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Nawrot K, Soroko-Dubrovina M, Zielińska P, Dudek K, Howell K. The Application of Infrared Thermography in the Assessment of BEMER Physical Vascular Therapy on Body Surface Temperature in Racing Thoroughbreds: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1538. [PMID: 38891585 PMCID: PMC11171224 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the impact of BEMER (Physical Vascular Therapy) on body surface temperature using infrared thermography (IRT) in the distal parts of the forelimbs in Thoroughbreds. The study tested the hypothesis that BEMER therapy leads to an increase in body surface temperature and blood vessel diameter in the distal parts of the forelimbs. The study involved 16 horses, split into 2 groups: active BEMER (n = 8) and sham (n = 8). The active BEMER group had BEMER boots applied to the distal parts of the forelimbs, whereas the sham group had BEMER boots applied without activation of the device. Both groups underwent IRT examination to detect changes in body surface temperature, followed by ultrasonographic examination to assess changes in vein and artery diameter before (BT) and just after (JAT) therapy. The IRT examination was repeated 15 min after BEMER therapy (15AT). There were no significant body surface temperature differences between BT and JAT in any regions of interest (ROIs) in either group. In the active BEMER group, the ROIs did not change significantly at 15AT, compared to the temperatures measured at BT (except for the hooves). At 15AT the temperature of all the ROIs (except the fetlock bone) dropped significantly in the sham group. In the ultrasonographic examination, there was a significant increase in vein and artery diameter in the study group JAT, whereas the sham group had a significant increase only in artery diameter JAT. These results suggest an effect of BEMER on stimulating blood circulation in the distal parts of the forelimbs in clinically healthy horses. IRT did not identify changes in skin surface temperature after BEMER therapy at the distal parts of the forelimbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nawrot
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-160 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Maria Soroko-Dubrovina
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-160 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Paulina Zielińska
- Department of Surgery, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Dudek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Kevin Howell
- Microvascular Diagnostics, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK;
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Verdegaal ELJMM, Howarth GS, McWhorter TJ, Delesalle CJG. Thermoregulation during Field Exercise in Horses Using Skin Temperature Monitoring. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:136. [PMID: 38200867 PMCID: PMC10777899 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia and exertional heat illness (EHI) are performance and welfare issues for all exercising horses. Monitoring the thermoregulatory response allows for early recognition of metabolic heat accumulation during exercise and the possibility of taking prompt and effective preventative measures to avoid a further increase in core body temperature (Tc) leading to hyperthermia. Skin temperature (Tsk) monitoring is most used as a non-invasive tool to assess the thermoregulatory response pre- and post-exercise, particularly employing infrared thermographic equipment. However, only a few studies have used thermography to monitor skin temperature continuously during exercise. This commentary provides an overview of studies investigating surface skin temperature mainly by infrared thermography (IRT) during exercise. The scientific evidence, including methodologies, applications, and challenges associated with (continuous) skin temperature monitoring in horses during field exercise, is discussed. The commentary highlights that, while monitoring Tsk is straightforward, continuous Tsk alone does not always reliably estimate Tc evolvement during field exercise. In addition, inter-individual differences in thermoregulation need to be recognized and accounted for to optimize individual wellbeing. With the ongoing development and application of advanced wearable monitoring technology, there may be future advances in equipment and modeling for timely intervention with horses at hyperthermic risk to improve their welfare. However, at this point, infrared thermographic assessment of Tsk should always be used in conjunction with other clinical assessments and veterinary examinations for a reliable monitoring of the welfare of the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth-Lidwien J. M. M. Verdegaal
- Thermoregulation Research Group, Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5116, Australia; (G.S.H.); (T.J.M.); (C.J.G.D.)
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
- Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gordon S. Howarth
- Thermoregulation Research Group, Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5116, Australia; (G.S.H.); (T.J.M.); (C.J.G.D.)
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Todd J. McWhorter
- Thermoregulation Research Group, Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5116, Australia; (G.S.H.); (T.J.M.); (C.J.G.D.)
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Catherine J. G. Delesalle
- Thermoregulation Research Group, Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5116, Australia; (G.S.H.); (T.J.M.); (C.J.G.D.)
- Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Śniegucka K, Soroko-Dubrovina M, Zielińska P, Dudek K, Žuffová K. The Effect of Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (rESWT) on the Skin Surface Temperature of the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle in Clinically Healthy Racing Thoroughbreds: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2028. [PMID: 37370538 DOI: 10.3390/ani13122028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) is increasingly being used to treat musculoskeletal injuries in horses. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of rESWT on the skin surface temperature of the longissimus dorsi muscle in clinically healthy racing horses. A total of 24 thoroughbreds were divided into a study group (n = 12) and an rESWT-sham group (n = 12). The study group underwent rESWT, whereas the rESWT-sham group had rESWT without probe activation in the treated area. Both groups underwent thermographic examination before and just after rESWT to determine and compare skin surface temperatures. Palpation examination was performed after the first and second thermography examination to assess longissimus dorsi muscle tone. Additionally, thermographic examination was repeated 10 min after the rESWT. In both groups, there was an increase in skin surface temperature just after rESWT, and a decrease 10 min after it to below the initial value. In the study group, the skin surface temperature just after rESWT was higher than in the rESWT-sham group. Additionally, in the study group the average muscle tone before rESWT was significantly higher than just after the procedure, whereas in the rESWT-sham group the average change in muscle tone was not significant. The results proved that rESWT increases skin surface temperature of the longissimus dorsi muscle in clinically healthy horses. Further research is necessary in order to configure shockwave treatment with appropriate parameters for effective and safe therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Śniegucka
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria Soroko-Dubrovina
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Zielińska
- Department of Surgery, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dudek
- Center for Statistical Analysis, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kristína Žuffová
- Equine Clinic, Brno University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 612-42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Cronshaw M, Parker S, Grootveld M, Lynch E. Photothermal Effects of High-Energy Photobiomodulation Therapies: An In Vitro Investigation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1634. [PMID: 37371729 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate photothermal aspects of photobiomodulation therapies (PBMT) in vitro to assist in the development of safe clinical parameters with respect to higher-power devices with large surface applicators. Laser wavelengths in the range of 650 nm-1064 nm were investigated using a thermal camera. Thermographic measures of surface and sub-surface temperature variations of similar lean porcine muscle tissue samples were recorded for a series of calibrated experiments. A thermal comparison was then made between Flat-top and Gaussian beam spatial distribution devices. Outcome data were subjected to statistical analysis using an ANOVA model. Results acquired at similar parameters of irradiance indicated that the application of the 980 nm wavelength was associated with the highest rise in temperature, which decreased with other wavelengths in the order 980 > 1064 ≈ 650 >>> 810 nm (p < 5 × 10-20). All wavelengths assessed were associated with a significant temperature increase, and with the exception of 810 nm, all exceeded the threshold of a 6 °C rise within the prescribed parameter limits. Optical scanning by movement of the applied source over a relevant area was found to offer effective mitigation of these temperature increases. An extended discussion is presented, analysing the clinical significance of the study outcomes. Recommendations are made within the limits of this in vitro study in order to assist future clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cronshaw
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Steven Parker
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Martin Grootveld
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Edward Lynch
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
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A Preliminary Study of the Influence of High Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) on Skin Surface Temperature and Longissimus Dorsi Muscle Tone Changes in Thoroughbred Racehorses with Back Pain. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050794. [PMID: 36899651 PMCID: PMC10000047 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The reason for undertaking this study was to investigate soft tissue response to high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) by measuring changes in skin surface temperature and longissimus dorsi muscle tone in the thoracolumbar back area in Thoroughbreds with back pain and diagnosed with and without Kissing Spines Syndrome (KSS). Thoroughbreds aged 3-4 years with clinically presented back pain underwent a radiological examination (to assess a lack or presence of KSS) and longissimus dorsi muscle palpation (to assess muscle tone and pain degree). The subjects were divided into two groups, those with KSS (n = 10) and those without KSS (n = 10). A single HILT treatment on the longissimus dorsi muscle, on the left side, was performed. Thermographic examination and palpation were repeated before and after HILT to assess changes in skin surface temperature and muscle pain response. In both groups, HILT caused a significant increase in skin surface temperature of 2.5 °C on average and a palpation score reduction of 1.5 degrees on average (p = 0.005 for both measurements), without differences in any outcome measures between the groups. Furthermore, the correlation between changes in the average skin surface temperature and the average palpation scores in horses with and without KSS were negative (rho = 0.071 and r = -0.180, respectively; p > 0.05). The results of the present study are encouraging, but further studies with larger samples, a longer follow-up period and comparisons with placebo control groups are needed to draw a more valid conclusion.
