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Sponseller B, Evans T. Plants Causing Toxic Myopathies. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:45-59. [PMID: 38151404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Boxelder and sycamore maple contain hypoglycin A (HGA), the toxic metabolite of which, MCPA-CoA, inhibits fatty acid β-oxidation, causing seasonal pasture myopathy (SPM) or atypical myopathy (AM), respectively. White snakeroot and rayless goldenrod contain multiple benzofuran ketones (BFKs). The identity/toxicity of BFKs appear variable, possibly involving interactions between toxins/toxic metabolites, but ultimately inhibit cellular energy metabolism. Unthrifty horses grazing sparse pastures during the fall appear predisposed to these plant-associated, frequently fatal, toxic myopathies. Toxidromes are characterized by varying degrees of rhabdomyolysis and cardiac myonecrosis, with plant toxins remaining toxic in hay and being excreted in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Tim Evans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and MU Extension, University of Missouri, W226 Veterinary Medicine Building, 1520 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Kruse CJ, Dieu M, Renaud B, François AC, Stern D, Demazy C, Burteau S, Boemer F, Art T, Renard P, Votion DM. New Pathophysiological Insights from Serum Proteome Profiling in Equine Atypical Myopathy. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6505-6526. [PMID: 38371826 PMCID: PMC10870397 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Equine atypical myopathy (AM) is a severe environmental intoxication linked to the ingestion of protoxins contained in seeds and seedlings of the sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) in Europe. The toxic metabolites cause a frequently fatal rhabdomyolysis syndrome in grazing horses. Since these toxic metabolites can also be present in cograzing horses, it is still unclear as to why, in a similar environmental context, some horses show signs of AM, whereas others remain clinically healthy. Label-free proteomic analyses on the serum of 26 diseased AM, 23 cograzers, and 11 control horses were performed to provide insights into biological processes and pathways. A total of 43 and 44 differentially abundant proteins between "AM vs cograzing horses" and "AM vs control horses" were found. Disease-linked changes in the proteome of different groups were found to correlate with detected amounts of toxins, and principal component analyses were performed to identify the 29 proteins representing a robust AM signature. Among the pathway-specific changes, the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, the coagulation/complement cascade, and the biosynthesis of amino acids were affected. Sycamore maple poisoning results in a combination of inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired lipid metabolism, which is trying to be counteracted by enhanced glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline-J. Kruse
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Physiology
and Sport Medicine, Fundamental and Applied
Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège 1, Belgium
| | - Marc Dieu
- Namur
Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
- MaSUN,
Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of
Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Benoît Renaud
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied
Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège 1, Belgium
| | - Anne-Christine François
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied
Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège 1, Belgium
| | - David Stern
- GIGA
Bioinformatics Platform, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Demazy
- Namur
Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
- MaSUN,
Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of
Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Sophie Burteau
- Namur
Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
- MaSUN,
Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of
Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - François Boemer
- Biochemical
Genetics Lab, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liège, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Tatiana Art
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Physiology
and Sport Medicine, Fundamental and Applied
Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège 1, Belgium
| | - Patricia Renard
- Namur
Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
- MaSUN,
Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of
Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Dominique-M. Votion
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied
Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège 1, Belgium
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A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of the plant toxins hypoglycin A and methylenecyclopropylglycine and their metabolites in cow's milk and urine and application to farm milk samples from Germany. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1933-1942. [PMID: 36877265 PMCID: PMC10050036 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoglycin A (HGA) and its homologue methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG) are present in ackee and lychee as well as seeds, leaves, and seedlings of some maple (Acer) species. They are toxic to some animal species and humans. The determination of HGA, MCPrG, and their glycine and carnitine metabolites in blood and urine is a useful tool for screening for potential exposure to these toxins. In addition, HGA, MCPrG, and/or their metabolites have been detected in milk. In this work, simple and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) methods without derivatization were developed and validated for the quantification of HGA, MCPrG, and their metabolites in cow's milk and urine. An extraction procedure from milk samples has been developed, whereas a dilute-and-shoot approach was implemented for urine samples. For quantification, the MS/MS analysis was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The methods were validated according to the European Union guidelines using blank raw milk and urine as matrices. The limit of quantification presented here for HGA in milk (1.12 µg/L) is noticeably lower than the lowest published limit of detection (9 µg/L). Acceptable values for recovery (89-106% and 85-104% in milk and urine, respectively) and precision (≤ 20%) were obtained for all the quality control levels. The stability of HGA and MCPrG in frozen milk over a period of 40 weeks has been demonstrated. The method was applied to 68 milk samples from 35 commercial dairy farms and showed the absence of any quantifiable amounts of HGA, MCPrG, and their metabolites.
