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Pettina G, Bucci R, Mazzetti A, Quartuccio M, Robbe D, Pisu MC. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) Evaluation of Canine Prostatic Hyperplasia before and after Osaterone Acetate Therapy: Preliminary Results. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1683. [PMID: 38891730 PMCID: PMC11171199 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The prostate is the only sexual gland of the male dog, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) regulates its growth. In intact dogs, constant DHT stimulation results in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) that can be treated with osaterone acetate (OSA). This study describes the effects of OSA treatment, detected by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS), highlighting prostatic vascularization with a contrast agent composed of gas microbubbles. Fifteen dogs (2-8 years) of different sizes and breeds (4-30 kg) diagnosed with BPH are involved in the study. Before treatment (D0), CPSE is measured (294.05 ± 115.97 ng/mL), and a B-mode ultrasound is performed (Vratio = 2.80 ± 1.85), confirming BPH. CEUS highlights the length of the wash-in (11.93 ± 2.08 s) and wash-out (42.20 ± 6.99 s) phases of the contrast agent in the prostate and the presence of cysts and parenchymal alteration. Dogs are treated with OSA (0.5 mg/kg for 7 days) and reassessed after 21 days (D1): CPSE and prostate volume are significantly (p < 0.001) reduced. The length of the wash-in (14.73 ± 2.54 s) and wash-out (51.13 ± 6.03 s) phases are significantly (p < 0.001) increased. The results confirm the effectiveness of the treatment, particularly the reduction in prostatic perfusion, confirmed by the increase in diffusion times of the contrast. Although preliminary, these findings are promising for the use of CEUS in monitoring dogs with BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pettina
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.P.); (M.Q.)
| | - Roberta Bucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.M.); (D.R.)
| | - Antonio Mazzetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.M.); (D.R.)
- VRC—Centro di Referenza Veterinario, Corso Francia, 10138 Torino, Italy;
| | - Marco Quartuccio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.P.); (M.Q.)
| | - Domenico Robbe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.M.); (D.R.)
| | - Maria Carmela Pisu
- VRC—Centro di Referenza Veterinario, Corso Francia, 10138 Torino, Italy;
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Laurusevičius T, Šiugždaitė J, Juodžiukynienė N, Kerzienė S, Anskienė L, Jackutė V, Trumbeckas D, Van Soom A, Posastiuc FP, Žilinskas H. Comparative Evaluation of Diagnostic Methods for Subclinical Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Intact Breeding Male Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1204. [PMID: 38672352 PMCID: PMC11047341 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an androgen-related non-neoplastic enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly affects both reproductive capabilities and the general health of intact dogs. The subclinical form of BPH can be challenging to diagnose due to a lack of clinical signs, even if rectal palpation is performed. Left untreated, this condition poses risks to the dogs' health and breeding status. This study, involving 65 male dogs, aimed to investigate subclinical BPH through rectal palpation, ultrasonography, and analysis of canine prostatic-specific esterase (CPSE). Of the participants, 35 had subclinical BPH, and 30 served as a healthy control group. Dogs suspected of subclinical BPH, as determined by examination results from ultrasonography and CPSE analysis, underwent fine needle aspiration (FNA) guided by ultrasound to enhance diagnostic precision. Findings revealed distinct differences in rectal palpation and ultrasonography between subclinical BPH and healthy dogs. This study established diagnostic thresholds based on prostatic volume and CPSE values and proposed new thresholds for subclinical BPH. Additionally, results showed that prostate gland volume depended on the weight and the age of the dog. In conclusion, early detection of this condition is possible through various examinations, such as changes in ultrasound features, CPSE levels, and rectal palpation. All together, these methods can aid practitioners in early detection of BPH and assist with scheduling screening programs for dogs, ultimately promoting their overall health and reproductive well-being. In conclusion, we advocate for routine, non-invasive prostate screenings in breeding males, underlining the effectiveness of a combination of various multiple techniques for early subclinical BPH detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Laurusevičius
- Kaunas Veterinary Practice, Veiveriu Str. 176a-2, 46415 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (V.J.); (H.Ž.)
| | - Jūratė Šiugždaitė
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (V.J.); (H.Ž.)
| | - Nomeda Juodžiukynienė
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (V.J.); (H.Ž.)
| | - Sigita Kerzienė
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (V.J.); (H.Ž.)
| | - Lina Anskienė
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (V.J.); (H.Ž.)
| | - Vaiva Jackutė
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (V.J.); (H.Ž.)
| | - Darius Trumbeckas
- Department of Urology, Urology Clinic, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu Str. 2, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Ann Van Soom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (A.V.S.); (F.P.P.)
| | - Florin Petrisor Posastiuc
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (A.V.S.); (F.P.P.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Blvd. Splaiul Independentei, 050097 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Henrikas Žilinskas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (V.J.); (H.Ž.)