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Zielińska P, Soroko-Dubrovina M, Śniegucka K, Dudek K, Čebulj-Kadunc N. Effects of High-Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) on Skin Surface Temperature and Vein Diameter in Healthy Racehorses with Clipped and Non-Clipped Coat. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020216. [PMID: 36670756 PMCID: PMC9854543 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in the effects of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) on skin surface temperature and vein diameter in the carpal joint region in racehorses with clipped and non-clipped treatment areas. The study included 20 Thoroughbreds split into two equal groups: clipped coat and non-clipped coat. Horses underwent thermographic examination to detect changes in skin surface temperature at the medial surface of the carpal joint, followed by ultrasonographic examination to assess changes in the diameter of the medial palmar vein before and after HILT. The increase in skin surface temperature after HILT was significantly lower in the group with clipped coat than in the non-clipped group. The group with clipped coat showed a greater increase in vessel diameter. There was a significantly weak negative correlation between the changes in average skin surface temperature and vein diameter in both groups. In conclusion, an efficient photothermal effect can be achieved in skin with a non-clipped coat and clipping the treatment area increases photobiostimulation of the tissue, while reducing the photothermal effect. Further research is needed to specify the parameters for the treatment of skin with clipped and non-clipped coat in order to perform effective laser therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Zielińska
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Soroko-Dubrovina
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina Śniegucka
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dudek
- Center for Statistical Analysis, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 2-6, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Nina Čebulj-Kadunc
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Pomini KT, Buchaim DV, Bighetti ACC, Andreo JC, Rosso MPDO, Escudero JSB, Della Coletta BB, Alcalde MP, Duarte MAH, Pitol DL, Issa JPM, Ervolino E, Moscatel MBM, Bellini MZ, de Souza AT, Soares WC, Buchaim RL. Use of Photobiomodulation Combined with Fibrin Sealant and Bone Substitute Improving the Bone Repair of Critical Defects. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194170. [PMID: 36236116 PMCID: PMC9572221 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this preclinical protocol, an adjunct method is used in an attempt to overcome the limitations of conventional therapeutic approaches applied to bone repair of large bone defects filled with scaffolds. Thus, we evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on the bone repair process on defects filled with demineralized bovine bone (B) and fibrin sealant (T). The groups were BC (blood clot), BT (B + T), BCP (BC + PBMT), and BTP (B + T + PBMT). Microtomographically, BC and BCP presented a hypodense cavity with hyperdense regions adjacent to the border of the wound, with a slight increase at 42 days. BT and BTP presented discrete hyperdensing areas at the border and around the B particles. Quantitatively, BCP and BTP (16.96 ± 4.38; 17.37 ± 4.38) showed higher mean bone density volume in relation to BC and BT (14.42 ± 3.66; 13.44 ± 3.88). Histologically, BC and BCP presented deposition of immature bone at the periphery and at 42 days new bone tissue became lamellar with organized total collagen fibers. BT and BTP showed inflammatory infiltrate along the particles, but at 42 days, it was resolved, mainly in BTP. In the birefringence analysis, BT and BTP, the percentage of red birefringence increased (9.14% to 20.98% and 7.21% to 27.57%, respectively), but green birefringence was similar in relation to 14 days (3.3% to 3.5% and 3.5% to 4.2%, respectively). The number of osteocytes in the neoformed bone matrix proportionally reduced in all evaluated groups. Immunostaining of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP—2/4), osteocalcin (OCN), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were higher in BCP and BTP when compared to the BC and BT groups (p < 0.05). An increased number of TRAP positive cells (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase) was observed in BT and BTP. We conclude that PBMT positively influenced the repair of bone defects filled with B and T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Torres Pomini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil
| | - Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil
- Teaching and Research Coordination of the Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UNIFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Cestari Bighetti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Jesus Carlos Andreo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | | | - José Stalin Bayas Escudero
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Bruna Botteon Della Coletta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Murilo Priori Alcalde
