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Houta MH, Hassan KE, Kilany WH, Shany SAS, El-Sawah AA, ElKady MF, Abdel-Moneim AS, Ali A. Evaluation of different heterologous-homologous vaccine regimens against challenge with GI-23 lineage infectious bronchitis virus. Virology 2024; 598:110193. [PMID: 39096773 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
This study assesses different IBV vaccination regimens in broiler chickens using commercially available live attenuated GI-23 (Egyptian-VAR2) and GI-1 (H120) vaccines. Vaccines were administered at 1, 14 days of age, or both. The ciliostasis test, following wild-type VAR2 challenge at 28 days of age, indicated that classic H120+VAR2 at one day old followed by the VAR2 vaccine at 14 days of age provided the highest level of protection (89.58%). Similarly, administering VAR2 at 1 day of age and classic H120 at 14 days of age demonstrated substantial protection (85.42%). Conversely, administering only classic H120 and VAR2 at one day old resulted in the lowest protection level (54.17%). Tracheal virus shedding quantification and assessment of trachea and kidney degenerative changes were significantly lower in vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated-challenged group. In conclusion, a carefully planned vaccination regimen based on homologous vaccination offers the most effective clinical protection in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Houta
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Kareem E Hassan
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Walid H Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, P.O. Box 264, Giza, 12618, Egypt.
| | - Salama A S Shany
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Azza A El-Sawah
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Magdy F ElKady
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Abdel-Moneim
- Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Taif, 21974, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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2
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Patarca R, Haseltine WA. Potential Transcriptional Enhancers in Coronaviruses: From Infectious Bronchitis Virus to SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8012. [PMID: 39125583 PMCID: PMC11311688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses constitute a global threat to human and animal health. It is essential to investigate the long-distance RNA-RNA interactions that approximate remote regulatory elements in strategies, including genome circularization, discontinuous transcription, and transcriptional enhancers, aimed at the rapid replication of their large genomes, pathogenicity, and immune evasion. Based on the primary sequences and modeled RNA-RNA interactions of two experimentally defined coronaviral enhancers, we detected via an in silico primary and secondary structural analysis potential enhancers in various coronaviruses, from the phylogenetically ancient avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) to the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2. These potential enhancers possess a core duplex-forming region that could transition between closed and open states, as molecular switches directed by viral or host factors. The duplex open state would pair with remote sequences in the viral genome and modulate the expression of downstream crucial genes involved in viral replication and host immune evasion. Consistently, variations in the predicted IBV enhancer region or its distant targets coincide with cases of viral attenuation, possibly driven by decreased open reading frame (ORF)3a immune evasion protein expression. If validated experimentally, the annotated enhancer sequences could inform structural prediction tools and antiviral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Patarca
- ACCESS Health International, 384 West Lane, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA;
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - William A. Haseltine
- ACCESS Health International, 384 West Lane, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA;
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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3
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Thomrongsuwannakij T, Phu DH, Chansiripornchai N. Evaluation of the efficacy of commercial live vaccines against the local Thai QX field strain for the protection of specific pathogen-free chicks. Vet World 2024; 17:771-777. [PMID: 38798293 PMCID: PMC11111713 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.771-777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The high prevalence of QX-like variant among Thai isolates poses a significant threat to poultry production. