1
|
Wang L, Bao J, Zhuo X, Li Y, Zhan W, Xie Y, Wu Z, Yu Z. Effects of Lentilactobacillus buchneri and chemical additives on fermentation profile, chemical composition, and nutrient digestibility of high-moisture corn silage. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1296392. [PMID: 38111736 PMCID: PMC10725986 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1296392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
High-moisture corn silage presents a novel approach to reduce forage feeding expenses and enhance animal performance. Nevertheless, given corn's proclivity for starch, suboptimal fermentation quality in high-moisture corn silage can lead to spoilage, posing risks to livestock well-being. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of different additives on the fermentation profile, chemical composition, nutrient digestibility of high-moisture corn (HMC) silage. All treatments improved the quality of high-moisture corn silage fermentation, as demonstrated by a decrease in pH and increase in lactic acid (LA) content. The high-moisture corn silage had a low content of trans fatty acids (TFA). Fermentation effectively decreased prolamin content while increasing 48-h in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), estimated total tract starch digestibility (eTTSD), total digestible nutrient (TDN), and relative grain quality (RGQ) of high-moisture corn silage. Nonetheless, no effect was observed on the 48-h IVDMD of high-moisture corn silage among the different treatments. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that neutral detergent fiber (aNDF), neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDIP), crude protein (CP), zein, and prolamin closely correlated with the digestibility of high-moisture corn. The study's findings demonstrate that inoculating L. buchneri and potassium sorbate can improve the quality of high-moisture corn silage fermentation and digestibility in different hybrids. The results will provide insights for enhancing farm productivity and profitability in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinze Bao
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingliang Zhuo
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhan
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiao Xie
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rehemujiang H, Yusuf HA, Ma T, Diao Q, Kong L, Kang L, Tu Y. Evaluating Fermentation Quality, Aerobic Stability, and Rumen-Degradation (In Situ) Characteristics of Various Protein-Based Total Mixed Rations. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2730. [PMID: 37684996 PMCID: PMC10486950 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate changes in fermentation quality, chemical composition, aerobic stability, anti-nutritional factors, and in situ disappearance characteristics of various protein-based total mixed rations. Soybean meal (control, non-fermented), fermented cottonseed meal (F-CSM), and fermented rapeseed meal (F-RSM) group were used to prepare the TMRs with corn, whole-plant corn silage, corn stalks, wheat bran, and premix. The test groups were inoculated at 50% moisture with Bacillus clausii and Saccharomyces cariocanus and stored aerobically for 60 h. The nylon-bag method was used to measure and study the rumen's nutrient degradation. The pH of all TMRs after 48 h of air exposure was below 4.8, whereas that of the F-CSM and control and F-RSM groups increased to 5.0 and >7.0, respectively. After 8 h of aerobic exposure, the temperatures of all groups significantly increased, and 56 h later, they were 2 °C higher than the surrounding air. The lactic acid concentration in the F-CSM and F-RSM groups increased after 12 h of aerobic exposure and then decreased. The acetic acid concentrations in the fermented groups decreased significantly with the increasing air-exposure time. The yeast population of the TMRs increased to more than 8.0 log10 CFU/g before 72 h of air exposure, followed by a decrease in the population (5.0 log10 CFU/g). After fermentation, the free gossypol (FG) concentration in F-CSM decreased by half and did not change significantly during the air-exposure period. Fermentation with probiotics also reduced the F-RSM's glucosinolate concentration, resulting in a more than 50% detoxification rate. Compared with the F-CSM and F-RSM groups, the effective degradation rates of nutrients in the control group were the lowest, and the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), natural detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) all degraded effectively at rates of 28.4%, 34.5%, 27.8%, and 22.8%, respectively. Fermentation with B. clausii and S. cariocanus could improve the fermentation quality and nutrient composition, decrease the anti-nutritional factor, and increase nutrient degradation of the TMR with cottonseed meal or rapeseed meal as the main protein source, thus achieving detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halidai Rehemujiang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.R.); (H.A.Y.); (T.M.); (Q.D.); (L.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Hassan Ali Yusuf
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.R.); (H.A.Y.); (T.M.); (Q.D.); (L.K.); (L.K.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Somali National University, Mogadishu P.O. Box 15, Somalia
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.R.); (H.A.Y.); (T.M.); (Q.D.); (L.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.R.); (H.A.Y.); (T.M.); (Q.D.); (L.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Luxin Kong
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.R.); (H.A.Y.); (T.M.); (Q.D.); (L.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Lingyun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.R.); (H.A.Y.); (T.M.); (Q.D.); (L.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Yan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.R.); (H.A.Y.); (T.M.); (Q.D.); (L.K.); (L.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao Q, Li L, Zhao Q, Wang K, Zhou H, Wang W, Ding J. Insights into high-solids anaerobic digestion of food waste concomitant with sorbate: Performance and mechanisms. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 381:129159. [PMID: 37164229 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