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Dimitrius Leonardo Pitol
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Mardegan Issa
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Edilson Ervolino
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16066-840, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Zilioli Bellini
- Pro-Rectory of Research and Graduate Studies, University Center of Adamantina (UNIFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil
| | | | - Wendel Cleber Soares
- Vice-Rector/President, University Center of Adamantina (UNIFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Leone Buchaim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-14-3235-8220
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Verdegaal ELJMM, Howarth GS, McWhorter TJ, Delesalle CJG. Is Continuous Monitoring of Skin Surface Temperature a Reliable Proxy to Assess the Thermoregulatory Response in Endurance Horses During Field Exercise? Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:894146. [PMID: 35711810 PMCID: PMC9196037 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.894146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia is a performance and welfare issue for exercising horses. The thermoregulatory stressors associated with exercise have typically been estimated by responses in the laboratory. However, monitoring surface skin temperature (Tsk) coincident with core temperature (Tc) has not previously been investigated in horses exercising in the field. We investigated the suitability of monitoring surface Tsk as a metric of the thermoregulatory response, and simultaneously investigated its relationship with Tc using gastrointestinal (GI) temperature. We evaluated Tsk in 13 endurance horses competing during four endurance rides over 40 km (n = 1) or a total of 80 km (n = 12) distance. Following each 40-km loop, the horses were rested for 60 min. Tsk and Tc were continuously recorded every 15 s by an infrared thermistor sensor located in a modified belt and by telemetric GI pill, respectively, and expressed as mean ± SD. The net area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to estimate the thermoregulatory response to the thermal load of Tsk over time (°C × minutes) using the trapezoidal method. The relationship between Tsk and Tc was assessed using scatterplots, paired t-test or generalized linear model ANOVA (delta Tsk) (n = 8). Ambient temperature ranged from 6.7°C to 18.4°C. No relationship was found between Tsk and Tc profiles during exercise and recovery periods, and no significant difference between delta Tsk results was detected when comparing exercise and rest. However, time to maximum Tsk (67 min) was significantly reduced compared to Tc (139 min) (p = 0.0004) with a significantly lesser maximum Tsk (30.3°C) than Tc (39°C) (p = 0.0002) during exercise. Net AUC Tsk was 1,164 ± 1,448 and −305 ± 388°C × minutes during periods of exercise and recovery, respectively. We conclude that Tsk monitoring does not provide a reliable proxy for the thermoregulatory response and horse welfare, most probably because many factors can modulate Tsk without directly affecting Tc. Those factors, such as weather conditions, applicable to all field studies can influence the results of Tsk in endurance horses. The study also reveals important inter-individual differences in Tsk and Tc time profiles, emphasizing the importance of an individualized model of temperature monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth-Lidwien J. M. M. Verdegaal
- Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Elisabeth-Lidwien J. M. M. Verdegaal
| | - Gordon S. Howarth
- Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Todd J. McWhorter
- Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catherine J. G. Delesalle
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Photothermal Effects of High-Intensity Laser Therapy on the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Area in Clinically Healthy Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101253. [PMID: 35625098 PMCID: PMC9137476 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the photothermal effects of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) on the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of the hindlimb in racehorses. It was conducted on 18 clinically healthy thoroughbreds that were subjected to thermographic examination to measure surface temperature changes in the SDFT. This was performed before and immediately after HILT. This revealed statistically significant differences in the temperature of the skin surface overlying the flexor tendons (p < 0.001). The surface temperature of the area examined was higher by an average of 3.5 °C after HILT, compared with the temperature measured before HILT. Our results prove that HILT has a photothermal effect in treating soft tissue. This finding can be helpful in determining the appropriate parameters for monitoring the short- and long-term effects of HILT.
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Carroll JD. 2021 Summary of Photobiomodulation Literature. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2021; 39:499-501. [DOI: 10.1089/photob.2021.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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