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of commercially available heterologous infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines against the local Thai QX-like strain in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks from Thailand. Materials and Methods The experiment involved 100 SPF chicks divided into 4 arms. Arms I and II received the TAbic IB VAR (233A) and Ibird (1/96) vaccines, respectively, on day 1. After 10 days, both arms received the H120 vaccine. Arms III and IV were non-vaccinated positive and negative controls. Challenge infection was local Thai QX-like virus on birds of Arms I, II, and III, and negative control of Arm IV. Clinical signs of infectious bronchitis (IB) and IBV detection using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were assessed at 2, 4, and 6 days post-challenge (dpc). At 6 dpc, the birds were humanely euthanized for post-mortem examination with the ciliostasis test and histopathological analysis of the tracheas, lungs, and kidneys. Results Virus shedding started at 4 dpc (33.3% positive) and reached 100% positivity at 6 dpc with obvious clinical respiratory symptoms in non-vaccinated-challenged birds. No detection of IBV in vaccinated-challenged arms. Ciliary activity scores were significantly lower in non-vaccinated-challenged birds at 23.64 (standard deviation [SD] ± 1.74) and 96.50 (SD ± 1.91) and 95.64 (SD ± 1.77), respectively (p = 0.05) than in vaccinated-challenged birds. The most remarkable histopathological changes were observed in non-vaccinated-challenged birds, with moderately severe changes in the trachea, lungs, and kidneys. On the other hand, birds in vaccinated-challenged arms showed no significant changes. Conclusion This study demonstrated the efficacy of TAbic IB VAR (233A) or Ibird (1/96) vaccine combined with a Massachusetts serotype vaccine (H120) against the local Thai QX-like strain in SPF chicks, contributing valuable insights to the selection of suitable commercially available vaccines to combat the prevalent local QX-like strains in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thotsapol Thomrongsuwannakij
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakorn Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Niwat Chansiripornchai
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Saleem W, Vereecke N, Zaman MG, Afzal F, Reman I, Khan SUH, Nauwynck H. Genotyping and phylogeography of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from Pakistan show unique linkage to GI-24 lineage. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103236. [PMID: 37980750 PMCID: PMC10685022 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is prevalent in Pakistan causing enormous economic losses. To date no clear data are available on circulating genotypes and phylogeographic spread of the virus. Hence current study assessed these parameters for all available IBV Pakistani isolates, based on the 9 new sequences, with respect to other Asian and non-Asian countries. Results indicated that all Pakistani isolates belonged to genotype I (GI), with more than half of them (16/27) belonging to the GI-24 lineage, against which no vaccine is available. Three possible introduction events of the GI-13 IBV lineage into Pakistan, based on the estimated IBV population using isolates from this study, were observed possibly from Afghanistan, China, and/or Egypt. These events were further analyzed on the S1 amino acid level which showed unique alterations (S250H, T270K, and Q298S) in 1 isolate (IBV4, GI-13) when compared to GI-1 lineage. Both GI-1 and GI-13 Pakistani strains showed close homology with homologous vaccine strains that are used in Pakistan. For GI-24 strains, none of the used vaccines showed substantial homology, necessitating the need for further exploration of this lineage and vaccine design. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of genomic surveillance to support phylogeographical studies on IBV in genotyping and molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Saleem
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Pathosense BV, Lier 2500, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Goher Zaman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 54770 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Afzal
- Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Poultry Research Institute, 46000 Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Reman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 54770 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ul-Hasan Khan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 54770 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Pathosense BV, Lier 2500, Belgium
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5
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Bhuiyan MSA, Sarker S, Amin Z, Rodrigues KF, Bakar AMSA, Saallah S, Md. Shaarani S, Siddiquee S. Seroprevalence and molecular characterisation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in broiler farms in Sabah, Malaysia. Vet Med Sci 2023; 10:e1153. [PMID: 38151844 PMCID: PMC10807952 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is classified as a highly contagious viral agent that causes acute respiratory, reproductive and renal system pathology in affected poultry farms. Molecular and serological investigations are crucial for the accurate diagnosis and management of IBV. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of IBV and to characterise the circulating IBV in poultry farms in Sabah Province, Malaysia. METHODS To determine IBV antibodies, a total of 138 blood samples and 50 organ samples were collected from 10 commercial broiler flocks in 3 different farms by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (IDEXX Kit) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequencing. RESULTS A total of 94.2% (130/138) of the samples were seropositive for IBV in the vaccinated flock, and 38% (52/138) of the birds was the IBV titre for infection. The selected seropositive samples for IBV were confirmed by RT-PCR, with 22% (11/50) being IBV positive amplified and sequenced by targeted highly conserved partial nucleocapsid (N) genes. Subsequently, phylogenetic analysis constructed using amplified sequences again exposed the presence of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Chinese QX variants circulating in poultry farms in Sabah, Malaysia. CONCLUSIONS The unexpectedly increasing mean titres in serology indicated that post infection of IBV and highly prevalent IBV in selected farms in this study. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of multiple IBV variants circulating in Malaysian chicken farms in Sabah, which further monitoring of genetic variation are needed to better understand the genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of MicrobiologyAnatomyPhysiology and PharmacologySchool of AgricultureBiomedicine and EnvironmentLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Zarina Amin