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Ploypetch S, Wongbandue G, Roytrakul S, Phaonakrop N, Prapaiwan N. Comparative Serum Proteome Profiling of Canine Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia before and after Castration. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3853. [PMID: 38136890 PMCID: PMC10740436 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BPH is the most prevalent prostatic condition in aging dogs. Nevertheless, clinical diagnosis and management remain inconsistent. This study employed in-solution digestion coupled with nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to assess serum proteome profiling of dogs with BPH and those dogs after castration. Male dogs were divided into two groups; control and BPH groups. In the BPH group, each dog was evaluated at two time points: Day 0 (BF subgroup) and Day 30 after castration (AT subgroup). In the BF subgroup, three proteins were significantly upregulated and associated with dihydrotestosterone: solute carrier family 5 member 5, tyrosine-protein kinase, and FRAT regulator of WNT signaling pathway 1. Additionally, the overexpression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptors in the BF subgroup hints at its potential as a novel protein linked to the BPH development process. Conversely, alpha-1-B glycoprotein (A1BG) displayed significant downregulation in the BF subgroup, suggesting A1BG's potential as a predictive protein for canine BPH. Finasteride was associated with increased proteins in the AT subgroup, including apolipoprotein C-I, apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein A-II, TAO kinase 1, DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 16, PH domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1, neuregulin 1, and pseudopodium enriched atypical kinase 1. In conclusion, this pilot study highlighted alterations in various serum proteins in canine BPH, reflecting different pathological changes occurring in this condition. These proteins could be a source of potential non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekkarin Ploypetch
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.P.); (G.W.)
| | - Grisnarong Wongbandue
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.P.); (G.W.)
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.R.); (N.P.)
| | - Narumon Phaonakrop
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.R.); (N.P.)
| | - Nawarus Prapaiwan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.P.); (G.W.)
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McEvoy FJ, Pongvittayanon P, Vedel T, Holst P, Müller AV. A survey of testicular texture in canine ultrasound images. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1206916. [PMID: 37635758 PMCID: PMC10450916 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1206916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Computer-based texture analysis provides objective data that can be extracted from medical images, including ultrasound images. One popular methodology involves the generation of a gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) from the image, and from that matrix, texture fractures can be extracted. Methods We performed texture analysis on 280 ultrasound testicular images obtained from 70 dogs and explored the resulting texture data, by means of principal component analysis (PCA). Results Various abnormal lesions were identified subjectively in 35 of the 280 cropped images. In 16 images, pinpoint-to-small, well-defined, hyperechoic foci were identified without acoustic shadowing. These latter images were classified as having "microliths." The remaining 19 images with other lesions and areas of non-homogeneous testicular parenchyma were classified as "other." In the PCA scores plot, most of the images with lesions were clustered. These clustered images represented by those scores had higher values for the texture features entropy, dissimilarity, and contrast, and lower values for the angular second moment and energy in the first principal component. Other data relating to the dogs, including age and history of treatment for prostatomegaly or chemical castration, did not show clustering on the PCA. Discussion This study illustrates that objective texture analysis in testicular ultrasound correlates to some of the visual features used in subjective interpretation and provides quantitative data for parameters that are highly subjective by human observer analysis. The study demonstrated a potential for texture analysis in prediction models in dogs with testicular abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anna V. Müller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Vasetska A, Körber H, Pilgram C, Schuler G, Aslan S, Saral G, Binli F, Akal E, Selcuk M, Ay S, Findik M, Fontaine CS, Goericke-Pesch S. The use of a 4.7 mg deslorelin slow release implant in male dogs in the field. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:231-241. [PMID: 37820614 DOI: 10.1055/a-2142-4194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Slow-release GnRH agonist implants (SRI) are used for reversible medical downregulation of testicular function in male dogs as an alternative to surgery. The 4.7 mg deslorelin SRI should reduce testosterone after 6-8 weeks and induce castration-like effects for 6 months (mon). However, some individual variation is described in the field in regard to onset and duration of effect. For this reason, we aimed to study the effects of the 4.7 mg deslorelin SRI in a larger cohort. MATERIAL AND METHODS In total 50 intact, healthy male dogs (12-48 months, mon; 9-40 kg) were treated with a 4.7 mg deslorelin SRI into the umbilical area (TG, n=45) or served as untreated controls (CG, n=5). CG dogs were surgically castrated after measurement of testicular dimensions and blood sampling for testosterone. In TG, SRIs remained for 5 mon in place and subsequently 3-7 male dogs were surgically castrated at removal (week, W 0) or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 10 weeks later. Examination parameters were testicular dimensions (before treatment, at 4, 8, 12 W, 5 mon, weekly until castration), testosterone (before treatment, at 8 W, 5 mon, castration) and testicular histology (castration). RESULTS Whereas examination parameters did not differ between CG and TG before treatment, testicular volume and testosterone was significantly reduced at all time points during treatment. In all but 3 (8 W) and 2 male dogs (5 mon) testosterone was basal during treatment before removal, whereas the parameters were significantly reduced compared to pre-treatment in the respective dogs. After implant removal, testosterone and testicular volumes increased. However, different to earlier studies, the "restart" was more variable with individual basal testosterone until W7, but also physiological testosterone concentrations in W2. Similarly, histological testicular findings at castration were quite variable: besides an arrest on spermatogonia and spermatocytes, elongated spermatids with normal spermatogenesis were found in individual dogs. CONCLUSION Our study confirms the efficacy of the deslorelin SRI, but also individual variation especially regarding reversibility of effects on endocrine and germinative testicular function. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Deslorelin SRIs offer a suitable alternative to surgical castration with individual variation to be considered when used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Vasetska
