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Poklukar K, Erbežnik A, Fazarinc G, Kress K, Batorek-Lukač N, Škrlep M, Stefanski V, Čandek-Potokar M, Vrecl M. Effect of castration method on porcine skeletal muscle fiber traits and transcriptome profiles. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 25:100383. [PMID: 39184227 PMCID: PMC11342880 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of immunocastration and surgical castration on the histomorphometric and transcriptome traits of the porcine skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that the differences in duration of androgen deprivation resulting from different castration methods influence skeletal muscle biology in a muscle-specific manner. This was tested by analyzing samples of m. longissimus dorsi (LD) and m. semispinalis capitis (SSC) from immunocastrated (IC; n = 12), entire male (EM; n = 12), and surgically castrated (SC; n = 12) pigs using enzyme/immunohistochemical classification and histomorphometric analysis of myofibers, quantitative PCR, and RNA sequencing. The results confirmed the distinctive histomorphometric profiles of LD and SSC and the castration method related muscle-specific effects at the histomorphometric and transcriptome levels. Long-term androgen deficiency (surgical castration) significantly reduced the proportion of fast-twitch type IIa myofibers in LD (P < 0.05), whereas short-term androgen deprivation (immunocastration) reduced the cross-sectional area of oxidative type I myofibers in SSC (P < 0.05). At the transcriptional level, glycolytic LD adapted to long- and short-term androgen deprivation by upregulating genes controlling myoblast proliferation and differentiation to maintain fiber size. In contrast, increased protein degradation through the ubiquitin ligase-mediated atrophy pathway (significantly increased TRIM63 and FBXO32 expression; P < 0.05) could underly reduced cross-sectional area of type I myofibers in the oxidative SSC in IC. Potential candidate genes (HK2, ARID5B, SERPINE1, and SCD) linked to specific metabolic profiles and meat quality traits were also identified in IC, providing a foundation for studying the effects of immunocastration on skeletal muscle fiber and carcass/meat quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klavdija Poklukar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia (KIS), Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Erbežnik
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Fazarinc
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kevin Kress
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nina Batorek-Lukač
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia (KIS), Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Škrlep
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia (KIS), Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Volker Stefanski
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marjeta Čandek-Potokar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia (KIS), Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, SI-2311, Hoče, Slovenia
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Tavares MCMS, Arno A, Silveira RMF, de Lara IAR, Salvador ML, de Freitas SM, Silva IJO. Evaluation of environmental enrichment on thermophysical responses, carcass traits, and meat quality of finishing pigs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:235. [PMID: 37300601 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment consists of a way to provide better living conditions for animals, but its influence on physical integrity, thermoregulatory responses, and quality of pork meat is not known. The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermoregulatory responses, lesion score, lameness, carcass traits, and meat quality of pigs with and without access to environmental enrichment (EE) in the finishing phase. A total of 432 pigs of the Hampshire lineage, males and females, with average initial and final weights between 22-27 kg and 110-125 kg respectively were evaluated. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks, with 6 treatments, distributed in a 2×3 factorial scheme (sex × environmental enrichment), with 12 repetitions per treatment, totaling 72 stalls. The treatments were branched chain for males (T1), branched sisal rope for males (T2), males without EE (T3), branched chain for females (T4), branched sisal rope for females (T5), and females without EE (T6). Weekly, two assessments of physiological data were performed, in loco, in the morning and afternoon. Lesions on the tail, ear, body, and lameness were evaluated on the 1st, 16th, 37th, 51st, 79th, 93rd, and 112th days. On the 112th day, 72 animals were slaughtered for carcass traits and meat quality analyses. Statistical analysis was performed using generalized and mixed linear models. There was no effect (p>0.05) of the interaction of the studied factors (environmental enrichment × sex × period) on the head, back, leg, and average temperature. However, there was an effect of the period factor (p<0.01), with higher temperatures in the afternoon compared to the morning. For tail injury, there was no association between injury degree and gender (p=0.56) and between injury degree and enrichment (p=0.99), and there was no interaction effect (p=0.15). For ear injury, there was no association between the degree of ear injury and gender (p=0.72), as well as for the degree of ear injury and enrichment (p=0.99) and interaction (p=0.47). There was a higher occurrence of categories 2, 3, and 4 for lesions on the body in males (p=0.0257), regardless of the EE. Water retention, carcass yield, cut yield, marbling pattern, pH, and color showed no effect for sex, enrichment, and interaction between the two factors (p>0.05). The use of environmental enrichment with sisal ropes and branched chains does not change the thermophysical responses, carcass traits, and meat quality of finishing pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Coelly Modesto Santos Tavares
- Environment Livestock Research Group (NUPEA), Department of Biosystems Engineering - "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Arno
- Environment Livestock Research Group (NUPEA), Department of Biosystems Engineering - "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robson Mateus Freitas Silveira
- Environment Livestock Research Group (NUPEA), Department of Biosystems Engineering - "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Idemauro Antonio Rodrigues de Lara
- Department of Exact Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Letícia Salvador
- Department of Exact Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Maria de Freitas
- Department of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Campus do Pici, Science Center, Block 910, CE, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Iran José Oliveira Silva
- Environment Livestock Research Group (NUPEA), Department of Biosystems Engineering - "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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López-Pedrouso M, Lorenzo JM, Pérez-Ciria L, Ripoll G, Latorre MÁ, Franco D. A proteomic approach for in-depth characterization and understanding the impact of immunocastration on dry-cured ham of male and female pigs. Food Res Int 2022; 154:111020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Werner D, Baldinger L, Bussemas R, Büttner S, Weißmann F, Ciulu M, Mörlein J, Mörlein D. Addendum: Werner, D.; et al. Early Immunocastration of Pigs: From Farming to Meat Quality. Animals 2021, 11, 298. Animals (Basel) 2021. [PMCID: PMC8065895 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors wish to add the following to this paper [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Werner
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (S.B.); (F.W.)