- Biotechnology Research InstituteUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluSabahMalaysia
| | | | | | - Suryani Saallah
- Biotechnology Research InstituteUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluSabahMalaysia
| | - Sharifudin Md. Shaarani
- Food Biotechnology ProgramFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversitiSains Islam MalaysiaNilaiSembilanMalaysia
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Marandino A, Mendoza-González L, Panzera Y, Tomás G, Williman J, Techera C, Gayosso-Vázquez A, Ramírez-Andoney V, Alonso-Morales R, Realpe-Quintero M, Pérez R. Genome Variability of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Mexico: High Lineage Diversity and Recurrent Recombination. Viruses 2023; 15:1581. [PMID: 37515267 PMCID: PMC10386725 DOI: 10.3390/v15071581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus that mutates frequently, leading to a contagious and acute disease that results in economic losses to the global poultry industry. Due to its genetic and serological diversity, IBV poses a challenge in preventing and controlling the pathogen. The full-length S1 sequence analysis identifies seven main genotypes (GI-GVII) comprising 35 viral lineages. In addition to the previously described lineage, a new GI lineage (GI-30) and two lineages from novel genotypes (GVIII-1 and GIX-1) have been described in Mexico. To prevent the spread of IBV outbreaks in a specific geographic location and select the suitable vaccine, it is helpful to genetically identify the circulating IBV types. Moreover, sequencing genomes can provide essential insights into virus evolution and significantly enhance our understanding of IBV variability. However, only genomes of previously described lineages (GI-1, GI-9, GI-13, and GI-17) have been reported for Mexican strains. Here, we sequenced new genomes from Mexican lineages, including the indigenous GI-30, GVIII-1, and GIX-1 lineages. Comparative genomics reveals that Mexico has relatively homogenous lineages (i.e., GI-13), some with greater variability (i.e., GI-1 and GI-9), and others extremely divergent (GI-30, GVIII-1, and GIX-1). The circulating lineages and intra-lineage variability support the unique diversity and dynamic of Mexican IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Lizbeth Mendoza-González
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 44600, JAL, Mexico
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Joaquín Williman
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Techera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Amanda Gayosso-Vázquez
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico
| | - Vianey Ramírez-Andoney
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Alonso-Morales
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Realpe-Quintero
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 44600, JAL, Mexico
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
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Origin of New Lineages by Recombination and Mutation in Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus from South America. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102095. [PMID: 36298650 PMCID: PMC9609748 DOI: 10.3390/v14102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gammacoronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen of primary economic importance to the global poultry industry. Two IBV lineages (GI-11 and GI-16) have been widely circulating for decades in South America. GI-11 is endemic to South America, and the GI-16 is globally distributed. We obtained full-length IBV genomes from Argentine and Uruguayan farms using Illumina sequencing. Genomes of the GI-11 and GI-16 lineages from Argentina and Uruguay differ in part of the spike coding region. The remaining genome regions are similar to the Chinese and Italian strains of the GI-16 lineage that emerged in Asia or Europe in the 1970s. Our findings support that the indigenous GI-11 strains recombine extensively with the invasive GI-16 strains. During the recombination process, GI-11 acquired most of the sequences of the GI-16, retaining the original S1 sequence. GI-11 strains with recombinant genomes are circulating forms that underwent further local evolution. The current IBV scenario in South America includes the GI-16 lineage, recombinant GI-11 strains sharing high similarity with GI-16 outside S1, and Brazilian GI-11 strains with a divergent genomic background. There is also sporadic recombinant in the GI-11 and GI-16 lineages among vaccine and field strains. Our findings exemplified the ability of IBV to generate emergent lineage by using the S gene in different genomic backgrounds. This unique example of recombinational microevolution underscores the genomic plasticity of IBV in South America.
