1
|
Vicente F, Pereira PC. Pork Meat Composition and Health: A Review of the Evidence. Foods 2024; 13:1905. [PMID: 38928846 PMCID: PMC11202857 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Meat has been part of the human diet for centuries and it is a recognizable source of high-biologic-value protein and several micronutrients; however, its consumption has been associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, cancer). These concerns are mostly related to red meat. However, meat composition is quite variable within species and meat cuts. The present study explores the composition of pork meat, and the differences among different pork meat cuts and it reviews the evidence on the influence of its consumption on health outcomes. Pork meat contributes to 30% of all meat consumed worldwide and it offers a distinct nutrient profile; it is rich in high-quality protein, B-complex vitamins, and essential minerals such as zinc and iron, though it contains moderate levels of saturated fat compared to beef. Additionally, research on sustainability points out advantages from pork meat consumption considering that it is a non-ruminant animal and is included in one of the five more sustainable dietary patterns. In what concerns the data on the influence of pork meat consumption on health outcomes, a few clinical studies have shown no harmful effects on cardiovascular risk factors, specifically blood lipids. Several arguments can justify that pork meat can be an option in a healthy and sustainable diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Vicente
- Applied Nutrition Research Group (GENA), Nutrition Lab, CIIEM—Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal;
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Meng S, Wang H, Zhang C, Sun Z, Huang L, Miao Z. Comparison of Growth Performance, Carcass Properties, Fatty Acid Profile, and Genes Involved in Fat Metabolism in Nanyang and Landrace Pigs. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:186. [PMID: 38397176 PMCID: PMC10888446 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the growth, carcass properties, fatty acid profile, lipid-producing enzyme activity, and expression pattern of genes involved in fat metabolism in Nanyang and Landrace pigs. In the study, 32 Nanyang (22.16 ± 0.59 kg) and 32 Landrace barrows (21.37 ± 0.57 kg) were selected and divided into two groups, each with eight pens and four pigs per pen. The trial period lasted 90 days. The findings showed that the Nanyang pigs had lower average daily weight gain and lean percentage and higher average backfat thickness and lipogenic enzyme activities, including for acetyl-CoA carboxylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and fatty acid synthase, than the Landrace pigs. A total of 14 long-chain fatty acids were detected using HPLC-MS, in which it was found that the levels of C14:0, C18:1n-9, C20:1n-9, C20:4n-6, and MUFA were up-regulated and C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, PUFA n6, n3/n6, and total PUFA were down-regulated in the Nanyang pigs. Moreover, the mRNA levels for genes involved in fat metabolism, ME1, FAS, and LPL, were higher and the expression of SREBP1 mRNA was lower in the Nanyang pigs. Our results suggest genetic differences between the pig breeds in terms of growth, carcass traits, lipogenic enzyme activities, fatty acid profile, and the mRNA expression of genes involved in fat metabolism in subcutaneous fat tissue, which may provide a basis for high-quality pork production. Further studies are needed to investigate the regulation of lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhiguo Miao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, No. 90, East Section of Hualan Avenue, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (C.Z.); (Z.S.); (L.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
José Karpeggiane de Oliveira M, Diego Brandão Melo A, Alves Marçal D, Alves da Cunha Valini G, Alisson Silva C, Mari Veira A, Zem Fraga A, Righetti Arnaut P, Henrique Reis Furtado Campos P, Sousa dos Santos L, Khun Kyaw Htoo J, Gastmann Brand H, Hauschild L. Effects of lowering dietary protein content without or with increased protein-bound and feed-grade amino acids supply on growth performance, body composition, metabolism, and acute-phase protein of finishing pigs under daily cyclic heat stress. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skac387. [PMID: 36420675 PMCID: PMC9833036 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a low-protein diet with or without an increase in dietary protein and feed-grade amino acids (AAs) on the growth performance, body composition, metabolism, and serum acute-phase proteins of finishing pigs reared in thermoneutrality or cyclic heat stress conditions. A total of 90 gilts (67.7 ± 6.2 kg) were distributed in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (two ambient temperatures and three diets). Ambient temperatures (AT) were thermoneutral (TN, 22 °C for 24 h) and cyclic heat stress (CHS, 12 h to 35 °C and 12 h to 22 °C). The evaluated diets (D) were high crude protein (HP); low CP-free AA-supplemented diets (LPAAs); low CP-free AA-supplemented diets and digestible Lys level (+20%), and Lys:AA ratios above recommendations (LPAA+). The experimental period lasted 48 d (two experimental phases: days 0-27 and days 28-48, respectively). CHS pigs had higher skin temperature (P < 0.05) than TN pigs. Pigs in CHS had higher rectal temperature (P < 0.05) than TN pigs until day 38 but similar (P > 0.10) to TN pigs from 38 to 45 d. For the entire experiment, CHS pigs had lower (P < 0.05) final BW, average daily gain and daily feed intake, net energy intake, body lipid, bone mineral, lipid deposition, energy retention, Lys and CP intake, and nitrogen excretion than TN pigs. The level of CP intake impacted nitrogen excretion, nitrogen retention efficiency, and urea as pigs fed HP had the highest values, and pigs fed LPAA had the lowest values (P < 0.05). On day 27, CHS pigs had lower (P < 0.05) free triiodothyronine than TN pigs. LPAA+ pigs had lower (P < 0.05) insulin than LPAA. On day 48, CHS pigs had lower (P < 0.05) thyroxine, albumin, and lactate than TN pigs. On day 27, pigs fed LPAA+ had higher (P < 0.05) lactate than pigs fed HP or LPAA. Both AT and D were enough to stimulate the immune system as CHS pigs had lower (P < 0.05) transferrin and 23-kDa protein levels than TN pigs, and HP pigs had higher haptoglobin than LPAA on day 27. These results confirm the deleterious effects of high AT on performance, body composition, metabolism, and immune system stimulation in finishing pigs. These data also show that a diet with low levels of CP can be provided to pigs in CHS without affecting performance and body composition while reducing nitrogen excretion. However, the use of a diet with an AA level above the requirements obtained by increasing intact protein and free AA did not attenuate the impact of CHS on performance and body composition of pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marllon José Karpeggiane de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Diego Brandão Melo
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo Alves Marçal
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graziela Alves da Cunha Valini
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleslei Alisson Silva
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alini Mari Veira
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alícia Zem Fraga
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Righetti Arnaut
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luan Sousa dos Santos
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Pastures, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciano Hauschild
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tejeda JF, Hernández-Matamoros A, González E. Characteristics, lipogenic enzyme activity, and fatty acid composition of muscles in the Iberian pig: Effects of protein restriction and free-range feeding. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
5
|
Effects of Long-Term Low-Protein Diets Supplemented with Sodium Dichloroacetate and Glucose on Metabolic Biomarkers and Intestinal Microbiota of Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192522. [PMID: 36230260 PMCID: PMC9558518 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-protein (LP) diets supplemented with sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) and glucose (GLUC) on metabolic markers and intestinal microbiota of finishing pigs. A total of 80 crossbred growing barrows were allocated randomly to one of the five treatments, including the normal protein level diet (CON), the LP diets, LP with 120 mg/kg DCA (LP + DCA) or 1.8% glucose (LP + GLUC), and LP with 120 mg/kg DCA and 1.8% glucose (LP + DCA + GLUC). The LP diet increased the plasma HDL, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations and reduced the bile acid, urea nitrogen, albumin, and total protein concentrations compared to the CON diet (p < 0.05). The LP + DCA + GLUC diet reduced the plasma VLDL, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations and increased the bile acid concentration compared with the LP diet (p < 0.05). Pigs fed the LP + DCA and LP + GLUC diets showed reduced 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase content and increased Cytochrome P450 Family 7 Subfamily A Member 1 activity of liver compared that of the CON diet (p < 0.05). Moreover, the LP diets with or without DCA and GLUC supplementation increased the relative abundance of colonic microbiota related to carbohydrate fermentation in finishing pigs. In conclusion, 120 mg/kg DCA or 1.8% GLUC supplementation in an LP diet modulated the hepatic lipid metabolism of pigs, while the DCA along with GLUC supplementation likely improved the lipid metabolism by stimulating bile acid secretion.
Collapse
|