- Reproductive Unit - Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hanna Körber
- Reproductive Unit - Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Caroline Pilgram
- Reproductive Unit - Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Veterinary Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Selim Aslan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gulsah Saral
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Firdevs Binli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Eser Akal
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Murat Selcuk
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Serhan Ay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Murat Findik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | | | - Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Reproductive Unit - Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Cunto M, Ballotta G, Zambelli D. Benign prostatic hyperplasia in the dog. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 247:107096. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Stempel S, Körber H, Reifarth L, Schuler G, Goericke-Pesch S. What Happens in Male Dogs after Treatment with a 4.7 mg Deslorelin Implant? II. Recovery of Testicular Function after Implant Removal. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192545. [PMID: 36230286 PMCID: PMC9559295 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although deslorelin slow-release implants are widely used in the clinic, detailed published information about the recovery of testosterone concentrations (T), semen quality, and testicular and prostatic volume (TV, PV) after treatment is still missing. This article aims to characterize changes during restart after a five-months treatment and subsequent implant removal. Seven male Beagle dogs were treated with deslorelin (treatment group, TG), and three saline-treated dogs served as controls (CG). Deslorelin implants were removed after five months (D ex), followed by detailed andrological examinations for TV, PV, semen collection, and blood sampling for T-analysis with/without GnRH/hCG stimulation tests. TV, PV, and T increased rapidly after D ex in TG, not differing from CG from D91 (TV), D49 (PV), and D14 (T). The first sperm-containing ejaculates were collected between D49 and 70, whereas the samples were normospermic between D84 and 133. A T increase (>0.1 ng/mL) subsequent to the GnRH/hCG stimulation test was observed from D28/29 onwards, respectively. Histological assessment of testicular tissue at the end of the observational period (D149 after implant removal) revealed normal spermatogenesis. Our data confirm that the restart of endocrine and germinative testicular function is highly variable, but nevertheless, all of the effects induced were reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Stempel
- Reproductive Unit, Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Hanna Körber
- Reproductive Unit, Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Larena Reifarth
- Reproductive Unit, Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Reproductive Unit, Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30559 Hanover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-9538508
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What Happens in Male Dogs after Treatment with a 4.7 mg Deslorelin Implant? I. Flare up and Downregulation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182379. [PMID: 36139239 PMCID: PMC9495213 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Until now, information about the “flare up” and the time to downregulation in male dogs after treatment with a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant is strongly limited, regarding testosterone concentrations, testicular and prostatic volume and semen quality. The aim of this study was to provide detailed insights into these open questions. GnRH and hCG stimulation tests were performed to gain further insights into testicular endocrine function. Seven male beagle dogs were treated with a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant, and three animals were treated with saline, representing the controls. In deslorelin-treated dogs, first basal testosterone concentrations were observed earliest on D7 and latest on D28 after treatment. Infertility—based on the lack of semen or spermatozoa— was diagnosed earliest on D35 and latest on D77. After five months, the treatment was still effective in six dogs but was reversed in one deslorelin-treated dog. Abstract Although registered since 2007, knowledge about changes in testosterone concentrations (T), testicular and prostatic volumes (TV, PV) and semen quality, as well as the time point of infertility following treatment with a 4.7 mg deslorelin (DES) slow-release implant, is limited. Therefore, seven sexually mature male dogs were treated with DES (TG); three male dogs treated with saline served as controls (CG). The study assessed local tolerance, TV, PV, semen parameters and T subsequent to GnRH/hCG stimulation in regular intervals. Local tolerance was good. In TG, T was increased right after treatment, but decreased four hours afterwards. Subsequently, TV, PV, semen quality and T decreased over time in TG, but not CG. T was basal (≤0.1 ng/mL) from D28 onwards. Response to GnRH/hCG stimulation was variable, with two TG dogs having increased T post-stimulation on all study days independent of pre-treatment concentrations. A(zoo)spermia in TG was observed from D35–D77 in all seven dogs. Whereas treatment was still effective in six TG dogs five months after implant insertion, it was fully reversed in one dog in terms of T and spermatozoa on the last examination. These results indicate high variation in individual dogs, necessary to consider when advising dog owners.
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