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Jung JS, Lee R, Yoon SI, Lee GS, Sung HW, Kwon HM, Park J. Genetic and immunological characterization of commercial infectious bronchitis virus vaccines used in Korea. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2123-2132. [PMID: 35816229 PMCID: PMC9272870 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the genetic and immunogenic features of commercial vaccines against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which is a major contagious pathogen of poultry. Although numerous vaccines have been developed based on the genetic characteristics of field strains, the continual emergence of variants decreases vaccine efficacy and cross-protection. To address this issue, we compared the S1 gene sequences of three IBV vaccines commercially available in Korea with those of various field isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the vaccine strains clustered into two different lineages. Comparison of commercial vaccines with their parental viruses showed that most of the genetic variability occurred around hypervariable regions (HVRs). Conversely, antigenic stimulation with commercial vaccines and regional IBV variants was not sufficient to alter major immune cell phenotypes. Our study suggests that vaccines should be selected carefully based on their genetic background because genetic variability can affect the antigenicity of vaccines and host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Seung Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Rangyeon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Il Yoon
- Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Shik Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Moo Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
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Goławski M, Lewandowski P, Jabłońska I, Delijewski M. The Reassessed Potential of SARS-CoV-2 Attenuation for COVID-19 Vaccine Development—A Systematic Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050991. [PMID: 35632736 PMCID: PMC9146402 DOI: 10.3390/v14050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines received relatively little attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this, several methods of obtaining attenuated coronaviruses are known. In this systematic review, the strategies of coronavirus attenuation, which may potentially be applied to SARS-CoV-2, were identified. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase databases were searched to identify relevant articles describing attenuating mutations tested in vivo. In case of coronaviruses other than SARS-CoV-2, sequence alignment was used to exclude attenuating mutations that cannot be applied to SARS-CoV-2. Potential immunogenicity, safety and efficacy of the attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were discussed based on animal studies data. A total of 27 attenuation strategies, used to create 101 different coronaviruses, have been described in 56 eligible articles. The disruption of the furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was identified as the most promising strategy. The replacement of core sequences of transcriptional regulatory signals, which prevents recombination with wild-type viruses, also appears particularly advantageous. Other important attenuating mutations encompassed mostly the prevention of evasion of innate immunity. Sufficiently attenuated coronaviruses typically caused no meaningful disease in susceptible animals and protected them from challenges with virulent virus. This indicates that attenuated COVID-19 vaccines may be considered as a potential strategy to fight the threat posed by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Goławski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Piotr Lewandowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Iwona Jabłońska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Marcin Delijewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.D.)
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Villalobos-Agüero RA, León B, Zamora-Sanabria R, Karkashian-Córdoba J. Molecular characterization of the S1 gene in GI-17 and GI-13 type isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in Costa Rica, from 2016 to 2019. Virusdisease 2022; 33:84-95. [PMID: 35493753 PMCID: PMC9005586 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis is one of the most important respiratory diseases affecting poultry production worldwide. The etiological agent of this disease is the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). We analyzed 14 isolates of IBV obtained from poultry farms in Costa Rica, from 2016 through 2019. We sequenced the S1 region of the genome and the sequences obtained were submitted to GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the isolates obtained during 2016-2017 belong to the GI-17 lineage and are related to the Georgia 13-type Ga-13/14255/14 and CK/CR/1160/16 variants, with a 96.90-100% nucleotide sequence identity and a 92.25-100% amino acid sequence identity. The main differences were detected in the RBD and HVR-3 regions, where a series of mutations eliminate an N-glycosylation site in 10 out of 11 isolates. The isolates obtained during 2018-2019 belong to the GI-13 lineage and are closely related to the 4/91 vaccine variant, with over 98% sequence identity at the nucleotide and amino acids levels. Variations were detected in the RBD and HVR regions, with a possible N-glycosylation site detected in isolate CK/CR/0632/19. These results indicate that a GA13-like pathogenic variant circulated during the 2016-2017 period and that the 4/91 variant was detected after the introduction of the vaccine. The variations shown in both the GA13-like and 4/91 isolates examined, reveal the need for continuous surveillance of IBV in Costa Rica, to detect new variants that may be introduced to the country or develop during outbreaks. This information is highly relevant for vaccination planning and disease management programs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-022-00762-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernal León
- Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Veterinarios (LANASEVE), Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal, Heredia, Costa Rica
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11