High-solids anaerobic digestion (HS-AD) of food waste is increasingly applied commercially. Sorbate, a food preservative extensively used in the food industry, induces potential environmental risks. Results indicated sorbate at 0-10 mg/g VS slightly inhibited methane production, and the cumulative methane yield suggested a negative correlation with 25 mg/g VS sorbate, with a reduction of 15.0% compared to the control (from 285.7 to 253.6 mL CH4/g VS). The reduction in methane yield could be ascribed to the promotion of solubilization and inhibition of acidogenesis and methanogenesis with sorbate addition. Excessive sorbate (25 mg/g VS) resulted in the inhibition of aceticlastic metabolism and the key enzymes activities (e.g., acetate kinase and coenzyme F420). This study deeply elucidated the response mechanism of HS-AD to sorbate, supplemented the potential ecological risk assessment of sorbate, and could provide insights to further prevent the potential risk of sorbate in anaerobic digestion of FW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Lili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Weiye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dai T, Dong D, Wang J, Yin X, Zong C, Jia Y, Shao T. Effects of wet brewers grains on fermentation quality and in vitro ruminal digestibility of mixed silage prepared with corn stalk, sweet potato peel and dried apple pomace in southeast China. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:340-349. [PMID: 35500045 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of wet brewers grains (WBG) on fermentation quality, chemical composition and in vitro ruminal digestibility of mixed silages prepared with corn stalk, dried apple pomace and sweet potato peel were evaluated. A mixture of corn stalk, sweet potato peel and dried apple pomace (50/30/20) was ensiled with 0, 10%, 20% and 30% WBG on a fresh weight (FW) basis for 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 30 days respectively. The results showed that the application of WBG increased (p < 0.05) lactic acid, acetic acid and total volatile fatty acids contents, and decreased (p < 0.05) pH, dry matter, water-soluble carbohydrates content and ammonia-nitrogen/total nitrogen during ensiling. The pH in all silages was below 4.03 during ensiling. Treating with WBG increased (p < 0.05) crude protein content, and decreased (p < 0.05) neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose and hemicellulose content after 30 days of ensiling. After 72 h of incubation, cumulative gas production, potential gas production and in vitro crude protein digestibility increased (p < 0.05) with the increasing proportions of WBG. However, in vitro digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre, and metabolisable energy were similar in all silages. The 20% and 30% WBG-treated silages showed better fermentation quality and greater or higher in vitro digestibility, which were indicated by greater or higher (p < 0.05) lactic acid content, in vitro crude protein digestibility, and lower (p < 0.05) pH, ammonia-nitrogen/total nitrogen ratio as compared with the control. Therefore, ensiling agro-food by-products with at least 20% WBG were recommended for improving fermentation quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Dai
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xuejing Yin
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Zong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Li Y, Lu Q, Sun L, Du S, Liu T, Hou M, Ge G, Wang Z, Jia Y. Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Additives on the Quality, Volatile Chemicals and Microbial Community of Leymus chinensis Silage During Aerobic Exposure. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:938153. [PMID: 36118219 PMCID: PMC9478463 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.938153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Silage exposed to air is prone to deterioration and production of unpleasant volatile chemicals that can seriously affect livestock intake and health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), and a combination of LP and LB (PB) on the quality, microbial community and volatile chemicals of Leymus chinensis silage at 0, 4, and 8 days after aerobic exposure. During aerobic exposure, LP had higher WSC and LA contents but had the least aerobic stability, with more harmful microorganisms such as Penicillium and Monascus and produced more volatile chemicals such as Isospathulenol and 2-Furancarbinol. LB slowed down the rise in pH, produced more acetic acid and effectively improved aerobic stability, while the effect of these two additives combined was intermediate between that of each additive alone. Correlation analysis showed that Actinomyces, Sphingomonas, Penicillium, and Monascus were associated with aerobic deterioration, and Weissella, Pediococcus, Botryosphaeria, and Monascus were associated with volatile chemicals. In conclusion, LB preserved the quality of L. chinensis silage during aerobic exposure, while LP accelerated aerobic deterioration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Shuai Du
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingyu Liu
- College of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Meiling Hou
- College of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Gentu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- *Correspondence: Yushan Jia,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xie Y, Wang L, Li W, Xu S, Bao J, Deng J, Wu Z, Yu Z. Fermentation Quality, In Vitro Digestibility, and Aerobic Stability of Total Mixed Ration Silage in Response to Varying Proportion Alfalfa Silage. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12081039. [PMID: 35454285 PMCID: PMC9027063 DOI: 10.3390/ani12081039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different proportions of alfalfa silage on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silage. Three TMRs were prepared with different silage contents on a fresh matter basis: (1) 60% alfalfa silage (AS60), (2) 40% alfalfa silage (AS40), and (3) 20% alfalfa silage (AS20). The lactic acid in AS60 did not increase after 30 days of ensiling (p > 0.05). Butyric acid was detected in the AS20 group after 14 days of ensiling. The AS60 group showed significantly higher in vitro dry matter digestibility than the AS20 group (p < 0.05). The aerobic stability of TMR silage gradually increased with a decreasing percentage of alfalfa silage (p < 0.05). Unlike AS60, which directly gained an acidic environment from the alfalfa silage, AS40 developed a stable acidic environment during ensiling and further improved aerobic stability. However, when the percentage of alfalfa silage was reduced to 20%, a risk of clostridial spoilage occurred in the TMR silage. Therefore, the addition of 40% alfalfa silage to TMR is optimal and could achieve both good fermentation quality and considerable resistance to aerobic deterioration in TMR silage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Xie
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (L.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (J.B.); (Z.W.)
