1
|
Cohen S, Foss E, Beths T, Musk GC. An Exploration of Analgesia Options for Australian Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:990. [PMID: 38612229 PMCID: PMC11011129 DOI: 10.3390/ani14070990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
During their lifetime, sheep undergo many painful husbandry and disease processes. Procedures undertaken on the farm, such as tail docking, castration, and mulesing, all cause considerable pain. In addition, sheep may experience painful diseases and injuries that require treatment by veterinary practitioners, and in biomedical research, sheep may undergo painful experimental procedures or conditions. It is important due to ethics, animal welfare, social licence, and, at times, legal requirements for farmers, veterinary practitioners, and researchers to provide pain relief for animals in their care. While there is a heightened awareness of and a greater interest in animal welfare, there remain few licensed and known analgesia options for sheep within Australia. A literature review was undertaken to identify currently known and potential future options for analgesic agents in sheep in farm and biomedical settings. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, opioids, local anaesthetics, α2 adrenoreceptor agonists, and NMDA receptor antagonists are some of the more common classes of analgesic drugs referred to in the literature, but few drugs are registered for use in sheep, with even fewer proven to be effective. Only six analgesic product formulations, namely, lignocaine (e.g., Numocaine®), Tri-Solfen®, ketamine, xylazine, and meloxicam (oral transmucosal and injectable formulations), are currently registered in Australia and known to be efficacious in some types of painful conditions in sheep. The gap in knowledge and availability of analgesia in sheep can pose risks to animal welfare, social licence, and research outcomes. This article presents a summary of analgesic agents that have been used in sheep on farms and in clinical veterinary and biomedical research settings along with details on whether their efficacy was assessed, doses, routes of administration, indication for use, and pain assessment techniques (if any) used. The outcome of this research highlights the challenges, gaps, and opportunities for better analgesia options in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shari Cohen
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Emily Foss
- Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (E.F.); (T.B.)
| | - Thierry Beths
- Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (E.F.); (T.B.)
| | - Gabrielle C. Musk
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Crawford PE, Hamer K, Lovatt F, Behnke MC, Robinson PA. Improving analgesia provision for sheep: An analysis of farm medicine records and attitudes towards pain relief on sheep farms in Northern Ireland. Vet Rec Open 2023; 10:e75. [PMID: 37876850 PMCID: PMC10591906 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Management of pain is critical to improve the welfare of farmed livestock and meet consumer expectations. There is limited published information about the use of analgesic drugs in the sheep sector. Methods A mixed-method approach was followed. The range of analgesic drugs used on 52 Northern Irish sheep farms was determined through analysis of medicine purchase records. Through interview and discussion groups, with both farmer and veterinarian participants, attitudes towards the use and adoption of such medicines were explored. Results The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was widespread and highly variable. One-third of farmers in the sample did not purchase any NSAID. Meloxicam was the most commonly purchased NSAID by mass (72%) and standardised dose (73%). During interviews and discussions, farmers outlined the benefits they saw in using NSAIDs and how veterinarians influenced their uptake of these medicines. Use of corticosteroid was evidenced on 50% of the farms that supplied medicine records for analysis. Conclusions Veterinarians can influence farmers to adopt NSAIDs for the provision of analgesia in their sheep and farmers observed the benefits they delivered. However, many farmers are still to be reached with this message, perhaps due to being largely self-sufficient and rarely engaging with veterinarians. Veterinarians have the opportunity to challenge farmers about the provision of analgesia, especially when farmers seek antibiotics for painful conditions such as lameness. Currently, the lack of an authorised product in the UK, with associated treatment guidance and industry promotion, may limit veterinarians' confidence in prescribing drugs for pain control in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Crawford
- Department of Animal Health, Behaviour and WelfareHarper Adams UniversityShropshireUK
| | - Kim Hamer
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of Glasgow, Garscube CampusGlasgowUK
| | - Fiona Lovatt
- School of Veterinary ScienceSutton Bonington CampusUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Flock Health Ltd., Egglesburn Farm, Eggleston, Barnard CastleDurhamUK
| | - Malgorzata C. Behnke
- Department of Animal Health, Behaviour and WelfareHarper Adams UniversityShropshireUK
| | - Philip A. Robinson
- Department of Animal Health, Behaviour and WelfareHarper Adams UniversityShropshireUK
- Harper & Keele Veterinary SchoolHarper Adams University CampusShropshireUK