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Lopes PD, Okino CH, Fernando FS, Pavani C, Mariguela VC, Montassier MDFS, Montassier HJ. Comparative Evaluation of Immune Responses and Protection of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Oil-Emulsion Adjuvants in Avian Coronavirus Inactivated Vaccines in Chickens. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121457. [PMID: 34960203 PMCID: PMC8705532 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient vaccines are the main strategy to control the avian coronavirus (AvCoV), although several drawbacks related to traditional attenuated and inactivated vaccines have been reported. These counterpoints highlight the importance of developing new alternative vaccines against AvCoV, especially those able to induce long-lasting immune responses. This study evaluated and compared two inactivated vaccines formulated with AvCoV BR-I variants, one composed of chitosan nanoparticles (AvCoV-CS) and the second by Montanide oily adjuvant (AvCoV-O). Both developed vaccines were administered in a single dose or associated with the traditional Mass attenuated vaccine. The AvCoV-CS vaccine administered alone or associated with the Mass vaccine was able to induce strong humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses and complete protection against IBV virulent infection, wherein single administration was characterized by high IgA antibody levels in the mucosa, whereas when associated with the Mass vaccine, the serum IgG antibody was predominantly observed. On the other hand, single administration of the oily vaccine presented poor humoral and CMI responses and consequently incomplete protection against virulent challenge, but when associated with the Mass vaccine, immune responses were developed, and complete protection against infection was observed. Both of our experimental vaccines were able to induce full protection against virulent IBV challenge. A single dose of AvCoV-CS vaccine was sufficient to achieve complete protection, while AvCoV-O required a previous priming by a Mass strain to complete the protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Diniz Lopes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (F.S.F.); (C.P.); (V.C.M.); (M.d.F.S.M.); (H.J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Cintia Hiromi Okino
- Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Canchim Farm, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil;
| | - Filipe Santos Fernando
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (F.S.F.); (C.P.); (V.C.M.); (M.d.F.S.M.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Caren Pavani
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (F.S.F.); (C.P.); (V.C.M.); (M.d.F.S.M.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Viviane Casagrande Mariguela
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (F.S.F.); (C.P.); (V.C.M.); (M.d.F.S.M.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Maria de Fátima Silva Montassier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (F.S.F.); (C.P.); (V.C.M.); (M.d.F.S.M.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Hélio José Montassier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (F.S.F.); (C.P.); (V.C.M.); (M.d.F.S.M.); (H.J.M.)
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12
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Marandino A, Pérez R. Genetic and Antigenic Diversity of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in South America. Avian Dis 2021; 65:624-630. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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13
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Montine P, Kelly TR, Stoute S, da Silva AP, Crossley B, Corsiglia C, Shivaprasad HL, Gallardo RA. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Surveillance in Broilers in California (2012–20). Avian Dis 2021; 65:584-591. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Montine
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - T. R. Kelly
- One Health Institute & Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - S. Stoute
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, Turlock branch, University of California, Davis, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - A. P. da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - B. Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, Davis branch, University of California, Davis, 620 Health Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616
| | - C. Corsiglia
- Foster Farms, 1000 Davis Street, Livingston, CA 95334
| | - H. L. Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, Tulare branch, University of California, Davis, 18760 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - R. A. Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
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14
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Bhuiyan MSA, Amin Z, Rodrigues KF, Saallah S, Shaarani SM, Sarker S, Siddiquee S. Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Gammacoronavirus) in Poultry Farming: Vaccination, Immune Response and Measures for Mitigation. Vet Sci 2021; 8:273. [PMID: 34822646 PMCID: PMC8623603 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses significant financial and biosecurity challenges to the commercial poultry farming industry. IBV is the causative agent of multi-systemic infection in the respiratory, reproductive and renal systems, which is similar to the symptoms of various viral and bacterial diseases reported in chickens. The avian immune system manifests the ability to respond to subsequent exposure with an antigen by stimulating mucosal, humoral and cell-mediated immunity. However, the immune response against IBV presents a dilemma due to the similarities between the different serotypes that infect poultry. Currently, the live attenuated and killed vaccines are applied for the control of IBV infection; however, the continual emergence of IB variants with rapidly evolving genetic variants increases the risk of outbreaks in intensive poultry farms. This review aims to focus on IBV challenge-infection, route and delivery of vaccines and vaccine-induced immune responses to IBV. Various commercial vaccines currently have been developed against IBV protection for accurate evaluation depending on the local situation. This review also highlights and updates the limitations in controlling IBV infection in poultry with issues pertaining to antiviral therapy and good biosecurity practices, which may aid in establishing good biorisk management protocols for its control and which will, in turn, result in a reduction in economic losses attributed to IBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Safiul Alam Bhuiyan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (K.F.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Zarina Amin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (K.F.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Kenneth Francis Rodrigues
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (K.F.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Suryani Saallah
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (K.F.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Sharifudin Md. Shaarani
- Food Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, Nilai 71800, Malaysia;
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (K.F.R.); (S.S.)