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (L.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (J.B.); (Z.W.)
| | - Wenqi Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (L.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (J.B.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shengyang Xu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (L.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (J.B.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jinze Bao
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (L.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (J.B.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jiajie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Zhe Wu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (L.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (J.B.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhu Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (L.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (J.B.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of Replacing Ensiled-Alfalfa with Fresh-Alfalfa on Dynamic Fermentation Characteristics, Chemical Compositions, and Protein Fractions in Fermented Total Mixed Ration with Different Additives. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020572. [PMID: 33671831 PMCID: PMC7926667 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is commonly used as a high-quality protein source in fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) for ruminants. This study evaluated the fermentation characteristics, chemical compositions, and protein fractions of FTMR using fresh-alfalfa as the main ingredients replacing ensiled-alfalfa. The results showed that fresh-alfalfa FTMR exhibited a similar pH, propionic acid content and neutral detergent fiber, nonprotein, and variable to slow protein and indigestible protein levels in comparison to ensiled-alfalfa FTMR. Therefore, the use of fresh-alfalfa as a main ingredient in FTMR is promising. Abstract Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is one of the high protein ingredients of fermented total mixed ration (FTMR). Additionally, FTMR is widely used to satisfy the nutrition requirements of animals. This study was conducted to confirm the fermentation characteristics, chemical compositions and protein fractions changes when replacing ensiled-alfalfa with fresh-alfalfa in FTMR with additives. Three additives were separately applied to fresh-alfalfa total mixed ration (TMR) and ensiled-alfalfa TMR, including molasses (MOL), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and MOL plus LP (MOL+LP). The same volume of distilled water was sprayed onto the prepared TMR as performed for the control (CK). Each treatment included 18 repetitions and opened 3 repetitions at each fermenting day (1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 d). The results showed that fresh-alfalfa FTMR (F-FTMR) exhibited slight changes in the fermentation characteristics during the first 7 d and showed similar trends in terms of the pH and organic acids content to ensiled-alfalfa FTMR (E-FTMR). The lactic acid contents of F-FTMR were significantly lower than those of E-FTMR at 60 d fermentation and the ammonia nitrogen contents were lower than E-FTMR during the entire fermenting period. The crude protein of the F-FTMR was enhanced after 60 d of fermenting. F-FTMR supplemented with MOL+LP exhibited a lower nonprotein nitrogen content, variable to slow protein and indigestible protein contents, and higher fast degradable protein and true protein degraded intermediately contents at 60 d fermenting, indicating that it effectively inhibited protein degradation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang H, Wang B, Zhang Q, Cheng H, Yu Z. Improvement of Fermentation Quality in the Fermented Total Mixed Ration with Oat Silage. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020420. [PMID: 33670654 PMCID: PMC7922426 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) is a promising approach for the preservation of homogeneous feed, but changes during fermentation and links with the bacterial community of FTMR are not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of adding oat silage (OS) to the fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) in terms of fermentation, chemical composition, and the bacterial community. The fermentation quality of FTMR with 22% OS was greatly improved, as demonstrated by decreases in the butyric acid concentration, a lower lactic acid/acetic acid ratio, a larger population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and quicker spoilage yeast death. Further examination of the effects of various ensiling days on nutritive values showed stable crude protein and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) contents. The concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) were increased following all FTMR treatments after 15 d, while the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) was decreased. More heterofermentative LAB, such as Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Lentilactobacillus brevis, and Companilactobacillus versmoldensis were found after adding 11% and 22% OS. Moreover, the addition of 22% OS caused a marked increase in both bacterial richness and diversity, dominated by the Lactobacillus genus complex. Among species of the Lactobacillus genus complex, the occurrence of Loigolactobacillus coryniformis was positively correlated with lactic acid, NPN, and NH3-N concentrations, suggesting its potential role in altering the fermentation profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Hui Cheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan;
| | - Zhu Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|