| | - Lisa Baldinger
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (S.B.); (F.W.)
| | - Ralf Bussemas
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (S.B.); (F.W.)
| | - Sinje Büttner
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (S.B.); (F.W.)
| | - Friedrich Weißmann
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (S.B.); (F.W.)
| | - Marco Ciulu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (M.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Johanna Mörlein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (M.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Daniel Mörlein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (M.C.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Bahelka I, Bučko O, Fľak P. Can Hydrolysable Tannins in Diet of Entire Male Pigs Affect Carcass, Pork Quality Traits, Amino and Fatty Acid Profiles, and Boar Taint, Skatole and Androstenone Levels? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:896. [PMID: 33801044 PMCID: PMC8003867 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The slaughtering of entire males increases the probability of incidence of tainted pork due to the presence two main compounds-androstenone and skatole. If a surgical castration of young entire male pigs is stopped in the EU countries, fattening of boars is likely to become one of the most commonly used systems in pig farming. Since skatole production and accumulation in fat tissue can be controlled by dietary approaches, several studies have investigated various feed additives to reduce this compound of boar taint. Ones of the most promising is tannins. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different dietary tannin level supplementation on carcass, pork quality, chemical, amino and fatty acid composition. as well as perception of boar taint and accumulation of skatole and androstenone in adipose tissue. Eighty entire males were randomly distributed to control (T0) and four experimental groups. Control pigs received standard feed mixture (16.8% CP, 13.9 MJ ME) without any tannin supplementation. Experimental pigs received the same diet with administration of 1% (T1), 2% (T2), 3% (T3) and 4% (T4)-sweet chestnut extract rich in hydrolysable tannins for 40 days (from average live weight of 80 kg until slaughter at average weight 122.28 kg ± 5.63 kg). Dietary tannins supplementation did not show any significant effect on chemical composition, cholesterol content, and amino acid composition of muscle as well as fatty acid composition and androstenone accumulation in adipose tissue. A slight or small effect was observed on carcass and meat quality, respectively. Pigs in groups T4 and/or T3-T4 had higher electrical conductivity in semimembranosus muscle and cooking loss value compared to T1, T2 or T0, T1, and T2 groups (p < 0.05). Tannins in the pig's diet greatly affected fatty acid profile in meat of entire males. The highest tannin levels (4%) increased concentrations of lauric, myristic, vaccenic, linoleic, total PUFA, and n-6 PUFA in muscle compared to the control. Similar results were found in group T3 except for vaccenic, linoleic, and total PUFA. On the contrary, concentrations of heptadecanoic and oleic acids in groups T3 and T4 were lower than those in T1 and T2 groups. Perception of boar taint using "hot iron" method (insertion a hot iron tip of soldering iron into adipose tissue) tended to decrease in T2 group compared with control. Skatole accumulation in fat tissue was reduced in groups T2-T4 at significance level (p = 0.052-0.055) compared to the control pigs. In summary, tannins supplementation had no effect on chemical and amino acid composition as well as fatty acid profile in adipose tissue, and only slight on carcass value. However, 4% concentration of tannins significantly increased content of some fatty acids compared to control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bahelka
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Bučko
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak Agricultural University Nitra, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia; (O.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Pavol Fľak
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak Agricultural University Nitra, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia; (O.B.); (P.F.)
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