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15
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Ekiri AB, Armson B, Adebowale K, Endacott I, Galipo E, Alafiatayo R, Horton DL, Ogwuche A, Bankole ON, Galal HM, Maikai BV, Dineva M, Wakawa A, Mijten E, Varga G, Cook AJC. Evaluating Disease Threats to Sustainable Poultry Production in Africa: Newcastle Disease, Infectious Bursal Disease, and Avian Infectious Bronchitis in Commercial Poultry Flocks in Kano and Oyo States, Nigeria. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:730159. [PMID: 34595231 PMCID: PMC8477209 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.730159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of the poultry industry in Nigeria is constrained by major poultry diseases, despite the implementation of vaccination programs. This study aimed to assess the level of protection against Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bursal disease (IBD), and avian infectious bronchitis (IB) afforded by current vaccination schedules and characterize the circulating virus strains in commercial poultry flocks in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 commercial poultry farms in Oyo and Kano states of Nigeria. Serum and tissue samples and data on flock, clinical and vaccination records were collected on each farm. Farms were classified as being protected or not protected against ND, IBD and IB based on a defined criterion. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) testing was performed for each target virus on tissue samples and positive samples were sequenced. A total of 15/44 (34.1%), 35/44 (79.5%), and 1/44 (2.3%) farms were considered to be protected against ND, IBD, and IB, respectively, at the time of sampling. NDV RNA was detected on 7/44 (15.9%) farms and sequences obtained from 3/7 farms were characterized as the lentogenic strain. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) RNA was detected on 16/44 (36.4%) farms tested; very virulent (vv) IBDV and non-virulent (nv) IBDV strains were both detected in 3/16 (18.8%) positive samples. Sequences of IBDV isolates were either clustered with a group of genotype 3 virulent IBDV strains or were related to vaccine strains MB and D78 strains. IBV RNA was detected on 36/44 (81.8%) farms, with variant02, Massachusetts, 4/91, and Q1 variants detected. Sequences of IBV isolates were either clustered with the vaccines strains Massachusetts M41 and H120 or were most closely related to the D274-like strains or a clade of sequences reported in Nigeria and Niger in 2006 and 2007. This study revealed that most study farms in Oyo and Kano states did not have adequate protective antibody titers against IBV and NDV and were therefore at risk of field challenge. Infectious bursal disease virus and IBV RNA were detected on farms with a history of vaccination suggesting potential vaccination failure, or that the vaccine strains used mismatch with the circulating strains and are therefore not protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel B. Ekiri
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony Armson
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Isabella Endacott
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Galipo
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Alafiatayo
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L. Horton
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Hussein M. Galal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Beatty-Viv Maikai
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mariana Dineva
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Aliyu Wakawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Alasdair J. C. Cook
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
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16
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Ng KW, Faulkner N, Wrobel AG, Gamblin SJ, Kassiotis G. Heterologous humoral immunity to human and zoonotic coronaviruses: Aiming for the achilles heel. Semin Immunol 2021; 55:101507. [PMID: 34716096 PMCID: PMC8542444 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are evolutionarily successful RNA viruses, common to multiple avian, amphibian and mammalian hosts. Despite their ubiquity and potential impact, knowledge of host immunity to coronaviruses remains incomplete, partly owing to the lack of overt pathogenicity of endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs), which typically cause common colds. However, the need for deeper understanding became pressing with the zoonotic introduction of three novel coronaviruses in the past two decades, causing severe acute respiratory syndromes in humans, and the unfolding pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This renewed interest not only triggered the discovery of two of the four HCoVs, but also uncovered substantial cellular and humoral cross-reactivity with shared or related coronaviral antigens. Here, we review the evidence for cross-reactive B cell memory elicited by HCoVs and its potential impact on the puzzlingly variable outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The available data indicate targeting of highly conserved regions primarily in the S2 subunits of the spike glycoproteins of HCoVs and SARS-CoV-2 by cross-reactive B cells and