- Keele UniversityStaffordshireUK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Weeder MM, Kleinhenz MD, Reppert EJ, Fritz BR, Viscardi AV, Montgomery SR, Martin MS, Curtis AK, Leslie AA, Lou ME, Hall MG, Coetzee JF. Optimal lameness induction model development using amphotericin B in meat goats. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad105. [PMID: 37720823 PMCID: PMC10503652 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lameness continues to be a critical health and welfare concern associated with goat production. Amphotericin B (amp B) is an antimicrobial successful in inducing transient lameness for research purposes previously in livestock animals. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify which of three varying doses of amp B would be most effective in inducing lameness in meat type goats and (2) develop a facial grimace scale for goats. Lameness was produced by an intra-articular injection of amphotericin B into the left hind lateral claw distal interphalangeal joint with either a 5 mg/0.25 mL (high-low, 5 mg of amphotericin B in a volume of 0.25 mL), 5 mg/0.5 mL (high-high, 5 mg of amphotericin B in a volume of 0.5 mL), or a 2.5 mg/0.25 mL (low-low, 2.5 mg of amphotericin B in a volume of 0.25 mL). A saline treatment of 0.5 mL was used as control (0.9% sterile saline solution). Lameness response was analyzed by infrared thermography (IRT) at the induced joint, mechanical-nociception threshold (MNT), visual lameness scoring (VLS), a visual analogue scale (VAS), kinetic gait analysis (KGA), plasma cortisol (CORT), substance P (Sub P), and behavior scoring. The IRT and MNT values differed by timepoint (P ≤ 0.0001). Results from VLS showed the HL treatment was the most effective at inducing lameness (6/6 goats became lame compared to HH 4/6 and LL 2/6). At 24, 48, and 72 h, VAS scores were significantly higher when comparing HL to all other treatment groups (P = 0.0003). Both behavior observers (1 and 2) reported a significant time effect (P = 0.05), with goats exhibiting more facial grimacing at 24 h post-lameness induction. From these data, an optimal dose for a repeatable lameness induction model in goats was aquired. An effective Goat Grimace Scale (GGS) was also developed to evaluate pain responses in goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela M Weeder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Emily J Reppert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Bailey R Fritz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Abbie V Viscardi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Shawnee R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Miriam S Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Andrew K Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Alyssa A Leslie
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Maria E Lou
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Madeline G Hall
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Whittaker AL, Muns R, Wang D, Martínez-Burnes J, Hernández-Ávalos I, Casas-Alvarado A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mota-Rojas D. Assessment of Pain and Inflammation in Domestic Animals Using Infrared Thermography: A Narrative Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2065. [PMID: 37443863 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain assessment in domestic animals has gained importance in recent years due to the recognition of the physiological, behavioral, and endocrine consequences of acute pain on animal production, welfare, and animal model validity. Current approaches to identifying acute pain mainly rely on behavioral-based scales, quantifying pain-related biomarkers, and the use of devices monitoring sympathetic activity. Infrared thermography is an alternative that could be used to correlate the changes in the superficial temperature with other tools and thus be an additional or alternate acute pain assessment marker. Moreover, its non-invasiveness and the objective nature of its readout make it potentially very valuable. However, at the current time, it is not in widespread use as an assessment strategy. The present review discusses scientific evidence for infrared thermography as a tool to evaluate pain, limiting its use to monitor acute pain in pathological processes and invasive procedures, as well as its use for perioperative monitoring in domestic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Whittaker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5116, Australia
| | - Ramon Muns
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down BT 26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down BT 26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Q, Mi SN, Xie YF, Yu H, Guo YH, Yao WR. Core-shell Au@MIL-100 (Fe) as an enhanced substrate for flunixin meglumine ultra-sensitive detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 287:122018. [PMID: 36332394 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and validate a simple and efficient surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method to determine flunixin meglumine (FM) residues in animal tissues through using core-shell Au@MIL-100 (Fe) as enhanced substrate. Au@MIL-100 (Fe) composite material was synthesized by coating metal-organic framework materials (MOFs) on the surface of gold nanoparticles using the solvothermal method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-vis spectrum, SERS spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectrum (FT-IR), and EDX elemental mapping results revealed that the structural composition of the compound has good properties with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties, high adsorption capacity, excellent SERS sensitivity and stability. When it was used as SERS substrate, the results of quantitative analysis of FM in pork showed a linear range of 