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Borriello G, Valentini F, Cagnotti G, Capucchio MT, Ferrini S, Zoppi S, D'Angelo A, Bellino C. Assessing lung consolidation in goats using different ultrasonographic techniques. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10458-1. [PMID: 38958816 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Goats are often affected by respiratory diseases and, despite ultrasonography can assess lung consolidations in several species, it is rarely used in these animals. So, this study evaluated the effectiveness of on-farm lung ultrasonography in detecting lung consolidations on 27 goats. The goats, scheduled for slaughter, underwent complete clinical examinations and lung ultrasonography. For the latter, both sides of the thorax were divided in four quadrants and examined using convex and linear probes before and after shaving the hair. Each quadrant was classified based on presence/absence of lung consolidation and maximum consolidation's depth (4-point scale: 0 healthy; 1 depth < 1 cm; 2 depth < 3 cm; 3 depth > 3 cm). The lungs were examined at necropsy, 66% of goats exhibited lung consolidations and sensitivity (83%-89%), specificity (100%), and κ coefficient values (0.67-0.72) were high with all techniques. An higher (p ≤ 0.01) percentage of class 1 lesions were found at necropsy compared to all the ultrasonographic techniques. All the ultrasonographic techniques effectively detected lung consolidation deeper than 1 cm. So, ultrasonography seems an effective tool for lung examination in goats with chronic pneumonia. The examination using the linear or the convex probes without shaving the hair could be a promising tool for the on-field diagnosis of pneumonia, although further research on larger sample sizes are necessary to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Borriello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Turin, Italy.
| | - Flaminia Valentini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Cagnotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Zoppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Turin, Italy
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De Biase D, Prisco F, Pepe P, Bosco A, Piegari G, d'Aquino I, Russo V, Papparella S, Maurelli MP, Rinaldi L, Paciello O. Evaluation of the Local Immune Response to Hydatid Cysts in Sheep Liver. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050315. [PMID: 37235398 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to characterize the inflammatory phenotype of livers of sheep naturally infected by cystic echinococcosis, 100 sheep livers have been macroscopically assessed for the presence of hydatid cysts and sampled for histopathological and molecular analysis. According to gross and microscopic examination, livers were subsequently classified into three groups: normal liver (Group A), liver with the presence of fertile hydatid cysts (Group B), and liver with the presence of sterile hydatid cysts (Group C). Immunohistochemical analyses were accomplished using primary antibodies anti-Iba1, anti-CD3, anti-CD20, anti-TGF-β, and anti-MMP9. Finally, real-time PCR was performed in order to estimate the concentration levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (INF-γ), interleukin (IL)-12, IL-10, and TGF-β. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a diffuse immunolabelling of mononuclear cells for Iba-1 and TGF-β and a higher amount of CD20+ B cells compared to CD3+ T cells in both Groups B and C. The expression levels of Th-1-like immune cytokines TNF-α, INF-γ, and IL-12 did not show significant statistical differences. However, we found a significant increase in expression levels of Th-2 immune cytokines TGF-β and IL-10 in Groups B and C compared to Group A. Taken together, our findings suggest that macrophages have a predominant role in the local immune response to cystic echinococcosis. Moreover, we can speculate that Th2 immunity may be dominant, corroborating the idea that B cells are decisively essential in the control of the immune response during parasitic infection and that the immunomodulatory role of IL-10 and TGF-β may ensure the persistence of the parasite within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Francesco Prisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piegari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ilaria d'Aquino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Serenella Papparella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
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Ultrasonography of Parasitic Diseases in Domestic Animals: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101252. [PMID: 35625097 PMCID: PMC9137995 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this literature review was to summarize the current knowledge on the application of ultrasonography in diagnosis, staging and monitoring of helminthic diseases in domestic animals. We selected and analyzed 122 papers about the application of ultrasonography in parasitic disease in ruminants, equids, swine, and companion animals. Helminths can be recognized in ultrasound images by their morphology, size, and location. In some cases, the parasites are not directly seen by ultrasound, but the lesions caused by them can be easily visualized. Ultrasound imaging is taking on an increasingly important role in veterinary parasitology. Abstract The aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on the application of ultrasonography in diagnosis, staging and monitoring of helminthic diseases in domestic animals. Only peer reviewed papers written in English language were included in this systematic review. All papers concerning unicellular parasites, wild animals, non-domestic experimental animals, or ex vivo or in vitro applications of ultrasonography were excluded from the review. A total of 122 papers met the inclusion criteria. Among them 47% concerned nematodes, 37% cestodes, and 16% trematodes with the genus Dirofilaria, Echinococcus, and Fasciola the most represented, respectively. Helminths can be recognized in ultrasound images by their morphology, size, and location. In some cases, the parasite stages are not directly seen by ultrasound, but the lesions caused by them can be easily visualized. Ultrasound imaging is taking on an increasingly important role in the diagnosis, staging, monitoring, and control of parasitic diseases in veterinary medicine. However, it cannot replace the clinical approach and the diagnostic tests commonly used in veterinary parasitology.
