceae family between rams and bulls. Subsequently, the analysis performed for the “host effect” showed differentiation in the levels of the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla between individuals in a group and also between the groups. Conclusion The obtained results suggest that, apart from the diet and the environment, the species and the individual host are equally important factors influencing the microbiological composition of the digestive system of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Szeligowska
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Cholewińska
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Czyż
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Konrad Wojnarowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Janczak
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland
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