0.10-50 mg·L-1 with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9819, the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.15 mg·g-1, the recovery rate of 88.94%∼104.77%, the intra- and inter- batch relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.57%∼14.22% and 0.18%∼3.44% respectively. Further verification results of the existing standard methods showed no significant difference between the SERS and UV methods (P < 0.05), as well as demonstrating that the SERS method has optimal precision, accuracy, and practicality. These results exposed that Au@MIL-100 (Fe) as a SERS substrate has great potential in rapid and on-site detection analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shu-Na Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun-Fei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ya-Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Rong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dagnall C, Fadda A, Adams J, Macfarlane P. Surgical decompression of a paraspinal abscess in a 4‐month‐old lamb—Providing perioperative anaesthesia and analgesia within the remits of UK legislation for food‐producing animals. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Dagnall
- Anaesthesia, University of Bristol Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Langford Bristol UK
| | - Angela Fadda
- Neurology, Langford Veterinary Services Ltd., Langford Bristol UK
| | - James Adams
- Farm Clinic, University of Bristol Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Langford Vets, Langford Bristol UK
| | - Paul Macfarlane
- Anaesthesia, Langford Veterinary Services Ltd., Langford Bristol UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martin MS, Kleinhenz MD, White BJ, Johnson BT, Montgomery SR, Curtis AK, Weeder MM, Blasi DA, Almes KM, Amachawadi RG, Salih HM, Miesner MD, Baysinger AK, Nickell JS, Coetzee JF. Assessment of pain associated with bovine respiratory disease and its mitigation with flunixin meglumine in cattle with induced bacterial pneumonia. J Anim Sci 2021; 100:6473170. [PMID: 34932121 PMCID: PMC8849227 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleuritic chest pain from bacterial pneumonia is often reported in human medicine. However, studies investigating pain associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) are lacking. The objectives of this study were to assess if bacterial pneumonia elicits a pain response in calves with experimentally induced BRD and to determine the analgesic effects of transdermally administered flunixin. Twenty-six calves, 6-7 months of age, with no history of BRD were enrolled into 1 of 3 treatment groups: (1) experimentally induced BRD + transdermal flunixin at 3.3 mg/kg twice, 24 h apart (BRD + FTD); (2) experimentally induced BRD + placebo (BRD + PLBO); and (3) sham induction + placebo (CNTL + PLBO). Calves induced with BRD were inoculated with Mannheimia haemolytica via bronchoalveolar lavage. Outcomes were collected from -48 to 192 hours post-treatment and included serum cortisol; infrared thermography; mechanical nociceptive threshold; substance P; kinematic gait analysis; visual analog scale (VAS); clinical illness score; computerized lung score; average activity and rumination level; prostaglandin E2 metabolite; plasma serum amyloid A and rectal temperature. Outcomes were evaluated using either a generalized logistic mixed model for categorical variables or a generalized linear mixed model for continuous variables. Right front force differed by treatment (P = 0.01). The BRD + PLBO had lower mean force applied to the right front limb (85.5 kg) compared to BRD + FTD (96.5 kg) (P < 0.01). Average VAS differed by a treatment by time interaction (P = 0.01). The VAS scores differed for BRD + PLBO at -48 (3.49 mm) compared to 168 and 192 h (13.49 and 13.64 mm, respectively) (P < 0.01). Activity for BRD + PLBO was higher at -48 h (27 min/h) compared to 48, 72, 120 and 168 h (≤ 22.24 min/h) (P < 0.01). Activity differed by a treatment by time interaction (P = 0.01). Activity for BRD + FTD was higher at -48 and 0 h (28.2 and 28.2 min/h, respectively) compared to 48, 72, 96 and 168 h (≤ 23.7 min/h) (P < 0.01). Results show a combination of reduced activity levels, decreased force on the right front limb, and increased visual analog scale pain scores all support that bacterial pneumonia in cattle is painful. Differences in right front force indicate that flunixin transdermal may attenuate certain pain biomarkers in cattle with BRD. These findings suggest that BRD is painful and analgesic drugs may improve the humane aspects of care for cattle with BRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - M D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - B J White
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - B T Johnson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology & Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - S R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - A K Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - M M Weeder
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - D A Blasi
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - K M Almes
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology & Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - R G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - H M Salih
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology & Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - M D Miesner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | | | - J S Nickell
- Merck Animal Health, De Soto, KS, United States
| | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| |
Collapse
|