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El-Khatib AH, Engel AM, Weigel S. Co-Occurrence of Hypoglycin A and Hypoglycin B in Sycamore and Box Elder Maple Proved by LC-MS/MS and LC-HR-MS. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090608. [PMID: 36136546 PMCID: PMC9504185 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclpropylglycine (MCPrG) are formed by some maple trees (Acer species) and have been associated with incidences of atypical myopathy among horses in pastures. In this work, a simple and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method without derivatization was developed for the quantification of HGA and MCPrG in maple samples and validated according to EU guidelines. The LOQ presented here for HGA (16.4 µg/kg) is considerably lower than the lowest published LOQ (500 µg/kg). This method confirms that sycamore and box elder maple contain considerable amounts of HGA and MCPrG. In addition, the presence of the dipeptides hypoglycin B and γ-glutamyl-MCPrG in these two maple species is shown using high-resolution MS. This is the first report on the presence of these dipeptides in maple since 1973. The presence of HGB and γ-glutamyl-MCPrG could change the way we understand animal intoxication following the ingestion of maple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H El-Khatib
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Safety in the Food Chain, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Engel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Safety in the Food Chain, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Safety in the Food Chain, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Sander J, Terhardt M, Janzen N. Severe Inhibition of Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Enoylhydratase (EC 4.2.1.74) in a Newborn Foal Suffering From Atypical Myopathy. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:765623. [PMID: 34765670 PMCID: PMC8576321 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.765623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In horses, congenital defects of energy production from long-chain fatty acids have not been described so far. In contrast, inhibition of fatty acid degradation caused by the toxins hypoglycin A and methylenecyclopropylglycine from various maple species are observed frequently. These non-proteinogenic aminoacids are passed on placentally to fetuses or with collostrum or milk to newborn foals. Nevertheless, newborn foals become very rarely symptomatic. Vertical transmission apparently is not sufficient to induce clinical disease without a particular genetic constellation being present. One of these rare cases was investigated here using samples from a mare and her foal. Intoxication by hypoglycin A and methylenecyclopropylglycine is also of interest to human pathology, because these toxins have caused fatal poisonings after consumption of certain fruits many times, especially in children. Maple toxins, their metabolites and some short-chain acyl compounds were quantified by ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. An comprehensive spectrum of long-chain acylcarnitines was prepared using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Organic acids and acylglycines were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. For evaluation, results of other horses poisoned by maple material as well as unaffected control animals were used. In the serum of the foal, hypoglycin A was detected at a low concentration only. Toxin metabolites reached <3.5% of the mean of a comparison group of horses suffering from atypical myopathy. The spectrum of acylcarnitines indicated enzyme inhibition in short-chain and medium-chain regions typical of acer poisoning, but the measured concentrations did not exceed those previously found in clinically healthy animals after maple consumption. The values were not sufficient to explain the clinical symptoms. In contrast, a remarkably strong enrichment of tetradecenoylcarnitine and hexadecenoylcarnitine was observed. This proves a blockade of the long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.74). Vertical transfer of maple toxins to a newborn foal is sufficient for induction of clinical disease only if there is an additional specific reactivity to the active toxins. This was found here in an inhibition of long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase. Isolated dysfunction of this enzyme has not yet been reported in any species. Further studies are necessary to prove a specific genetic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Sander
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Hanover, Germany.,Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Nils Janzen
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Hanover, Germany.,Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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Bochnia M, Ziegler J, Glatter M, Zeyner A. Hypoglycin A in Cow's Milk-A Pilot Study. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060381. [PMID: 34073628 PMCID: PMC8230099 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoglycin A (HGA) originating from soapberry fruits (litchi, and ackee) seeds or seedlings from the sycamore maple (SM) tree (related to Sapindaceae) may cause Jamaican vomiting sickness in humans and atypical myopathy in horses and ruminants. A possible transfer into dairy cow’s milk cannot be ruled out since the literature has revealed HGA in the milk of mares and in the offal of captured deer following HGA intoxication. From a study, carried out for another purpose, bulk raw milk samples from four randomly selected dairy farms were available. The cows were pastured in the daytime. A sycamore maple tree was found on the pasture of farm No. 1 only. Bulk milk from the individual tank or milk filling station was sampled in parallels and analyzed for HGA by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Measurable concentrations of HGA occurred only in milk from farm No. 1 and amounted to 120 and 489 nmol/L. Despite low and very variable HGA concentrations, the results indicate that the ingested toxin, once eaten, is transferred into the milk. However, it is unknown how much HGA the individual cow ingested during grazing and what amount was transferred into the bulk milk samples. As a prerequisite for a possible future safety assessment, carry-over studies are needed. Furthermore, the toxins’ stability during milk processing should also be investigated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Bochnia
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Jörg Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Maren Glatter
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Annette Zeyner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.B.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-5522716
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