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Amarir FE, Rhalem A, Marcotty T, Dorny P, Sadak A, Azrib R, Kirschvink N. Hydatid cyst detection by liver ultrasonography in sheep: impact of cyst abundance, viability and location. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cringoli G, Pepe P, Bosco A, Maurelli MP, Baldi L, Ciaramella P, Musella V, Buonanno ML, Capuano F, Corrado F, Ianniello D, Alves LC, Sarnelli P, Rinaldi L. An integrated approach to control Cystic Echinococcosis in southern Italy. Vet Parasitol 2021; 290:109347. [PMID: 33444910 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a severe zoonosis, caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. This helminth infection is of increasing public health and socio-economic concern due to the considerable morbidity rates that cause economic losses both in the public health sector and in the livestock industry. Control programmes against E. granulosus are considered long-term actions which require an integrated approach and high expenditure of time and financial resources. Since 2010, an integrated approach to control CE has been implemented in a highly endemic area of continental southern Italy (Campania region). Innovative procedures and tools have been developed and exploited during the control programme based on the following strategies: i) active and passive surveillance in livestock (using geospatial tools for georeferencing), ii) diagnosis in dogs (using the FLOTAC techniques and molecular analysis), iii) targeted treatment of farm dogs (using purpose-built confinement cages), iv) early diagnosis in livestock (by ultrasonography), v) surveillance in humans (through hospital discharge records analysis), vi) monitoring the food chain (analysing raw vegetables), vii) outreach activities to the general public (through dissemination material, e.g. brochures, gadgets, videos, virtual reality). Over eight years, the integrated approach and the new strategies developed have resulted in a noteworthy reduction of the parasite infection rates in livestock (e.g. up to 30 % in sheep). The results obtained so far highlight that using a one health multidisciplinary and multi-institution effort is of pivotal importance in preparing CE control programmes at regional level and could be extended to other endemic Mediterranean areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio delle Parassitosi (CREMOPAR), Regione Campania, Eboli, SA, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale per le Malattie degli Animali Domestici (CReSan), Regione Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - P Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio delle Parassitosi (CREMOPAR), Regione Campania, Eboli, SA, Italy
| | - A Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio delle Parassitosi (CREMOPAR), Regione Campania, Eboli, SA, Italy
| | - M P Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio delle Parassitosi (CREMOPAR), Regione Campania, Eboli, SA, Italy
| | - L Baldi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - P Ciaramella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - V Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - M L Buonanno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - F Capuano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - F Corrado
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - D Ianniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio delle Parassitosi (CREMOPAR), Regione Campania, Eboli, SA, Italy
| | - L C Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - P Sarnelli
- Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio delle Parassitosi (CREMOPAR), Regione Campania, Eboli, SA, Italy; UOD Prevenzione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria Regione Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - L Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio delle Parassitosi (CREMOPAR), Regione Campania, Eboli, SA, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale per le Malattie degli Animali Domestici (CReSan), Regione Campania, Naples, Italy.
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