antibodies. Rare monoclonal antibodies reactive with conserved S2 epitopes and with potent virus neutralising activity have been cloned, underscoring the potential functional relevance of cross-reactivity. We discuss B cell and antibody cross-reactivity in the broader context of heterologous humoral immunity to coronaviruses, as well as the limits of protective immune memory against homologous re-infection. Given the bidirectional nature of cross-reactivity, the unprecedented current vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 is expected to impact HCoVs, as well as future zoonotic coronaviruses attempting to cross the species barrier. However, emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with resistance to neutralisation by vaccine-induced antibodies highlight a need for targeting more constrained, less mutable parts of the spike. The delineation of such cross-reactive areas, which humoral immunity can be trained to attack, may offer the key to permanently shifting the balance of our interaction with current and future coronaviruses in our favour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Ng
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nikhil Faulkner
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, London, NW1 1AT, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Antoni G Wrobel
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Steve J Gamblin
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, London, NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
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17
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Pozzi P, Soggiu A, Bonizzi L, Elkin N, Zecconi A. Airborne Coronaviruses: Observations from Veterinary Experience. Pathogens 2021; 10:628. [PMID: 34069705 PMCID: PMC8160630 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The virus responsible for the pandemic that has affected 152 countries worldwide is a new strain of coronavirus (CoV), which belongs to a family of viruses widespread in many animal species, including birds, and mammals including humans. Indeed, CoVs are known in veterinary medicine affecting several species, and causing respiratory and/or enteric, systemic diseases and reproductive disease in poultry. Animal diseases caused by CoV may be considered from the following different perspectives: livestock and poultry CoVs cause mainly "population disease"; while in companion animals they are a source of mainly "individual/single subject disease". Therefore, respiratory CoV diseases in high-density, large populations of livestock or poultry may be a suitable example for the current SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic. In this review we describe some strategies applied in veterinary medicine to control CoV and discuss if they may help to develop practical and useful strategies to control the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pozzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, L.go Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.S.); (L.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Luigi Bonizzi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.S.); (L.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Nati Elkin
- Veterinarian, Poultrymed, Oren St. 19, Or Yehuda 6041147, Israel;
| | - Alfonso Zecconi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.S.); (L.B.); (A.Z.)
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18
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Detection of Laryngotracheitis Virus in Poultry Flocks with Respiratory Disorders in Slovenia. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040707. [PMID: 33921858 PMCID: PMC8072874 DOI: 10.3390/v13040707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute, highly contagious infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract in chickens and other poultry species that causes significant economic losses in countries worldwide. Between 2017 and 2019, seven outbreaks of mild to severe respiratory disorders with high suspicion of ILT occurred in commercial and backyard poultry flocks in Slovenia. In all submissions, infection with ILT virus (ILTV) was confirmed by PCR, which is the first report of ILT in Slovenia. Circulating ILT strains were characterized by the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of two fragments of the ICP4 gene. Four strains—three detected in non-vaccinated flocks and one in a flock vaccinated against ILT—were identical or very similar to the chicken embryo–origin live virus vaccines, and the other three were closely related to Russian, Chinese, Australian, and American field strains and to tissue culture origin vaccine strains. As in other diseases, coinfections with other respiratory pathogens in confirmed ILT cases may cause a more severe condition and prolong the course of the disease. In our study, coinfections with Mycoplasma synoviae (7/7 tested flocks), infectious bronchitis virus (5/5 tested flocks), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (4/7 tested flocks), Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (3/4 tested flocks), and avian pox virus (1/2 tested flocks) were confirmed, indicating the importance of these pathogens in the occurrence of ILT infections.
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